中国2岁以下健康婴幼儿鼻咽部携带常见病原菌的血清分型及耐药性分析

目的分析2岁以下健康婴幼儿鼻咽部携带肺炎链球菌的血清型特点,监测肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌对常规用药的体外敏感性。方法采用荚膜肿胀试验对肺炎链球菌进行血清分型,E-test法测定肺炎链球菌(451株)、流感嗜血杆菌(168株)、卡他莫拉菌(396株)的体外敏感性,头孢硝噻吩试验检测流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌β内酰胺酶的产生情况。结果肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌的携带率分别为12.4%、4.6%、10.9%;肺炎链球菌血清分型中19F最多见,其余依次为14、19A和15、6B、23F、6A,且春季和秋冬季无明显差别;PCV7、PCV9、PCV10价疫苗覆盖率均为48.6%,PCV13覆盖率为61.0%,后者明显高于前者;此外,19A的耐药性高于多数血清型(包括19F),23F的耐药性强于其他血清型,6A的耐药性强于6B。不同城市间青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌、青霉素中介肺炎链球菌、青霉素敏感肺炎链球菌所占比例分别为11.6%～28.6%、19.6%～54.4%、32.0%～62.8%。流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌对大部分抗菌药物敏感,22.7%和21.0%的卡他莫拉菌对红霉素和阿奇霉素耐药,济南的耐药率高达50.0%和44.8%。卡他莫拉菌β-内酰胺酶阳性率为85.0%～100.0%;未发现β-内酰胺酶阴性氨苄西林耐药的流感嗜血杆菌。结论 2岁以下健康婴幼儿鼻咽部携带肺炎链球菌中以19F最多见,19A耐药性强于其他血清型;肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌及卡他莫拉菌对常用抗生素的耐药性增加,应引起高度重视。     

急性呼吸道感染住院患儿细菌病原学分析

目的探讨苏州地区住院儿童急性呼吸道感染细菌病原学分布。方法对2005年11月至2007年10月在苏州大学附属儿童医院住院治疗的所有急性呼吸道感染患儿,常规进行深部痰培养,进行病原学分析。结果急性呼吸道感染患儿共3069例,其中881例分离到1种或1种以上致病菌,阳性率为28.7%,最常见的病原菌为肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和卡他莫拉菌,阳性率分别为10.1%,4.3%,3.7%和2.7%,连续两年病原总阳性率呈增长趋势。总病原阳性率以1个月至1岁最高,为32.8%。流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌和真菌检出率以低龄组为主。卡他莫拉菌、流感嗜血杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌四季检出率不同。流感嗜血杆菌男性检出率高于女性。结论肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和卡他莫拉菌是小儿急性呼吸道感染常见致病菌。     

2004年肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌耐药监测

目的监测2004年呼吸道常见致病菌肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌对抗生素的耐药性。方法抗生素药敏试验采用E_test法和K_B法。结果肺炎链球菌对青霉素不敏感率为32.9%,对头孢克洛、头孢呋辛和头孢曲松分别为25.0%、26.4%和5.7%,对红霉素、阿齐霉素和克林霉素不敏感率>90%;流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌对氨苄青霉素耐药率分别为14.3%和56.6%,但前者β_内酰胺酶阳性率为14.3%,而后者为90.8%,两者对其他β_内酰胺酶类耐药率较低。结论呼吸道致病菌对抗生素的耐药性正在增加,连续监测抗生素的耐药性对经验治疗呼吸道感染非常必要。     

2000至2006年复旦大学附属儿科医院呼吸道感染患儿4种常见细菌分离率及耐药趋势

摘要 目的 了解复旦大学附属儿科医院2000至2006年呼吸道感染患儿流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌和卡他莫拉菌的分离率及耐药趋势。方法 对29 416例呼吸道感染患儿进行4种致病菌分离率及耐药趋势回顾，细菌分离培养采用常规方法，药敏试验采用KB琼脂扩散法。结果 化脓性链球菌年分离率为10.7%～25.4%，占咽拭子致病菌首位，呈逐年上升趋势（P=0.01）。流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌及卡他莫拉菌在下呼吸道感染患儿痰液中年分离率分别为1.7%～8.9%、1.1%～5.9%和0.7%～4.7%，3种致病菌分离率变化不明显（P＞0.05），其中流感嗜血杆菌年分离率明显高于卡他莫拉菌（P=0.026）。痰液标本中未分离到化脓性链球菌。流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林耐药率为15.0%～.30.0%，上升趋势不显著（P=0.4），对头孢克罗耐药率为2.5%～11.2%，增加趋势明显（P=0.005）。青霉素高度耐药肺炎链球菌为4.2%～27.3%，低度耐药株为35.0%～61.2%，两者增加趋势显著（P<0.05）。化脓性链球菌对青霉素仍高度敏感，红霉素耐药率高达85%以上。卡他莫菌β-内酰胺类阳性率在95%左右。结论 化脓性链球菌是上呼吸道细菌感染的首要致病菌，分离率呈上升趋势，绝大多数已对红霉素耐药。流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌和卡他莫拉菌在下呼吸道感染患儿痰液标本中分离率变化不明显，其中流感嗜血杆菌对头孢克罗及肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率呈明显增加趋势。     

卡他莫拉菌研究进展

卡他莫拉菌是儿童上颌窦炎、中耳炎、肺炎等呼吸道感染的第3位常见致病菌,仅次于流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎链球菌,目前产酶耐药株比例已超过90%.卡他莫拉菌通过产生BRO 内酰胺酶对青霉素耐药.卡他莫拉菌产生的内酰胺酶分为BRO-1、BRO-2及BRO-3,由染色体基因编码,而且编码基因较易在细菌间转移.与其他已知β内酰胺酶不同,BRO基因是卡他莫拉菌新近获取的外源基因,21个新突变发生于BRO基因的启动子.     

儿童呼吸道感染时3种病原菌检出率及耐药性观察

目的 了解儿童呼吸道感染时嗜血杆菌属、卡他莫拉氏菌、肺炎链球菌检出率及耐药性。方法 对我院2002年6～12月504例因急性呼吸道感染住院患儿，用低压吸引器接一次性吸痰管吸取患儿咽喉部痰液进行培养，采用法国生物梅里埃公司药敏纸片K—B法进行药敏试验。结果 检出3种病原菌224株，检出率44．4％，嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉氏菌、肺炎链球菌检出率分别为19．2％、13．5％、11．7％，占所有检出菌的前3位；嗜血杆菌属对环丙沙星、阿奇霉素、氨曲南、亚胺培南等敏感，对头孢类抗生素耐药率为头孢曲松7．2％、头孢呋辛5．2％、头孢噻肟6．2％、头孢克洛12．4％，磺胺类药物高度耐药(64．9％)；卡他莫拉氏菌对环丙沙星、阿奇霉素、亚胺培南等敏感，对头孢类抗生素耐药率为头孢曲松20．6％、头孢呋辛5．9％、头孢噻肟5．9％、头孢克洛8．8％，磺胺类药物耐药29．4％；肺炎链球菌对万古霉素100．0％敏感，对氧氟沙星敏感率为85．4％，对四环素、磺胺类、红霉素等高度耐药，耐药率分别为76．7％、89．9％、96．6％。结论 本地区儿童呼吸道感染以嗜血杆菌属、卡他莫拉氏菌、肺炎链球菌感染率较高，临床治疗应根据药敏指导合理使用抗生素。     

5岁以下儿童门诊呼吸道感染常见病原携带及抗生素耐药的流行病学特征调查

目的　了解 5岁以下儿童呼吸道感染肺炎链球菌 (SP)、流感嗜血杆菌 (HI)、卡他莫拉菌 (M .Cat)携带株的流行病学特征、耐药情况及其影响因素。方法　对 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 5月在北京儿童医院内科门诊就诊的≤ 5岁呼吸道感染儿童进行随机选择问卷调查 ;采鼻咽拭子标本 ;培养、分离、鉴定SP、HI,其中对 2 0 0 2年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 5月的标本同时进行了M .Cat的分离 ;用E test、K B法检测SP、HI对抗生素的敏感性 ,用琼脂扩散法检测M .Cat的药物敏感性 ;评价年龄、居住地、入托、抗生素使用、诊断对病原携带及其耐药株的影响。结果　本文≤ 5岁儿童呼吸道感染SP、HI、M .Cat的携带率分别为 2 8 6%、2 8 3%、1 5 8%。SP青霉素耐药率为 2 3 3% ,HI氨苄青霉素的耐药率为 1 0 2 % ,M .Cat对氨苄青霉素的耐药率高达 90 3%。影响病原携带、抗生素耐药的主要因素有年龄、入托、抗生素使用。结论　≤ 5岁儿童呼吸道感染携带病原菌株耐药率快速上升 ,抗生素使耐药菌株携带率增高 ,因而合理使用抗生素非常重要。     

2006至2009年复旦大学附属儿科医院呼吸道感染患儿5种常见细菌构成比和耐药性分析

目的 了解复旦大学附属儿科医院4年中呼吸道感染患儿呼吸道标本中化脓性链球菌、肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌耐药率变化。方法 以2006至2009年在复旦大学附属儿科医院诊断为呼吸道感染的患儿为研究对象,采集咽拭子或痰标本行细菌培养。细菌鉴定采用NCCLS/CLSI 2006至2009年标准及英国BSAC标准。采用琼脂扩散法（KB）对5种常见细菌进行药物敏感实验,结果参照CLSI 2006至2009年标准,肺炎链球菌青霉素药物敏感实验采用E-test检测。结果 2006至2009年呼吸道标本中共分离到细菌3 169株,其中化脓性链球菌1 225株、肺炎链球菌341株、金黄色葡萄球菌297株、流感嗜血杆菌248株、卡他莫拉菌237株。①化脓性链球菌在上呼吸道细菌中构成比为74.5％~78.8％,流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌在上下呼吸道细菌中的构成比有逐年上升趋势（P<0.05）。②2006至2009年,化脓性链球菌对红霉素耐药率为86.8％～94.7％,未发现青霉素耐药株;青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌比例为1.4％~20.8％,4年间差异有统计学意义（P=0.007）,肺炎链球菌对红霉素耐药率为91.1％~97.9％;金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素耐药率为50.0％~54.9％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌比例为7.7％~11.4％;上述3种细菌对万古霉素均敏感。流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌β-内酰胺酶阳性率分别为17.0％~31.3％和83.1％~100％,流感嗜血杆菌对头孢呋辛耐药率较低,卡他莫拉菌对环丙沙星和阿莫西林/克拉维酸高度敏感。结论 化脓性链球菌和肺炎链球菌对青霉素高度敏感。化脓性链球菌、肺炎链球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素高度耐药。产酶的流感嗜血杆菌对第2代头孢菌素高度敏感,卡他莫拉菌对喹诺酮类和酶抑制剂复合制剂高度敏感。     

北京地区儿童携带卡他莫拉菌耐药现状的研究

目的　研究北京地区儿童卡他莫拉菌的耐药现状。方法　于 2 0 0 2～ 2 0 0 3年对北京地区儿童鼻咽部的 2 2 2株卡他莫拉菌进行 8种抗生素药敏试验和 β内酰胺酶检测 ,并对不同来源的卡他莫拉菌的耐药性及两种不同药敏检测方法进行比较。结果　上呼吸道感染儿童组分离的卡他莫拉菌与健康儿童组相比 ,耐药率差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。除头孢呋辛外 ,两种药敏检测方法判定结果的一致率均达 90 %以上。结论　北京地区儿童携带的卡他莫拉菌 β内酰胺酶阳性率很高 ,对氨苄西林、二代头孢菌素呈高度耐药 ,对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药率高于以往报道。目前建议采用英国抗微生物化疗学会的纸片扩散法和琼脂稀释法对该耐药性进行综合性分析     

儿童呼吸道卡他莫拉菌分离株耐药性与BRO基因分型研究

目的调查儿童呼吸道卡他莫拉菌分离株产β内酰胺酶情况和耐药性,以及菌株BRO酶基因特征。方法2011年6月至2012年9月,从儿童呼吸道分离卡他莫拉菌401株;用微量肉汤稀释法测定常用抗生素最低抑菌浓度,用Nitroceifn纸片法检测β-内酰胺酶,用PCR扩增结合限制性内切酶分析方法对分离株进行BRO基因分型。结果401株卡他莫拉菌的β-内酰胺酶产酶率为96.5%（387/401）;产酶株对氨苄西林、头孢克洛、头孢呋辛的MIC50、MIC90和耐药率明显高于非产酶株,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;产酶株BRO基因阳性率为99.2%（384/387）,其中BRO-1型为93.0%,BRO-2型为7.0%;BRO-1+菌株对氨苄西林、头孢克洛、头孢呋辛和阿齐霉素的MIC50和MIC90明显高于BRO-2+菌株。结论儿童呼吸道卡他莫拉菌分离株β-内酰胺酶产酶率高,产酶株主要携带BRO-1基因,其对部分β-内酰胺类和大环内酯类抗生素的影响明显高于BRO-2型菌株。     

Risk factors for carriage of respiratory pathogens in the nasopharynx of healthy children. Ascanius Project Collaborative Group.

OBJECTIVES: To assess risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in a large sample of healthy children. METHODS: In this point prevalence survey nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained from 1723 healthy children, ages 1 to 7 years, attending day-care centers or schools in 18 Italian cities. Written questionnaires for obtaining information about the demographics and medical history of the children were completed by the parents in the presence of a pediatrician. RESULTS: The overall carrier rate of respiratory pathogens was 17.9% (S. pneumoniae, 3.5%; H. influenzae, 11.9%; M. catarrhalis, 4.1%). Only 5% of S. pneumoniae strains were penicillin-resistant whereas approximately 40% were erythromycin-resistant. Beta-lactamase production was found in 5.8% of H. influenzae and 88.7% of M. catarrhalis isolates. By multivariate analysis age (< or = 3 years), having older siblings, a history of prolonged full-time day-care attendance and living in a rural area significantly influenced the odds of carrying nasopharyngeal respiratory pathogens, particularly in children ages 1 to 5 years. Sex, breastfeeding, passive smoking and recent upper respiratory tract infections were not significant variables. Antibiotic treatment in the previous 3 months did not affect nasopharyngeal carriage, whereas repeated treatments with a macrolide were associated with carriage of S. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that there is a strong and long term relationship between exposure to large numbers of children in the first years of life and nasopharyngeal carriage of all respiratory pathogens. In addition antimicrobial restrictive guidelines should be tailored to local microbiologic sceneries.     

儿童碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌目细菌感染的临床特征及分子流行研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨儿童碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌目细菌(carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales,CRE)感染的临床特征与分离株的分子特征。方法回顾性分析广东省人民医院2018年1月至2021年6月住院患儿的相关临床资料及感染情况,共获得非重复肠杆菌目细菌菌株1098株。对所分离的66株CRE菌株进行药敏试验、PCR扩增和耐药相关基因测序,以研究分子流行情况。结果1098株肠杆菌目细菌中,CRE检出率为6.01%(66/1098)。66株CRE来自66例患儿,其中男37例(56%),女29例(44%);年龄2 d至14岁,其中<1月龄16例(24%),1月龄~28例(42%),12月龄~11例(17%),>36月龄11例(17%)。被检出CRE的患儿主要分布于新生儿科(38例,58%)、儿科重症监护室(17例,26%)等科室;呼吸道标本(48%)、中段尿标本(21%)、血液标本(17%)位于标本检出前3位。CRE菌株以肺炎克雷伯菌(45株,68%)、大肠埃希菌(12株,18%)、阴沟肠杆菌(6株,9%)为主,对亚胺培南和厄他培南等碳青霉烯类及青霉素头孢类高度耐药,对常见抗菌药物耐药性均普遍偏高,仅对阿米卡星(14%)、左旋氧氟沙星(23%)、妥布霉素(33%)等耐药率相对较低。肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶基因型以bla_(NDM)(20株,44%)、bla_(IMP)(10株,22%)及bla_(KPC)(5株,11%)为主;大肠埃希菌碳青霉烯酶基因型以bla_(NDM)为主(10株,83%);经测序,bla_(NDM-1)24株,bla_(NDM-5)6株,bla_(IMP-4)5株,bla_(KPC-2)3株,部分基因型尚未明确。结论儿童CRE感染发生率高,且集中于1~12月龄婴儿;CRE对抗菌药物的耐药性普遍偏高,儿童感染CRE菌株的碳青霉烯酶以金属酶为主。[中国当代儿科杂志,2022,24(8):881-886]     

Upper respiratory tract bacterial carriage in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in a semi-arid area of Western Australia

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are associated with otitis media (OM). Indigenous children experience particularly high rates of OM. Few studies worldwide have described upper respiratory tract (URT) carriage in Indigenous and non-Indigenous children living in the same area. AIM: The aim of this study was to describe URT bacterial carriage in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder area, Western Australia, as part of an investigation into causal pathways to OM. METHODS: Five hundred four and 1045 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 100 Aboriginal and 180 non-Aboriginal children, respectively, followed from birth to age 2 years. Standard procedures were used to identify bacteria. RESULTS: Overall carriage rates of S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis and H. influenzae in Aboriginal children were 49%, 50% and 41%, respectively, and 25%, 25% and 11% in non-Aboriginal children. By age 2 months S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis had been isolated from 37% and 36% of Aboriginal children and from 11% and 12% of non-Aboriginal children, respectively. From age 3 months onward, carriage rates in Aboriginal children were 51% to 67% for S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis and 42% to 62% for H. influenzae; corresponding figures for non-Aboriginal children were 26% to 37% for S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis and 11% to 18% for H. influenzae. Non-Aboriginal children had higher carriage rates in winter than in summer, but season had little effect in Aboriginal children. Staphylococcus aureus carriage was highest under age 1 month (55% Aboriginal, 61% non-Aboriginal) and was always higher in non-Aboriginal than Aboriginal children. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions are needed to reduce high transmission and carriage rates, particularly in Aboriginal communities, to avoid the serious consequences of OM.     

儿童碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌医院感染的危险因素分析：单中心配对病例-病例-对照研究

目的 调查儿童专科医院住院患儿碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌（carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia,CRKP）感染及死亡的危险因素,为该类细菌的感染防治提供参考依据。 方法 采用配对病例-病例-对照研究的方法。回顾性纳入昆明市儿童医院2019年1月至2021年10月的81例CRKP感染患儿,81例碳青霉烯类敏感肺炎克雷伯菌（carbapenem-sensitive Klebsiella pneumonia,CSKP）感染患儿,及162例对照儿童（住院期间未分离出CRKP及CSKP的患儿）,比较分析各组儿童的基础疾病、既往住院暴露及该次住院暴露情况与CRKP感染及死亡的关联性。 结果 与对照组比较,既往3个月内有住院史与CRKP、CSKP感染存在较高关联强度（分别OR=14.25、10.07,P<0.01）;CRKP感染患儿特异的危险因素包括既往3个月内有碳青霉烯药物治疗史（OR=16.54,P<0.01）及该次住院接受中心静脉置管（OR=33.03,P<0.01）。而既往3个月内有碳青霉烯药物治疗史（OR=28.33,P<0.01）及该次住院抗生素经验性用药（OR=14.50,P<0.01）是导致CRKP患儿死亡的危险因素。 结论 患儿既往3个月内有住院史、碳青霉烯类药物治疗史,以及入院后接受侵入性操作是影响CRKP感染及预后的主要原因。儿童专科医院有必要开展入院时CRKP主动筛查,规范使用抗生素,并加强医院感染监测,以控制CRKP感染的发生。 ［中国当代儿科杂志,2022,24（9）：1008-1013］     

Autotaxin对儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎的预测价值及其与炎性细胞因子的相关性北大核心CSCD

目的探讨血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)自分泌运动因子(autotaxin)水平对儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎(refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,RMPP)的预测价值及其与白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(interleukin-8,IL-8)及C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)的相关性。方法回顾性选取2019年1月至2021年12月收治的MPP患儿238例为研究对象,根据疾病严重程度分为RMPP组(82例)和普通肺炎支原体肺炎(general Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,GMPP)组(156例)。比较各组血清和BALF中autotaxin、IL-6、IL-8及CRP水平,分析血清和BALF中autotaxin水平对儿童RMPP的预测价值,以及RMPP患儿autotaxin水平与IL-6、IL-8及CRP水平的相关性。结果RMPP组血清和BALF中autotaxin、IL-6、IL-8及CRP水平均高于GMPP组(P<0.05)。RMPP患儿急性期血清和BALF中autotaxin、IL-6、IL-8及CRP水平均高于恢复期(P<0.05)。受试者工作特征曲线显示,血清和BALF中autotaxin水平对儿童RMPP均具有较好的预测价值(P<0.05),曲线下面积分别为0.874(95%CI:0.816~0.935)、0.862(95%CI:0.802~0.924)。相关分析显示,RMPP患儿血清和BALF中autotaxin水平与IL-6、IL-8及CRP水平均呈正相关(P<0.001)。结论RMPP患儿血清和BALF中autotaxin水平明显升高,且与病情恢复程度和炎性细胞因子相关,可作为儿童RMPP的预测指标。     

Investigation of risk factors for penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in Turkish children

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal colonization plays an important role for infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Emergence of penicillin resistance in this organism has made it difficult to treat pneumococcal infections. The objectives of this study were to investigate the risk factors for nasopharyngeal colonization with S. pneumonia and for nasopharyngeal colonization with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. METHODS: Three hundred children with or without evidence of infection were investigated for various risk factors. Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children's nasopharyngeal swabs were examined for penicillin susceptibility. RESULTS: Day-care attendance (odds ratio OR=2.82, P=0.003) and upper respiratory tract infection within the last month (OR=1.83, P=0.02), have been determined to be risk factors for S. pneumoniae carriage. The use of antibiotics within the last 3 months (OR=81.07, P<0.001), the presence of more than five people living in the house of the child (OR=6.63, P=0.03), and having a sibling under 5-years-old (OR=4.60, P=0.03) have been determined to be risk factors for penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae carriage. CONCLUSION: Some children are inevitably exposed to and colonized with penicillin susceptible or resistant S. pneumoniae. Changes in day-care organizations, better living conditions, and restriction of antibiotic use seems to be useful precautions to prevent the emerging and colonization with penicillin-susceptible or -resistant S. pneumoniae.     

Lipin基因表达与宫内发育迟缓大鼠肝脏脂肪含量的相关性研究

目的 探讨宫内发育迟缓（intrauterine growth retardation,IUGR）大鼠肝脏Lipin2基因和内脏脂肪组织Lipin1基因的表达与肝脏脂肪含量的相关性。 方法 使用母孕期低蛋白（10%蛋白）饮食法喂养孕鼠制造IUGR仔鼠模型,对照组孕鼠在孕期使用正常蛋白饲料喂养（蛋白含量21%）。分别在两组仔鼠生后1 d、1周、3周、8周和12周时称体重并留取仔鼠的肝脏组织,在生后3周、8周和12周留取两组仔鼠的内脏脂肪组织。采用3.0T氢质子磁共振波谱法检测两组大鼠生后3周、8周、12周时肝脏脂肪含量;采用Real-time PCR法检测两组大鼠各时间点肝脏组织Lipin2、内脏脂肪组织Lipin1基因的mRNA表达水平;采用Western blot法检测两组大鼠肝脏组织Lipin2、内脏脂肪组织Lipin1蛋白表达水平。采用Pearson相关分析Lipin mRNA及其蛋白表达与肝脏脂肪含量的相关性。 结果 生后3周、8周、12周时,IUGR组仔鼠内脏脂肪组织Lipin1 mRNA及其蛋白表达水平均高于对照组（P<0.05）。生后1 d时IUGR组肝脏组织Lipin2 mRNA及其蛋白表达水平低于对照组（P<0.05）,而生后1周、3周、8周、12周时Lipin2 mRNA及其蛋白表达水平均高于对照组（P<0.05）。生后3周时IUGR仔鼠和对照组肝脏脂肪含量比较差异无统计意义（P>0.05）,生后8周、12周时IUGR组仔鼠肝脏脂肪含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。Lipin1蛋白和mRNA表达与肝脏脂肪含量呈正相关（分别r=0.628、0.521,P<0.05）,Lipin2蛋白和mRNA表达与脂肪含量呈正相关（分别r=0.601、0.524,P<0.05）。 结论 IUGR大鼠内脏脂肪组织Lipin1和肝脏组织Lipin2 mRNA及其蛋白表达上调可引起肝脏脂肪含量增加,可能与导致IUGR大鼠成年期肥胖有关。     

Incidences of nasopharyngeal colonization of respiratory bacterial pathogens in Japanese children attending day-care centers

BACKGROUND: In Japan, many younger children attending day-care centers tend to frequently experience acute respiratory infections and prolonged otitis media. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the carriage rate of respiratory bacterial pathogens in children attending day-care centers in our district. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal cultures of 156 healthy children between the ages of 1 month and 5 years were conducted at two day-care centers in Japan, in April 1999. The carriage rates of four major pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus) and the antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were examined. RESULTS: Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis and S. aureus were detected in 94 (60.3%), 83 (53.2%), 54 (34.6%) and 28 (17.9%) children, respectively. A total of 141 (90.4%) children carried at least one pathogen among these four pathogens and 87 (55.8%) children carried more than one pathogen. Fifty-seven of the 94 (60.6%) S. pneumoniae isolates were penicillin-intermediately or highly resistant strains of S. pneumoniae (PISP/PRSP). Beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae was not detected. Twelve of the 28 (42.9%) S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant. The incidence of colonization by PISP/PRSP in children younger than 3 years (43/69, 62.3%) was significantly higher than that in children aged 3-5 years (14/87, 16.1%) (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the rates of colonization by respiratory bacterial pathogens, especially by antibiotic-resistant strains, were high in children attending day-care centers in our district, suggesting their horizontal spread among children in day-care centers. Considering that the majority of children attending day- care centers carried one or more of the bacterial pathogens, the judicious use of antimicrobials will be required to prevent the increase of antibiotic-resistant rates among the colonizing pathogens.