卵巢癌前哨淋巴结的研究意义及进展

前哨淋巴结是指接受原发肿瘤淋巴引流的第一站淋巴结,其病理学性质可代表整个区域淋巴结的状态。早期卵巢癌前哨淋巴结(SLN)的检测有助于判断区域淋巴结有无转移,指导卵巢癌临床分期及行个体化淋巴结清扫术,降低手术并发症。高效、准确的SLN检测是其应用于卵巢癌临床的关键。本文就SLN的概念、示踪方法、分布、临床意义、存在问题及前景进行综述。     

宫颈癌手术盆腹腔淋巴结切除相关问题

盆腹腔淋巴结切除是宫颈癌手术治疗的重要组成部分。如何评判盆腔淋巴结切除是否彻底？哪些患者需要腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除？前哨淋巴结在宫颈癌治疗中的作用？这些是当今宫颈癌淋巴结切除面临的问题,文章就以上问题进行讨论。     

子宫内膜癌淋巴结切除适应证和争议

早期子宫内膜癌有淋巴转移风险,但是否对所有患者均需行区域淋巴结切除仍有争议。可根据术前、术中的评估决定是否行淋巴结切除及何种范围的淋巴结切除。高危病例应该实施系统性淋巴结切除。     

子宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移规律及其临床意义

目的 了解子宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的规律，为选择性盆腔淋巴结清扫术提供依据。方法 对1990年1月至2004年12月北京大学第一医院妇产科收治的143例宫颈癌患者行广泛性子宫切除及盆腔淋巴结清扫术。盆腔淋巴结清扫依次剔除双侧髂总、髂外、腹股沟深、髂内及闭孔5组淋巴结，根据病理结果明确转移淋巴结的分布，分析临床病理因素与盆腔淋巴结转移的关系。结果 盆腔淋巴结转移35例，占24，5％。其中闭孔淋巴结转移29例，占82．9％，转移率为20．3％（29／143）。35例中仅有1组淋巴结转移的22例（62、9％），其中18例为闭孔淋巴结转移。闭孔淋巴结阴性而其他淋巴结阳性者仅6例（17．1％）。髂淋巴结转移12例，占34．3％，转移率为8.4％（12／143）。闭孔淋巴结转移率高于其他组之和（P〈0.01）。右侧淋巴结转移率为20.3％（29／143），高于左侧的11．2％（16／143），P〈0.05。ⅡB期、肿瘤浸润宫颈间质深度〉1／2、肿瘤病灶〉4cm者淋巴结转移率高，而患者年龄、肿瘤病理分级及组织类型与盆腔淋巴结转移无关。结论 闭孔淋巴结是宫颈癌最早和最常见的转移部位，其次是髂淋巴结。是否可以仅对有盆腔淋巴结转移高危因素患者进行盆腔淋巴结清扫或仅对闭孔及髂淋巴结进行选择性切除值得进一步探讨。     

卵巢癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结清除术与生存率的关系

目的:探讨上皮性卵巢癌患者行腹主动脉旁淋巴结清除术与其生存预后的关系。方法:回顾分析卵巢癌肿瘤细胞减灭术的80例患者,将其中行腹主动脉旁淋巴结(PAN)+盆腔淋巴结(PLN)清除术分为A组(30例),仅行PLN清除术者分为B组(50例),分析PAN清除与患者生存预后的相关性。结果:行卵巢肿瘤细胞减灭术的80例患者中,32例(40.0%)发生淋巴结转移。A组中19例发生淋巴结转移,其中仅PAN阳性7例,仅PLN阳性3例,PAN和PLN均阳性9例;B组中13例发生PLN转移。A与B组患者的淋巴结转移与临床分期、肿瘤细胞分化程度和组织学类型显著相关(P0.05)。A组中淋巴结转移部位以PAN最多16例,其余依次为髂内、闭孔、髂总、腹股沟及髂外淋巴结。A组患者的3年、5年生存率分别为77.9%和46.7%,均高于B组(69.0%和39.2%),但无显著差异(P0.05)。A与B组患者中转移至PLN者的3年生存率分别是68.5%和41.4%,5年生存率是49.7%和26.4%,两组比较差异显著(P=0.044)。A组患者中淋巴结阳性与阴性患者3年生存率分别为43.5%和72.7%,5年生存率是27.2%和58.5%,差异显著(P=0.048)。Cox模型单因素分析提示,淋巴结状态对患者的生存率有影响(P0.01),而且是死亡风险因素。结论:腹主动脉旁淋巴结的清除对改善卵巢癌患者预后起着重要作用。     

宫颈癌前哨淋巴结的研究进展

前哨淋巴结能准确预测盆腔淋巴结的转移状态，应用生物活性染料法、放射性核素示踪法或两者联合应用对前哨淋巴结进行定位，通过细胞印记法、病理连续切片、免疫组织化学染色及RT-PCR技术检测提高其阳性检出率，特别是宫旁淋巴结，有利于制定宫颈癌患者个体化治疗方案。目前快速准确检出前哨淋巴结有待于进一步发展。     

子宫内膜癌手术治疗的进展

2009年FIGO修订了子宫内膜癌手术病理分期。FIGO分期已推行20年但仍有问题和不足。手术治疗存在以下争议:是否要求所有患者均行盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术、淋巴结切除的范围,年轻低危早期者能否保留卵巢。2010年NCCN子宫内膜癌指南推荐所有可行手术者均行盆腔、腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除。前哨淋巴结检测可用于诊断早期子宫内膜癌。     

女性盆腔淋巴结的分布特点及其临床意义

淋巴转移是宫颈癌转移的重要途径。传统的子宫根治术因术中易损伤宫颈支持韧带内走行的盆腔自主神经,常引起较多的术后并发症,严重影响患者的生活质量。为避免术中损伤盆腔自主神经,目前多主张对早期宫颈癌施行保留盆底自主神经的子宫根治术,但这一术式在保留盆腔自主神经时是否会遗留一些宫旁淋巴结,进而影响其预后仍不十分明确。综述盆腔淋巴结及宫旁淋巴结的分布特点及其临床意义,为早期宫颈癌手术治疗方式的选择提供参考。     

宫颈癌根治术中加行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除在ⅠB2及ⅡA2期宫颈癌治疗中的临床价值

目的:探讨宫颈癌根治术中加行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除在Ⅰ B2及ⅡA2期宫颈癌治疗中的临床应用价值.方法:选择2006年5月至2011年7月在我院诊治的Ⅰ B2及ⅡA2期宫颈癌患者86例,分成两组.对照组45例,行宫颈癌根治术;观察组41例,宫颈癌根治术中加行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术;两组术后辅以放疗或放化疗.对两组术中、术后情况及复发率、生存率进行比较分析,并分析盆腔淋巴结转移、腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移与临床病理因素的关系.结果:观察组复发6例,复发率为15.0％;48个月总生存率和无瘤生存率均为70.0％.对照组复发17例,复发率为38.6％;48个月总生存率和无瘤生存率分别为68.0％和66.0％.两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组并发症发生率(29.3vs 40.0％)、术中出血量(325.0±58.0ml vs 315.0±50.1 ml)及盆腔淋巴结阳性率(56.1％vs 57.8％)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).观察组中腹主动脉旁淋巴结阳性率为17.1％,盆腔淋巴结转移个数与腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移呈正相关(P＜0.01).单因素分析表明腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移是影响宫颈癌患者预后的因素之一(P＜0.05);多因素分析则表明盆腔淋巴结转移个数及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移是影响宫颈癌患者预后的因素之一(P＜0.05).结论:宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移个数与腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移有关.在宫颈癌根治性手术中加腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除并辅以术后治疗,可以降低复发率,提高生存率,且安全可行.     

诊断宫颈癌淋巴结转移的研究进展

宫颈癌淋巴结转移的分布具有一定的规律性,遵循由近及远的逐站式转移模式,先从盆腔淋巴结到髂总淋巴结,然后再到腹主动脉旁淋巴结,并可继续向上转移至锁骨上淋巴结,很少见跳跃转移的情况。术前诊断宫颈癌淋巴结转移的常用影像学检查方法包括计算机断层扫描(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)、正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET/CT),各有优缺点。近年来术中前哨淋巴结检测逐渐成为热点,但是目前仍没有人明确指出识别前哨淋巴结可以替代系统的淋巴结切除术。应根据各自的特点,选择合适的检查方法,提高检测淋巴结转移的诊断符合率,选择合适的治疗方法,减少患者不必要的损伤和并发症。     

早期子宫颈癌脉管间隙及宫旁浸润危险因素1245例分析

目的:探讨子宫颈癌淋巴脉管间隙浸润(lymph-vascular space invasion,LVSI)及宫旁浸润与其他临床病理因素的关系。方法:回顾性分析2009年1月至2019年1月期间于西安交通大学第一附属医院妇科接受手术治疗1245例早期子宫颈癌患者的临床资料,分别根据是否LVSI及宫旁浸润分为LVSI组、无LVSI组和宫旁浸润组、无宫旁浸润组,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析脉管及宫旁浸润危险因素。结果:1245例LVSI率14.1%(175/1245),宫旁浸润率1.85%(23/1245)。单因素分析显示LVSI的发生与病灶类型、病理类型、肿瘤细胞分化程度、子宫颈浸润深度、淋巴转移、切缘阳性、宫旁浸润比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据淋巴转移情况分层分析发现,在淋巴未转移组LVSI的发生率与年龄、病灶类型、病理类型、子宫颈浸润深度比较,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示病灶类型为内生型、病理为鳞癌、子宫颈深肌层浸润和淋巴转移相较于非内生型、非鳞癌、子宫颈浸润浅肌层、无淋巴转移早期子宫颈癌患者是发生LVSI的独立危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。单因素分析显示宫旁浸润与病灶类型、子宫颈浸润深度、累及阴道、累及宫体下段、切缘阳性、淋巴转移、LVSI有关(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析示病灶类型为内生型、累及宫体下段、淋巴转移相较于非内生型、未累及宫体下段、无淋巴转移的早期子宫颈癌患者是发生宫旁浸润的独立危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。结论:子宫颈深肌层浸润、淋巴结转移、内生型的子宫颈鳞癌患者更可能发生LVSI;病灶类型为内生型、累及宫体下段、淋巴转移的患者更可能发生宫旁浸润。     

Lymphovascular space involvement is the sole independent predictor of lymph node metastasis in clinical early stage endometrial cancer

Purpose

To determine clinicopathological risk factors associated with lymph node metastasis in endometrial cancer (EC).

Methods

Clinicopathological data of patients who underwent comprehensive surgical staging for clinical early stage EC between 2001 and 2010 at Hacettepe University Hospital was retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Two hundred and sixty-one patients were included. There were 26 patients (10.0 %) with lymph node metastasis. Of these, 14 (5.4 %) had pelvic lymph node metastasis, 8 (3.1 %) had both pelvic and paraaortic lymph node metastasis, and 4 (1.5 %) had isolated paraaortic metastasis. Univariate analysis revealed tumor size >2 cm, type II cancer, grade III histology, cervical stromal invasion, deep myometrial invasion, positive peritoneal cytology, adnexal involvement, serosal involvement, and presence of lymphovascular space involvement (LVSI) as significant clinicopathological factors associated with retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis. For paraaortic metastasis either isolated or with pelvic lymph node metastasis, significant factors were grade III disease, cervical stromal invasion, deep myometrial invasion, positive peritoneal cytology, adnexal involvement, serosal involvement, pelvic lymph node metastasis, and presence of LVSI. The only factor associated with isolated paraaortic lymph node metastasis was LVSI. Multivariate analysis revealed LVSI as the only independent factor for both retroperitoneal and paraaortic lymph node metastasis (odds ratio 14.9; 95 % confidence interval 3.8–59.0; p < 0.001, and odds ratio 20.9; 95 % confidence interval 1.9–69.9; p = 0.013, respectively).

Conclusion

Lymphovascular space involvement is the sole predictor of lymph node metastasis in EC. Therefore, LVSI status should be requested from the pathologist during frozen examination whenever possible to consider when a decision to perform or omit lymphadenectomy is made.     

The novel criteria for predicting pelvic lymph node metastasis in endometrioid adenocarcinoma of endometrium

Objective

To identify clinicopathological risk factors for pelvic lymph node metastasis, and to evaluate the clinical validity of these factors in selecting patients who need pelvic lymph node dissection.

Methods

The data of 466 patients who had lymphadenectomy for endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium between January 2002 and December 2010 were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

All patients underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy and 192 (41.2%) patients also underwent paraaortic lymphadenectomy. The median number of pelvic lymph node was 16 (range: 2-46) and of paraaortic lymph node was 5 (range: 2-16). 10.1% (47/466) of all patients had pelvic lymph node involvement and 7.8% (15/192) of the patients had paraaortic lymph node involvement (LNI). Pelvic LNI was significantly more common in the presence of higher grades of tumor, LVSI, deep myometrial invasion, positive peritoneal cytology and cervical involvement. The logistic regression analysis revealed that LVSI, cervical glandular invasion and cervical stromal invasion remained to be the independent risk factors for LNI. When the LVSI and/or cervical involvement were considered as high risk for pelvic lymph node metastasis, NPV and specificity were found to be 96.3% and 68.4%, respectively. LNI was correctly estimated in 323 women (69%), overestimated in 132 women (28%) and underestimated in 11 women (2%).

Conclusion

LVSI, cervical glandular and stromal involvement were independent risk factors for pelvic LNI. These variables can be assessed pre- or intraoperatively with a high rate of accuracy, the model which uses these variables may be successfully used in the prediction of pelvic lymph node metastasis.     

Value of preoperative serum CA125 in early-stage adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix without pelvic lymph node metastasis

OBJECTIVE: This investigation attempted to clarify the value of preoperative serum CA125 in predicting histopathological prognostic factors for early-stage cervical adenocarcinoma without lymph node metastasis. METHODS: This study initially surveyed 163 patients with clinical stage Ib or IIa cervical adenocarcinoma treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Of the 163 patients, 116 had preoperative serum CA125 levels, and 14 had pelvic lymph node metastasis. The investigation group comprised 102 lymph node-negative patients. RESULTS: A cutoff value of 26 U/ml was obtained after the discriminant function analysis for identifying patients with positive lymph vascular space invasion (LVSI) or depth of stromal invasion > or =2/3 thickness. Multivariate analysis revealed that among the preoperative clinicopathological variables, including age, tumor size, parametrial invasion, and CA125 level, raised CA125 most significantly influenced the assessment of the LVSI (P = 0.040) and depth of cervical stromal invasion (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In early-stage cervical adenocarcinoma with negative pelvic lymph node metastasis, preoperative serum CA125 levels at the cutoff value of 26 U/ml impacted the determination of the poor histopathological prognostic factors.     

磁共振成像在子宫内膜癌FIGO2009新分期改动中的应用及误判分析

目的 评估增强磁共振成像（MRI）对子宫内膜癌肌层和宫颈浸润及盆腔淋巴结转移的诊断价值并分析误判的相关因素。方法 收集2009年3月至2013年3月天津医科大学总医院妇科收治的167例子宫内膜癌患者临床、增强MRI及病理资料进行回顾,将MRI分期与病理分期结果进行对照,并对肌层和宫颈浸润深度及淋巴结转移误判的相关因素进行分析。结果 （1）MRI诊断准确率随期别升高而降低,随子宫内膜样腺癌分化程度的降低而降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;MRI诊断子宫内膜样腺癌和特殊病理类型患者的准确率为79.74%和64.29%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。（2）MRI诊断肿瘤浅肌层浸润的敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值（PPV）、阴性预测值（NPV）及与病理结果一致性的手捣直鹞?91.79%、90.91%、91.62%、97.62%、73.17%和0.758;深肌层浸润率分别为90.91%、91.79%、91.62%、73.17%、97.62%和0.758;宫颈浸润率分别为84.21%、95.95%、94.61%、72.73%、97.93%和0.750;盆腔淋巴结转移率分别为45.00%、91.16%、85.63%、40.91%、92.41%和0.347。（3）MRI错误评估肌层浸润、宫颈浸润及盆腔淋巴结转移,与患者分娩次数少、合并肌瘤、宫角部位病变、深肌层浸润、肿瘤体积大（包括肿瘤占宫腔面积≥1/2及肿瘤最大径较大）、子宫内膜样腺癌低分化及特殊病理类型正相关（P<0.05）。结论 增强MRI对术前子宫内膜癌深肌层浸润、宫颈浸润和盆腔淋巴结转移评估具有较高的准确率和阴性预测值。当患者合并肌瘤、宫角部位病变、肿瘤体积较大、特殊病理类型和子宫内膜样腺癌低分化等因素时较易误诊。     

早期宫颈癌淋巴结转移高危因素的探讨

目的：统计分析Ⅰa2和Ⅰb1期宫颈癌的临床病理特征,探讨其盆腔淋巴结转移的高危因素。方法：回顾性分析2011年1月—2013年6月期间在天津市中心妇产科医院治疗的117例Ⅰa2、Ⅰb1期宫颈癌患者的临床资料。使用卡方检验及多元Logistic回归方法分析淋巴结转移的高危因素。结果：117例患者中15例（12.8%）发生淋巴结转移,淋巴结未转移者102例（87.2%）。单因素分析结果：肌层浸润深度≥1/2、子宫下段受累、脉管内瘤栓阳性、肿瘤直径＞2 cm、治疗前宫颈鳞状上皮抗原（SCC-Ag）水平为影响Ⅰa2和Ⅰb1期宫颈癌淋巴结转移的因素（均P＜0.05）。多因素分析结果表明,影响淋巴结转移的独立危险因素为治疗前SCC-Ag≥1.5 ng/mL（OR=25.007,95%CI：2.342～250.021,P=0.008）。结论：治疗前SCC-Ag水平是影响Ⅰa2和Ⅰb1期宫颈癌淋巴结转移的高危因素。     

Lymph node metastasis and lymph vascular space invasion in microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix

The objective of this study was to determine whether the depth of invasion was related to lymph vascular space invasion (LVSI) and lymph node metastasis and whether there was a correlation between LVSI and lymph node metastasis in stage IA cervical cancer. The medical records, including surgical notes and pathologic reports, of 202 patients with microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were reviewed retrospectively. There was a positive correlation between the depth of invasion and the LVSI, and the incidence of lymph node metastasis was slightly higher than those reported hitherto for stage IA1 cervical cancer, especially in the depth of invasion of 1-3 mm group. However, among four patients with lymph node metastasis, only two patients had positive LVSI. There was no definite correlation between LVSI and lymph node metastasis. LVSI could not identify the patients with high risk for lymph node metastasis.     

冰冻病理诊断预测子宫内膜癌淋巴转移的临床价值研究

目的:研究影响子宫内膜癌患者淋巴结转移的因素,评价术中冰冻病理预测淋巴结转移的作用。方法:回顾分析1996年7月至2008年1月在上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院和2008年9月至2011年9月在同济大学附属第一妇婴保健院收治的共389例子宫内膜癌患者的临床资料,195例患者实施了盆腔淋巴结切除,其中43例同时行腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除。分析患者淋巴结转移的临床相关因素,评价冰冻病理结果在预测淋巴结转移中的价值。结果:盆腔淋巴结转移率为12.8%(25/195),腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移率为11.6%(5/43)。深肌层浸润(P<0.001)、宫颈累及(P<0.001)、ER阴性(P=0.001)与盆腔淋巴结转移显著相关。肿瘤细胞级别升高、病理类型(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型)与盆腔淋巴结转移无显著相关性。低风险子宫内膜癌(排除G3和肌层深度≥1/2)患者的盆腔淋巴转移率为4.5%(3/67)。按冰冻结果制定4种预测模型,G1+限于内膜组,淋巴结阳性率为0;G1+<1/2肌层组,盆腔和腹主淋巴结阳性率均为2.4%;G2+<1/2肌层组,盆腔和腹主淋巴结阳性率分别为4.8%、0;未发现G2+限于内膜的病例。淋巴结切除组的生存率高于未切除组(79.5%vs 75.9%),但无统计学差异(P=0.086)。结论:冰冻病理用于预测淋巴结转移的作用有限,建议对除G1限于内膜的子宫内膜样腺癌患者,其余均应实施全面的分期手术。     

ⅠB～ⅡB期宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的影响因素分析

目的：探讨ⅠB～ⅡB期宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移的影响因素。方法：回顾性分析630例行手术治疗的ⅠB～ⅡB期宫颈癌患者的临床资料,了解盆腔淋巴结的转移情况,采用χ2检验、Mann-Whitney U检验和多因素Logistic回归对宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移影响因素进行分析。结果：总体盆腔淋巴结转移率为27.9%（176/630）,转移淋巴结754枚,其中74.8%（564/754）分布于宫旁/闭孔区。单因素分析表明,临床分期、细胞分化、宫体受累、脉管间隙受累、宫颈间质浸润深度、鳞状细胞癌抗原（SCC-Ag）和癌抗原125（CA125）水平与盆腔淋巴结转移相关（均P＜0.05）。多因素分析表明,低细胞分化（OR=3.874,95%CI：1.100～13.646,P=0.035）、深1/3宫颈间质浸润（OR=2.735,95%CI：1.675～4.466,P＜0.001）和脉管间隙受累（OR=73.822,95%CI：22.304～244.336,P＜0.001）是盆腔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。结论：宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移以宫旁/闭孔区最易受累,低细胞分化、深宫颈间质浸润、脉管间隙受累发生盆腔淋巴结转移风险较高,在临床治疗中,应确保宫旁切除范围,并实施系统性淋巴结清扫。     

Association between CD31 expression and histopathologic features in stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

This study was undertaken to evaluate the association between the expression of CD31 in the tumor and the histopathologic findings in patients with carcinoma of the cervix. This study included prospectively 30 women, aged 46.6 +/- 10.7 years, with stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix submitted to radical hysterectomy from November 2001 to September 2002. Samples from the tumor were taken and immunohistochemically evaluated by a monoclonal antibody for CD31. Clinicopathologic characteristics such as stage, tumor size, grade of differentiation, lymphatic vascular space invasion (LVSI), parametrial involvement, and status of pelvic lymph nodes were also recorded. The clinical stage (FIGO) was IB1 in 22 patients (73.3%) and IB2 in 8 patients (26.7%). The expression of CD31 was significantly associated with tumor size and the presence of LVSI, but not with grade of differentiation and vaginal or parametrial involvement (P= 0.03, P= 0.032, P= 0.352, P= 0.208, and P= 0.242, respectively). On univariate analysis, the presence of pelvic lymph node metastasis was influenced by LVSI (P= 0.003) and CD31 expression (P= 0.032). However, on multivariate analysis, the presence of LVSI (P= 0.007) was the only independent predictor of pelvic lymph node metastasis. The CD31 expression in tumor is significantly associated with LVSI and tumor size in patients with early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.