Anatomical names of skeletal notches--analysis and classification of Latin names, and comparison with corresponding Japanese names--

For better understanding of the structures comprising the human body and in view of possible need for future revision, Latin anatomical names (Nomina Anatomica, 3rd edition) of the skeletal notches were analyzed and classified, and compared with the corresponding Japanese anatomical names. The words following Incisura indicated: 1) the structure to which the notch belongs; 2) location of the notch; 3) the structure of which the notch is a component; 4) the bone or osseous structure with which the notch is connected; or 5) non-osseous structure attached to the notch. Analysis of Latin names and comparison with Japanese names clarified some characteristics of both names and revealed some problems in them.     

Anatomical names of skeletal processes--analysis and classification of Latin names, and comparison with corresponding Japanese names

For better understanding of the structures comprising the human body and in view of possible need for future revision, Latin anatomical names (Nomina Anatomica, 3rd edition) of the skeletal processes were analyzed and classified, and compared with the corresponding Japanese anatomical names. The words following Processus indicated: 1) morphological resemblance of the process; 2) the structure to which the process belongs; 3) location of the process; 4) direction of the process; 5) an articulation of the process; 6) the bone or one of the bones with which the process is connected; 7) the structure of which the process is a component; 8) the structure attached to the process; 9) the structure contained in the process; 10) homology of the process; 11) participation in another process; or 12) other uncertain information. Comparison between Latin and Japanese anatomical names clarified some characteristics of each name and revealed some problems in Japanese names.     

Anatomical names of Sulcus in skeleton--analysis of Latin names and comparison with Japanese names

For better understanding of the structures of the human body and for possible revision in the future Latin anatomical names of Sulcus in skeleton were analyzed and compared with Japanese anatomical names. The words that follow after Sulcus indicated: 1) the structure that exists in Sulcus, 2) the structure that contains Sulcus, 3) the location of Sulcus, or 4) the structure of which Sulcus enters into the formation. By the comparison between Latin and Japanese anatomical names, some characteristics of each name were made clear and some problems in Japanese names were pointed out.     

Adjectives in international anatomical names and the corresponding words in Japanese anatomical names

International anatomical names are expressed in Latin. In these names some adjectives denote anatomical names that consist of plural words, as deltoidea in Tuberositas deltoidea denotes Musculus deltoideus. We examined the words the correspond to such adjectives in Japanese anatomical names of the structures in the cranial and facial bones, and classified them into following groups: 1) adequate Japanese anatomical names, 2) original meanings of adjectives, 3) the word that is translated freely but lacks the letter corresponding a noun in Latin anatomical name, 4) Japanese anatomical names that correspond different Latin anatomical names, 5) Japanese anatomical names that correspond Latin anatomical names in the past.     

Ordering by the numbers in anatomy and by letters Too

Here, new rules of Latin anatomical nomenclature are proposed to deal with cases not covered by existing or other recommended rules. Determiners (e.g., numerals, letters, alphanumeric strings, and Latin names of Greek letters) should follow the noun they specify or limit, just as it is recommended that adjectives should follow the noun they modify. In general, Roman numerals, Latin letters, and Latin names of Greek letters are preferable to Arabic numerals and Greek letters in Latin anatomical terms. It is also noted that the word typus (type) appears to be superfluous and unnecessary in the Latin anatomical nomenclature. Clin. Anat. 30:700–702, 2017. © 2017Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Positive emotional reactions to loved names

Studies concerning personal attachment have successfully used loved familiar faces to prompt positive affective and physiological reactions. Moreover, the processing of emotional words shows similar physiological patterns to those found with affective pictures. The objective of this study was to assess whether the passive viewing of loved names would produce a pattern of subjective and physiological reactivity similar to that produced by the passive viewing of loved faces. The results showed that, compared to neutral (unknown) and famous names, loved names produced a biphasic pattern of heart rate deceleration‐acceleration, heightened skin conductance and zygomaticus muscle activity, inhibition of corrugator muscle activity, and potentiation of the startle reflex response. This pattern of physiological responses was accompanied by subjective reports of higher positive affect and arousal for loved names than for neutral and famous ones. These findings highlight not only the similarity but also the differences between the affective processing of identity recognition by loved faces and names.     

Adoption of azygos,hemiazygos, and dartos

Exceptions to the anatomical nomenclature rule that names must be in proper Latin include a few terms that contain borrowed Greek adjectives that are not declined like Latin words. Adoption of these adjectives into Latin would change about a half‐dozen terms, e.g., vena azyga, vena hemiazyga, and fascia darta. The anatomical nomenclature rules apply only to the Latin terms, so there is no requirement to alter the way azygos, hemiazygos, and dartos are used in equivalent terms in other languages. Clin. Anat. 30:450–451, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

ERP components reflecting stimulus identification: contrasting the recognition potential and the early repetition effect (N250r).

The recognition potential component (RP) in the event-related brain potential (ERP) appears during rapid stream stimulation and has been related to the activation of word form or word meaning. The early repetition effect (ERE/N250r) is observed in repetition priming designs and has been linked to the access to stored representations of the structure of familiar faces and names. Because of the apparent similarities in latency, topography and theoretical interpretation we compared the RP and ERE/N250r within the same rapid stream stimulation design and for the same type of stimulus material: names and faces of famous persons and names and pictures of common objects. Contrasting with RP, the ERE/N250r occurred later and differed in both scalp topography and amplitude patterns across stimulus conditions. Therefore, the ERE/N250r seems to reflect a separate and content-specific stage of information processing, following the RP, which appears to reflect domain-general processes of structural analyses.     

Memory-related ERP components for experimentally learned faces and names: characteristics and parallel-test reliabilities

Previous research with preexperimentally familiar faces and names has identified several memory-related components in the event-related potential (ERP). Here we aimed to characterize these components while controlling the quality of long-term memory with a standardized learning procedure for unfamiliar faces and names. After 1 week, recognition was tested in a repetition priming paradigm. Both early repetition effects (ERE/N250r) and old/new effects had very similar time course and domain-related scalp topographies as has been reported for preexperimentally familiar stimuli. The late repetition effects (LRE/N400) showed domain-specific scalp topographies, possibly reflecting the greater ease of deriving semantic codes from faces. Importantly, parallel-test reliabilities of performance and memory-related ERP components were high, thus demonstrating the utility of face learning for formal assessment procedures in person recognition.     

Generating proper names: A case of selective inability

This paper reports the study of a brain-injured patient with a selective inability to generate various types of proper names. Auditory and reading comprehension for the same category were both fairly intact. As in other similar cases the deficit is believed to be at the level of the output lexicon, which would therefore be presumed to be categorically organised. The question considered is why certain lexical categories are selectively impaired or preserved. A single answer is difficult to find and may be impossible to obtain since there appears to be nothing in common among these categories. As far as proper names are concerned a distinction between them and common names that may justify independent processing is to be found in the thoughts of some modern philosophers. According to them the function of proper names, unlike common names, is simply to refer to the object so named and not to describe them by any property.     

Electrophysiological correlates of brand names

EEG coherence has been used extensively in the investigation of language processing of different words categories. In contrast, relatively less is known about EEG coherence pattern of processing brand names. The present study aimed to investigate EEG coherence pattern associated with brand names in English and Chinese. EEG coherence of 32 healthy normal participants during 4 reading conditions, including concrete English words, concrete Chinese characters, English brand names and their translated Chinese brand names, were computed and compared. Regardless whether it was in English or Chinese, brand names were generally associated with higher intrahemispheric beta coherence in both the left and right hemispheres than concrete words or characters. Compared to English brand names, Chinese brand names demonstrated increased interhemispheric theta coherence in the frontal and temporal cortical regions. These results suggest that brand names tend to be processed through semantic routes. Similar to proper names and nonwords, they are represented in the lexical systems of both hemispheres. In addition, English and Chinese brand names are processed similarly at the semantic level and the difference in EEG coherence patterns associated with English and Chinese brand names is more likely due to phonological and orthographic processing that are associated with English and Chinese, respectively.     

The associative processes involved in faces-proper names versus animals-common names binding: a comparative ERP study

Recognizing people involves creating and retrieving links between distinct representations such as faces and names. In previous research we have shown that the retrieval of face/name associations produced cerebral activities lateralized in the left hemisphere and spreading from posterior to anterior sites after about 300ms. The present ERP study was performed to compare the specific electrophysiological activities elicited by the retrieval of face/proper name (FP) and animal/common name (AC) associations. Using a subtraction method to isolate the specific binding activities, we showed that both kinds of association produced two main posterior negative/anterior positive complexes, with a more frontal distribution for AC, and bilateral temporal activities. These findings confirm that general associative processes - independent of the kind of association - are not simply the sum of the activities elicited by each stimulus, and that they could involve both unimodal sensory and multimodal convergence regions of the brain.     

One lump or two? One butt but two buttocks

Future revisions of anatomical terminologies will have to give more consideration to the relationships between terms and referents, and the relationships between referents, because computer applications require greater precision. Median anatomical entities and paired entities that closely flank the median plane present common problems in nomenclature, semantics, and ontology. Some of these problems represent vestiges of usage in classical Latin. For example, the use of plural words for polite names of some body parts, and singular words for euphemisms for naughty words. Clin. Anat. 32:22–24, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Protein names and how to find them

A prerequisite for all higher level information extraction tasks is the identification of unknown names in text. Today, when large corpora can consist of billions of words, it is of utmost importance to develop accurate techniques for the automatic detection, extraction and categorization of named entities in these corpora. Although named entity recognition might be regarded a solved problem in some domains, it still poses a significant challenge in others. In this work we focus on one of the more difficult tasks, the identification of protein names in text. This task presents several interesting difficulties because of the named entities variant structural characteristics, their sometimes unclear status as names, the lack of common standards and fixed nomenclatures, and the specifics of the texts in the molecular biology domain in which they appear. We describe how we approached these and other difficulties in the implementation of Yapex, a system for the automatic identification of protein names in text. We also evaluate Yapex under four different notions of correctness and compare its performance to that of another publicly available system for protein name recognition.     

Circuit mechanisms underlying memory encoding and retrieval in the long axis of the hippocampal formation

Circuits within the hippocampal formation are active during memory processing. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine multiple sites across the long axis of the hippocampal formation while subjects performed different phases of an associative memory task, learning to associate faces with names. Viewing faces and hearing names in isolation resulted in separate hippocampal activation patterns. Pairing faces with names resulted a spatially redistributed activation pattern, rather than a simple summation of the activation patterns resulting from viewing faces and hearing names in isolation. Recalling names when cued with faces reactivated a pattern similar to that found during paired training. Finally, the activation patterns representing faces and names were found to be experience dependent, emerging with repeated exposure. Interpreted in the context of hippocampal anatomy and physiology, these findings reveal hippocampal circuit mechanisms that underlie memory encoding and retrieval.     

Automatic identification of confusable drug names

OBJECTIVE: Many hundreds of drugs have names that either look or sound so much alike that doctors, nurses and pharmacists can get them confused, dispensing the wrong one in errors that can injure or even kill patients. METHODS AND MATERIAL: We propose to address the problem through the application of two new methods-one based on orthographic similarity ("look-alike"), and the other based on phonetic similarity ("sound-alike"). In order to compare the effectiveness of the new methods for identifying confusable drug names with other known similarity measures, we developed a novel evaluation methodology. RESULTS: We show that the new orthographic measure (BI-SIM) outperforms other commonly used measures of similarity on a set containing both look-alike and sound-alike pairs, and that a new feature-based phonetic approach (ALINE) outperforms orthographic approaches on a test set containing solely sound-alike pairs. However, an approach that combines several different measures achieves the best results on two test sets. CONCLUSION: Our system is currently used as the basis of a system developed for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for detection of confusable drug names.     

An approach to improve LOINC mapping through augmentation of local test names

Mapping medical test names into a standardized vocabulary is a prerequisite to sharing test-related data between health care entities. One major barrier in this process is the inability to describe tests in sufficient detail to assign the appropriate name in Logical Observation Identifiers, Names, and Codes (LOINC®). Approaches to address mapping of test names with incomplete information have not been well described. We developed a process of “enhancing” local test names by incorporating information required for LOINC mapping into the test names themselves. When using the Regenstrief LOINC Mapping Assistant (RELMA) we found that 73/198 (37%) of “enhanced” test names were successfully mapped to LOINC, compared to 41/191 (21%) of original names (p = 0.001). Our approach led to a significantly higher proportion of test names with successful mapping to LOINC, but further efforts are required to achieve more satisfactory results.     

Terminologia anatomica: new terminology for the new anatomist.

Over many years, anatomical terminology has been the subject of much controversy and disagreement. Previously, the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee has been responsible for the production of six editions of Nomina Anatomica. In 1989 a new committee, the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT), was created by its parent body, the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). FCAT has worked for 9 years and published Terminologia Anatomica (TA) in 1998. FCAT's aim has been to democratize the terminology and make it the internationally accepted, living language of anatomy. The worldwide adoption of the same terminology would eliminate national differences, which were causing extreme confusion in instances where the same structure was known by several names. The new terminology is thus the result of worldwide consultation and contains Latin and equivalent English terms. It is indexed in Latin and English and contains an index of eponyms in order to find the correct non-eponymous term. The future goal of FCAT is to continue to improve the terminology-new structures are described, different terms come into use, and the terminology needs to be expanded to include terms used by clinicians for structures that currently do not appear in the list. Future versions of the terminology must accommodate the needs of all who use it, both in the clinical and scientific worlds.