高性能战斗机飞行员专项体能训练效果观察

目的 了解专项体能训练提高高性能战斗机飞行员体能水平的状况。方法 对新改装高性能战斗机的飞行员进行30d专项体能的强化训练,训练前后进行肌力协调抗荷能力、加压呼吸抗荷能力、Coriolis加速度耐力和有氧代谢能力4个项目的考核,对比其成绩,并在半年内对专项体能的消退情况进行观察。结果 经强化训练,飞行员除有氧代谢能力外,其他3项与训练前比较,合格率、体能水平都有显著提高(P<0.01)。半年以后专项体能合格率没有明显下降,但肌力协调和Coriolis加速度耐力水平有所下降(P<0.01)。结论 在飞行员改装高性能战斗机的进行专项体能强化训练是必要和有效的。在专顶体能训练时要加强指导和监督,特别要加强提高抗荷耐力和空间定向能力的训练。     

高性能战斗机飞行员基础体能专项素质训练效果的研究

由中华医学会航空航天医学分会主办的全国第六次航空航天医学学术会议将于 2 0 0 2年 6月 2 6～2 9日在浙江宁波市召开。本次会议共收到应征论文 2 1 9篇 ,经专家评审组采用双向多重盲法 (作者与审者间双盲、审者间互盲 )审稿方式初选后 ,再集中会审 ,充分保证了公平、优质地录选稿件。最终录用 1 2 9篇 ,其中英语专题会交流 9篇 ,大会交流 1 7篇 ,专题会交流 1 0 3篇。现将这次会议入选论文以摘要形式在本刊预先发表。为了方便检索与学术交流 ,我们在每篇摘要前加了顺序编号 ,并标注了关键词 ;英语专题会交流论文摘要以中英文对照形式刊发 ;中文摘要加注了中国图书馆分类法分类号。     

高性能战斗机和歼击机飞行员肌力协调抗荷训练的效果分析

目的评价肌力协调抗荷训练对高性能战斗机飞行员和歼击机飞行员的抗G效果. 方法对象为44名高性能战斗机飞行员和99名歼击机飞行员.高性能战斗机飞行员初训后经2次复训,歼击机飞行员均为初训.肌力协调抗荷训练按训练大纲实施,训练前后测试做习惯的和规范的抗荷动作时的各项参数,推算+GZ耐力进行比较. 结果与训练前习惯抗荷动作相比,两组训练后规范抗荷动作时的大腿、小腿肌静力和维持时间增加,均有显著性意义(P<0.05);规范抗荷动作时的收缩压(SBP)与基础值相比,高性能战斗机飞行员SBP增加51.8±10.3 mm Hg,估算G耐力增加2.8±0.7 G,歼击机飞行员SBP增加46.0±13.2 mm Hg,G耐力增加2.6±0.7 G,差异均有显著性意义(P<0.01).高性能战斗机飞行员复训未达标率为27.27%,歼击机飞行员初训未达标率为48.48%,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05). 结论肌力协调抗荷训练G防护效果有效,且复训明显好于初训.建议歼击机飞行员也进行复训.     

高性能战斗机飞行员前庭习服训练效果观察

目的 通过前庭习服训练,提高高性能战斗机飞行员前庭稳定性,以降低空晕病的发生.方法 应用VTS-0型电动转椅对45例前庭稳定性评定等级为D、E级的高性能战斗机飞行员进行每天1次,持续2周的前庭习服训练,记录训练前后前庭稳定性评定中的Coriolis加速度耐受值及训练耐受时间.结果 训练后,45例高性能战斗机飞行员的前庭稳定性较训练前有不同程度提高,均达到C级以上,Coriolis加速度耐受值和训练耐受时间明显提高,且有统计学意义(t=14.55、12.66,P＜0.01).结论 前庭习服训练对提高高性能战斗机飞行员的前庭稳定性效果明显. Abstract： Objective To explore the effects of vestibular accliratization training of highperformance fighter pilots for improving their vestibular stability and reducing airsickness. Methods Forty-five high-performance fighter pilots, who were graded as D and E in vestibular stability evaluation, performed vestibular acclimatization training by VTS-0 rotational chair once a day for 2weeks. In vestibular stability evaluation, tolerated Coriolis acceleration value and endurable duration of rotation were compared between the states before and after training.Results All 45 pilots'vestibular stability was variously improved and reached or exceeded grade C by training. Tolerated Coriolis acceleration value and endurable duration were significantly increased (t=14.55, 12.66, P＜0.01).Conclusions Vestibular acclimatization training shows significant effects on improving the vestibular stability of high-performance fighter pilots.     

高性能战斗机飞行员仪表视觉空间定向能力训练效果观察

Objective To explore effectiveness of improving the abilities of instrument visual spatial orientation (IVSO) training for high performance fighter pilots. Methods An IVSO training device was developed.Based on the principles of computer graphics and characteristics of cognition,4 kinds of instrument flight condition patterns were adopted as training profiles.Eleven pilots were trained along these four training profiles for five times,include recognizing and flying by instrument and head-up display respectively in complicated flight sortie or with interference.The reaction time,rate of correct operation,deviation angle of attitude and the adjunctive task completion rate were recorded and compared. Results In pre-and post-IVSO training,the reaction times got with instrument and head-up display in complicated flight sortie were (1.42±0.24)s vs.(0.99±0.13)s and(1.54±0.29)s vs.(1.05±0.12)s respectively while the rates of correct operations were 53.91%±9.12%vs.90.00%±5.88%and 73.09%±12.02%vs.89.18%±6.10% respectively.Deviation angles of roll and pitch in maintaining flight attitude by instrument training were 3.25°±0.60°vs.2.07°±0.25°and 2.41°±0.63°vs.1.87°±0.30°respectively,comparing to 3.08°±1.03°vs.2.06°±0.35°and 2.84°±0.67°vs.1.99°±0.20°in attitude maintenance by head-up display.Adjunctive task correct rates with believing instrument and head-up display were 63.90%±11.15%vs.88.27%±10.23%and 59.73%±12.81%vs.82.09%±9.62% respectively.All differences between pre-and post-IVSO trainings are statistically significant (t=2.47 to 11.03,P<0.01 or P<0.05). Conclusions The adopted instrument flight training can remarkably improve pilot's IVSO abilities.     

高性能战斗机飞行员抗荷正压呼吸专项训练效果

由中华医学会航空航天医学分会主办的全国第六次航空航天医学学术会议将于 2 0 0 2年 6月 2 6～2 9日在浙江宁波市召开。本次会议共收到应征论文 2 1 9篇 ,经专家评审组采用双向多重盲法 (作者与审者间双盲、审者间互盲 )审稿方式初选后 ,再集中会审 ,充分保证了公平、优质地录选稿件。最终录用 1 2 9篇 ,其中英语专题会交流 9篇 ,大会交流 1 7篇 ,专题会交流 1 0 3篇。现将这次会议入选论文以摘要形式在本刊预先发表。为了方便检索与学术交流 ,我们在每篇摘要前加了顺序编号 ,并标注了关键词 ;英语专题会交流论文摘要以中英文对照形式刊发 ;中文摘要加注了中国图书馆分类法分类号。     

脑梗死临床路径实施效果评价

目的 评价脑梗死临床路径的实施效果.方法 采用非同期队列研究比较实施临床路径前(传统组)与实施临床路径后(路径组)患者的主要相关情况.主要评价指标包括:①住院时间;②住院费用;③治疗效果(神经功能缺损程度、日常生活能力、住院并发症、住院病死率、治疗90天再住院率、治疗90天病死率).结果 与传统组相比,路径组患者的住院天数缩短(21.82±11.72天 vs 17.85±7.54天,P＝0.006),住院费用降低不明显(11 924.76元 vs 10 030.50元,P=0.230),其中检验费和其他费用下降明显,药物费有下降趋势,治疗费略有上升,而平均日费用有上升趋势.治疗90天后患者生活能力(BI)有提高(P＜0.05),住院并发症发生率下降明显(P＜0.05),但治疗14天后患者神经功能缺损程度及治疗90天后再住院率、病死率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 实施脑梗死临床路径能够改善医疗质量,更好地利用医疗资源,值得进一步推广应用.     

颈肌锻炼治疗飞行员颈肩痛63例

颈肩痛是飞行员常见病,常因局部肿胀、疼痛、运动障碍而影响飞行动作的完成。2001年2月～2005年12月,我们采用颈肌拉力训练器治疗飞行员颈肩痛63例,疗效满意。现分析报告如下。     

高性能战斗机飞行员专项素质训练的组织管理办法

高性能战斗机飞行员专项素质训练已有明确的方法和要求,但还缺少配套的法制性的组织和管理的规程。我们在实践中摸索出一套组织管理工作办法,现报告如下。1 建立管理组织1.1 成立领导小组 由5人组成,组长由院领导担任,医务处主任为副组长。组员由专项素质训练中心主任、副主任和医务处助理员组成。任务是领导专项素质训练,定期检查总结训练情况。1.2 成立训练中心 有航空生理训练科的疗养院,     

利用体表肌电评价飞行员头颈部防护装置防护效果的研究

目的 通过观察受试者使用飞行员头颈部防护装置(neck protection device,NPD)时颈部表面肌电信号(surface electromyographic signal,sEMG)变化探讨该装置的防护效果.方法 15名男性志愿者,在不戴装备、仅戴保护头盔、同时戴保护头盔和飞行员头颈部防护装置3种情况下,分别测量颈椎前屈0°、10°、20°、30°、40°、50°和最大限度时的sEMG;并通过在头盔下颏带上悬挂1个2.5 kg配重的方式模拟+Gz过载时颈部的受力情况,记录此时在有、无颈部防护装置情况下颈部前屈到最大限度时的sEMG;计算振幅均方根值(root mean square,RMS).结果 受试者颈部在不戴任何装备及仅戴飞行保护头盔两种情况下做前屈时,不同前屈角度时的体表肌电值差异有统计学意义(F=160.454、129.563,P＜0.01).与头部处于中和位(颈前屈0°)时相比,受试者不戴装备时颈前屈至30°时的sEMG达最大值(5.99±1.99)mV,戴飞行保护头盔颈前屈至40°时的肌电信号达最大值(10.14±3.80)mV.戴飞行保护头盔后颈部前屈20°～50°时的sEMG大于不戴装备时,且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).头盔下悬挂配重后sEMG进一步增大.在同时戴飞行保护头盔及NPD后,无论是颈前屈至各种角度还是增加配重后前屈至50°,颈肌sEMG与不戴装备相比差异均无统计学意义.结论 受试者在戴飞行保护头盔及悬挂配重时作颈前屈会导致颈部肌电活动强度显著增强,而NPD可显著减轻两种情况下时的颈肌负荷. Abstract： Objective To evaluate the protection effect of a neck protection device (NPD) by analyzing neck muscle surface electromyographic signal (sEMG) for pilot.Methods Fifteen male subjects were tested under three conditions that were with no equipment, wearing helmet, and wearing helmet plus NPD respectively.At first, subjects flexed their necks from 10° to ultimate degree.Then subjects performed same maneuvers with helmet or with helmet and NPD when a 2.5 kg extra weight was appended on chin belt of helmet for simulating +Gz load.Neck sEMG was measured in all tests and root mean square (RMS) of amplitude was calculated.Results When flexing without equipment or only with helmet subjects' neck sEMG showed significant difference (F-160.454, 129.563, P＜0.01).For the subjects without any equipment, their neck sEMG appeared peak (5.99±1.99) mV as flexing to 30° when referenced to neutral position of head.But for the subjects with helmet the neck sEMG peak appeared at 40° flexing (10.14±3.80) mV.Within the 20° to 50° flexing range, helmet resulted in significantly higher neck sEMG comparing to no load condition (P＜0.05).Extra weight drove the incensement of neck tension.However, there was no significant difference in neck sEMG activity when flexed to any degree with helmet and NPD or to 50° with the extra weight.Conclusions Neck sEMG significantly increases when subject flexed with helmet or with an extra weight.The NPD could abate subject's tension on neck when wearing helmet.     

高性能战斗机飞行员仪表视觉空间定向能力训练效果观察

目的 探讨训练和提高飞行员仪表视觉空间定向能力的方法,并观察训练效果. 方法 对某部11名高性能战斗机飞行员分别进行仪表复杂状态的判断和操纵、平视仪复杂动作的判断和操纵、坚信仪表及坚信平视仪4个项目各5次的训练,在训练前后分别记录其判断反应时、操作正确率、飞机姿态偏差角和附加任务正确率等参数并进行比较. 结果 训练前后,仪表复杂状态判断的操纵判断反应时和操纵正确率分别为(1.42±0.24)s和(0.99±0.13)s、(53.91±9.12)%和(90.00±5.88)%;平视仪复杂状态判断的操纵判断反应时和操纵正确率分别为(1.54±0.29)s、(1.05±0.12)s、(73.09±12.02)%和(89.18±6.10)%;坚信仪表飞行姿态坡度偏差和俯仰角偏差分别为3.25°±0.60°和2.07°±0.25°、2.41°±0.63°和1.87°±0.30°;坚信平视仪飞行姿态坡度偏差和俯仰角偏差分别为3.08°±1.03°和2.06°±0.35°、2.84°±0.67°和1.99°±0.20°;坚信仪表和坚信平视仪飞行附加任务正确率分别为(63.90±11.15)%和(88.27±10.23)%、(59.73±12.81)%和(82.09±9.62)%.训练前后各参数比较差异均有统计学意义(t=2.47～11.03,P<0.01或P<0.05). 结论 通过飞行员仪表视觉空间定向能力训练可明显提高飞行员的仪表视觉空间定向能力水平. Abstract： Objective To explore effectiveness of improving the abilities of instrument visual spatial orientation (IVSO) training for high performance fighter pilots. Methods An IVSO training device was developed.Based on the principles of computer graphics and characteristics of cognition,4 kinds of instrument flight condition patterns were adopted as training profiles.Eleven pilots were trained along these four training profiles for five times,include recognizing and flying by instrument and head-up display respectively in complicated flight sortie or with interference.The reaction time,rate of correct operation,deviation angle of attitude and the adjunctive task completion rate were recorded and compared. Results In pre-and post-IVSO training,the reaction times got with instrument and head-up display in complicated flight sortie were (1.42±0.24)s vs.(0.99±0.13)s and(1.54±0.29)s vs.(1.05±0.12)s respectively while the rates of correct operations were 53.91%±9.12%vs.90.00%±5.88%and 73.09%±12.02%vs.89.18%±6.10% respectively.Deviation angles of roll and pitch in maintaining flight attitude by instrument training were 3.25°±0.60°vs.2.07°±0.25°and 2.41°±0.63°vs.1.87°±0.30°respectively,comparing to 3.08°±1.03°vs.2.06°±0.35°and 2.84°±0.67°vs.1.99°±0.20°in attitude maintenance by head-up display.Adjunctive task correct rates with believing instrument and head-up display were 63.90%±11.15%vs.88.27%±10.23%and 59.73%±12.81%vs.82.09%±9.62% respectively.All differences between pre-and post-IVSO trainings are statistically significant (t=2.47 to 11.03,P<0.01 or P<0.05). Conclusions The adopted instrument flight training can remarkably improve pilot's IVSO abilities.     

前庭习服针对性训练对前庭功能稳定性的影响

目的 探讨有针对性的体育训练对前庭功能稳定性的影响.方法 对招飞体检中同地区4385名受检学生进行Coriolis加速度耐力检测,将检测结果按“体训”与“未体训”分组统计,进行对比分析.结果 体训组学生淘汰率为2.4%,未体训组学生淘汰率为4.2%,差异有显著性意义（P＜0.05）.体训组学生前庭功能的稳定性明显好于未体训组学生.结论 经常性、有针对性的旋转练习可使个体产生前庭习服,增强前庭功能的稳定性.     

歼击机噪声对人听力及工效的影响

目的 研究歼击机噪声对人听力及工效的影响.方法 ①检查103名歼击机飞行员和62名地勤人员的听力.②测试18名歼-8D飞行员在飞机噪声暴露前、噪声暴露（40 min）后0.5 h、1.5 h和15 h的听力.③用汉语话音短语作为工效学指标,测试30名受试者在3种条件下,识听56个歼击机座舱显示信息汉语话音短语的成绩.结果①103名飞行员中,50名有高频听力损失（占48.5%）,16名有语频听力损失（占15.5%）;62名地勤人员中,43名有高频听力损失（占69.4%）,13名有语频听力损失（占21.0%）.飞行员和地勤人员高频听力损失的“V”型凹陷在6000 Hz.②飞机噪声对飞行员的暂时性听阈偏移有明显作用,噪声暴露后1.5 h,飞行员的暂时性听阈偏移有恢复的趋势,噪声暴露后15 h,飞行员的暂时性听阈偏移已有很大程度的恢复,但大部分频率的听力还未恢复至噪声暴露前水平.③30名受试者在3种条件下识听56个汉语话音短语的成绩：安静环境中佩戴无源耳罩最高,模拟飞机噪声环境中佩戴无源耳罩最低,模拟飞机噪声环境中佩戴有源耳罩居中,其差异均有显著性意义（P＜0.01）.结论 歼击机噪声大,能引起飞行员和地勤人员的听力损伤,并导致工作绩效下降.     

间歇性低氧训练对高性能战斗机飞行员脑电复杂度及血氧饱和度的影响

目的 通过动态观察间歇性低氧训练前后高性能战斗机飞行员EEG复杂度和血氧饱和度(arterial oxygen saturation,Sa()2)的变化特征,为低氧适应性训练效果评价提供量化指标.方法 对32名高性能战斗机飞行员进行15 d的间歇性低氧训练(模拟高度3500 m),1次/d,每次25 min.于训练前后,分别检测受试者在模拟7500 m高空环境下的EEG、SaO2、红细胞数及血红蛋白含量,并对受试者低氧训练前后的检测数据进行t检验.结果 间歇性低氧训练后,受试者在模拟7500 m高空环境下的EEG复杂度较训练前显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),Sa()2升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),红细胞和血红蛋白含量则无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 模拟3500 m间歇性低氧训练可提高机体高空缺氧耐力水平,EEG复杂度和SaO2可作为评价高性能战斗机飞行员间歇性低氧训练的定量生理指标. Abstract： Objective To explore the quantitative index for evaluating the intermittent hypoxia training effects by analyzing the characteristic changes of electroencephalogram (EEG) complexity and saturation of blood oxygen (SaO2) of high performance fighter pilots. Methods Thirty-two pilots were selected as subjects and undertook a 25 min-training (simulated hypoxia at 3500 m-oxygen concentration 13.1%) with Type DY-84 hypoxia training device once a day for 15 d. Before and after training the subjects were put in simulated 7500 m hypoxia condition (oxygen concentration 7.1%,ventilation volume 15L/min) and their EEG, SaO2, number of red blood cell and hemoglobin level were recorded and analyzed by t-test. Results Training effects showed that the subjects' 7500m EE(G complexity was significantly decreased (P＜0.01), but SaO2 was significantly increased (P＜0.01).Number of red blood cell and hemoglobin level had no obvious change (P＞0.05).Conclusions The simulated 3500 m intermittent hypoxia training could improve pilot's hypoxia tolerance. EEG complexity and SaO2, which are measured under simulated 7500 m hypoxia condition,would be the quantitative indices for evaluating the effects of intermittent hypoxia training for pilot.The results application would be hopefully expanded to the population who work at high altitude or in anoxic environment.     

不同飞行条件飞行员训练前后凝血及纤溶指标的对比研究

目的检测不同飞行条件下飞行员飞行训练前后凝血及纤溶指标的变化,以了解飞行训练对其凝血和纤溶平衡的影响。方法应用生物活性法和免疫比浊法,检测40名飞行员飞行训练前后的静脉血凝血酶原时间（prothrombin time,PT）、凝血酶时间（thrombin time,TT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT）、纤维蛋白原（fibrinogen,Fg）和D-二聚体（D-dimer,D-D）。依不同飞行强度（1次飞行和两次飞行）、不同飞行场次（昼航和跨昼夜飞行）、不同飞行载荷（＋3Gz和＋5Gz）、不同飞行高度（3km和5km）分别各分为两组。另设30名场站地勤人员为对照组。比较自身飞行训练前后,及不同组间凝血善F溶指标的差异。结果飞行前飞行员组与对照组凝血一纤溶指标的差异无统计学意义。飞行训练后PT、TT、APTT缩短、Fg、D-D升高,分别与飞行前自身及对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（t=2．925-6．908,P〈0．01）。完成各飞行课目后分别与飞行前比较,PT、TT、APTT缩短,Fg、D-D升高,差异有统计学意义（t=2．348-8．717,P％0．01或P〈0．05）。第1次飞行后与第2次飞行后、昼航与跨昼夜飞行后、3km与5km飞行后比较,凝血-纤溶指标的差异无统计学意义。＋5Gz飞行后与＋3Gz飞行后比较,TT缩短、Fg升高,差异有统计学意义（t=2．605、5．772,P=0．013、0．000）;其他指标差异无统计学意义。结论飞行员飞行训练后凝血与纤溶指标可发生改变,属于机体应激状态下的适应性反应。     

飞行学员基础学院体能训练一年后静态肺功能变化

目的　了解新招飞行学员训练一年后 ,静态肺功能的变化情况。　方法　使用日本ST 95型呼吸分析仪 ,对 5 6 2名新招飞行学员训练一年前后静态肺功能进行常规检测。　结果　新飞行学员训练一年后 ,2 5 %呼气中期流量 (MEF2 5)与训练前比较差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ,体重、肺活量 (VC)、潮气量 (TV)、最大通气量 (MVV)、最大呼气流量 (PEF)、用力肺活量 (FVC)、1s用力呼气容积 (FEV1)、3s用力呼气容积 (FEV3 )、75 %呼气中期流量 (MEF75)和 5 0 %呼气中期流量 (MEF50 )的检测值与训练前比较有显著提高 (P <0 0 1) ;身高、最大呼气中期流量 (MMEF)与训练前检测值差异不明显 (P >0 0 5 )。　结论　经过训练后 ,飞行学员的主要肺功能指标均较训练前有显著改善。提示加强训练对于提高肺功能有重要意义。     

飞行训练对飞行学员下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能的影响

目的 探讨飞行训练对飞行学员下丘脑－垂体－性腺轴功能的影响。方法 采用放射免疫法检测飞行基础学校毕业学员（１４０名）和飞行学院完成初教机（８２名）、高教机（２９名）训练阶段的学员的血清雌二醇、睾酮、催乳素、卵泡刺激素和黄体生成素５项指标。选择２０名场站地面战士作为对照组。结果 ①各学员组雌二醇、睾酮、催乳素、黄体生成素、卵泡刺激素和雌二醇／睾酮比值较对照组有不同程度改变;②其中尤以雌二醇、睾酮和雌二醇／睾酮比值改变明显;③各学员组自身比较结果显示,随着飞行时间的延长和训练强度的增大,飞行学员性激素水平的变化较大。结论 飞行训练对飞行学员下丘脑－垂体－性腺轴性激素分泌水平有一定影响,飞行因素引起的性激素失衡可能与飞行人员常见病的发生相关。