荧光探针的应用

荧光在近几十年来应用日益广泛,在工业、农业、医药学、考古学、矿物学等各个方面都具有广泛的用途。在工业上,常利用荧光进行各种金属制件的检疵。例如有人利用钙指示剂作荧光探针,测定钢铁中微量铝以控制产品质量。在农业上,荧光常被用于检查农副产品的纯度,鉴定种子的生活力,及早发现农副产品的败坏,判断果实成熟程度以及诊断农作物病虫害等,对农药进行分析检测也是一个较重要的方面。     

万古霉素的药学和临床研究概述

万古霉素 (vancomycin)是来自东方链霉菌 (streptomyceso rientalis)或土壤丝菌属Amycolatipsisorientalis的糖肽类抗生素 ,具有独特的三重抗菌机制 :抑制细菌细胞壁的蛋白质合成 ,改变细菌细胞膜的通透性 ,阻碍细菌RNA的合成。本品被美国药品(FDA)批准用于耐甲西林葡萄球菌 (MRSA MRCON)、肠球菌引起的感染 ,是目前治疗MRSA MRCON和肠球菌重症感染的首选抗生素 ,现将有关万古霉素药学研究和 2 0 0 0年以来的临床应用做一概述。1　药学研究万古霉素为糖肽类抗生素 ,其盐酸盐为淡棕色粉末、无臭、味苦。在水中易溶 ,水溶液能被多种…     

量子点作为荧光探针在生物样品检测中的应用及进展

量子点(半导体纳米微晶体)作为一种新型荧光探针,在生物医学领域中的应用引起极大关注。本文主要概括了量子点的优势,及其在蛋白质、DNA、环磷酸腺苷、维生素C、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等生物样品检测中的应用,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

双光子蛋白质荧光探针及其在药物研究中的应用

蛋白质在生命现象和生命过程中起重要作用,在众多的蛋白质分析法中,荧光探针日益广泛地应用于药物筛选等领域.由于双光子荧光技术具有高分辨率、良好的组织穿透能力、极小的组织伤害性和极低的光漂白等特点,可以实现活体蛋白质功能的可视化研究,可为新药筛选提供服务.本文就对蛋白质荧光探针的研究现状进行综述,并展望双光子蛋白质荧光探针在药物研究中的应用前景.     

基于喹啉的锌离子荧光探针的研究进展

锌离子(Zn2+)在人体内新陈代谢过程中起着重要的作用,但很多常规分析方法都不适用于锌离子的测定,应用荧光法检测胞内Zn2+是近年来研究热点之一.文章综述了近年来基于喹啉的锌离子荧光分子探针的研究现状,并总结荧光探针结构设计及宫能团修饰对探针性能的影响,最后提出锌离子荧光探针的研究方向.     

万古霉素的药动学及临床应用进展

世界范围内耐药菌株的不断增加使万古霉素引起广泛的关注,并有重新进入临床应用的趋势.本文综述了近十年来对万古霉素的抗菌作用,药物动力学,毒副作用等方面的研究结果及临床应用的进展.     

万古霉素在早产儿抗感染中的应用进展

早产儿败血症(septicemia)临床死亡率较高,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌是该疾病的主要病原体,万古霉素(vancomycin)是治疗常用药。早产儿的给药方案既要确保最佳疗效,又要尽量减少肾毒性、耳毒性等。目前,各国指南对万古霉素的早产儿血药浓度监测指标、指标达标范围、初始给药方案仍未达成共识。现通过对万古霉素在早产儿群体中的药代动力学特点、血药浓度监测指标、指标达标范围、初始治疗方案、药物安全性既往文献进行综述,为临床用药提供一定参考。     

1例万古霉素导致儿童药物热的药学监护

目的:探讨万古霉素导致药物热的药学监护要点.方法:临床药师参与1例儿童使用万古霉素所致药物热的会诊及用药干预,并对万古霉素所致药物热文献进行检索分析.结果:万古霉素致药物热可能与免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介导的变态反应相关,其发热出现时间为用药开始后1～15 d,停药后体温3d内恢复正常.结论:万古霉素所致药物热时有发生,...     

双荧光探针分子两步标记益生菌在肠道原位活性分析研究

有效补充益生菌可有益肠道健康,但是益生菌在肠道原位活性的分析却鲜有报道。本研究通过将异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)和5(6)-羧基四甲基罗丹明琥珀酰亚胺酯[5(6)-TAMRA-SE]分别与D-赖氨酸进行偶联,获得了两种颜色的荧光D-氨基酸(fluorescent D-amino acids, FDAAs)探针:绿色探针(fluorescein-D-lysine, FDL)和红色探针(TAMRA-D-lysine, TDL),并尝试对嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus, LA)、干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei, LC)和韦荣球菌(Veillonella atypica, VA) 3种益生菌进行了体外标记。随后将FDAAs应用到小鼠肠道菌群标记,建立方法考察了3种常用益生菌口服定植存活情况。所有动物实验方案经由广州中医药大学动物伦理委员会审查通过。结果表明,合成的两种FDAAs可以无毒且完全对3种益生菌进行体外标记;通过FDAAs两步标记口服益生菌可知,LA存活率较高为92.30%±1.67%, LC和VA的存活率相近,分别为84.13%±4....     

老年患者万古霉素血药浓度监测与疗效评估

目的评估老年患者的万古霉素血药浓度、临床疗效及肾毒性。方法回顾性分析我院呼吸科用万古霉素并监测血药浓度的39例老年患者的临床资料。结果万古霉素的治疗有效率为82.05%;谷浓度在10~20 mg·L-1占48.12%,谷浓度<10 mg·L-1的19例患者中有6例进行了剂量调整,2例(5.13%)患者出现了肾毒性,万古霉素减量或停用后肌酸酐均恢复至基础水平。3例(7.69%)用药前肾功能不全的患者均未有肾毒性发生。万古霉素联用依替米星及利尿剂未发生肾毒性。结论老年患者用万古霉素时应调整剂量,并借助血药浓度的监测对万古霉素进行调整。     

Dosage guidelines for the use of vancomycin based on its pharmacokinetics in infants

Summary The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin and to develop optimal dosage guidelines in infants. Thirteen infants between the ages of 13 to 183 days were enrolled. All had been born prematurely, and average gestational age, postconceptional age, and actual body weight were 29.8 weeks, 38.2 weeks, and 2.1 kg respectively. Multiple blood samples were obtained from each patient after 72 h of therapy. Serum inhibitory and bactericidal titres were determined for peak and trough samples.There were good correlations between total body clearance of vancomycin and both postconceptional age (r=0.86) and actual body weight (r=0.87). This information was used to develop vancomycin dosage guidelines in premature infants. The regression line for vancomycin daily dosage requirements vs postconceptional age may be useful for determining initial dosage recommendations.There were also good correlations between vancomycin serum concentrations and serum inhibitory and cidal titres. Peak and trough concentrations in the therapeutic range (peak, 25–35 µg/ml; trough, 5–10 µg/ml) corresponded to titres of 1:8 and 1:2 to 1:8 respectively.Based on these data we suggest the following dosage guidelines for vancomycin: 10 mg/kg 12 hourly for 30–34 weeks postconceptional age and <1.2 kg actual body weight; 10 mg/kg 8 hourly for 30–42 weeks postconceptional age and >1.2 kg actual body weight; 10 mg/kg 6 hourly for >42 weeks postconceptional age and >2.0 kg actual body weight.Thus, doses which are lower than currently recommended are needed for infants born prematurely. Furthermore, the initial dose of vancomycin can easily be determined using an infant's postconceptional age.SML was a Fellow at Children's Hospital at the time of study and is now at Rutgers University, College of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA     

基于FAERS数据库万古霉素在老年患者中的不良事件信号挖掘

目的 通过分析美国食品药品监督管理局不良事件报告系统（FAERS）数据库,挖掘万古霉素在老年患者的不良事件（ADE）,为临床用药监护提供参考。方法 收集FAERS数据库从2004年至2022年第1季度的ADE报告,使用Open Vigil 2.1数据平台,对65岁以上患者使用万古霉素的ADE进行预处理。采用报告比值比（ROR）法和比例报告比值比（PRR）法对ADE进行挖掘与分析,获得发生频次及信号强度前10位的ADE,并分析前10位的联合用药情况。结果 以万古霉素为首要怀疑药品在65岁以上人群中的ADE报告共2221份,检测到ADE信号2194个,其中445个属于药物的不良反应。按照发生频次排序,ADE分别为药物超敏反应（313例）、急性肾损伤（301例）及发热（296例）等。按照信号强度排序,ADE分别为禽流感（ROR＝4312.79）、细菌性心包炎（ROR＝2985.78）及假丝酵母菌脑膜炎（ROR＝1658.77）。联合用药中,前3位的药物分别为哌拉西林/他唑巴坦151例,庆大霉素119例及美罗培南112例。结论 万古霉素在老年人应用时,应警惕肾毒性、超敏反应及谷浓度,同时应注意联合用药对万古霉素不良反应发生的影响。     

2010-2015年北京医院外科病房万古霉素的使用情况分析

目的：回顾分析北京医院外科住院病房2010—2015年万古霉素的用药情况,为临床合理使用万古霉素提供参考。方法筛选北京医院2010年1月—2015年12月使用万古霉素的外科住院患者的全部病例,提取详细病例信息,并对各科室使用情况、药敏送检情况、临床有效率及用药合理性进行统计分析。结果共筛选出病例454例,其中用药不合理89例（占19.6%）,治疗有效的432例,有效率95.2%;万古霉素的总用药量4263.3 g,总用药天数为3307 d,限定日剂量（DDD）为2 g/d,药物利用指数（DUI）＝0.64。结论北京医院外科病房万古霉素使用基本合理,但仍有部分病例存在使用不规范情况。     

Clinical relevance of a European collaborative study on comparative susceptibility of Gram-positive clinical isolates to teicoplanin and vancomycin

Seventy laboratories in nine European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and the UK) each collected 100 consecutive Gram-positive bacterial pathogens during 1995. MICs were determined by a co-ordinating laboratory in each country using an agar incorporation method with Mueller Hinton medium (NCCLS). Quality control was ensured by distribution of five test strains to the co-ordinating laboratories. A total of 7078 isolates was collected: 2885 Staphylococcus aureus, 1706 enterococci, 1480 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), 932 Streptococcus spp. (including 289 strains of S. pneumoniae) and 75 miscellaneous species. Of these, the country coordinators successfully re-tested 6824 isolates. Using NCCLS interpretive criteria, overall 39 isolates (including 28 strains of enterococci) were teicoplanin-resistant (0.57%) and 38 (mostly CNS; 0.56%) were intermediate, whilst 32 isolates (including 30 strains of enterococci) were resistant to vancomycin (0.47%) and 7 (all enterococci; 0.10%) were intermediate. The overall resistance rate was ≤0.5%. The two glycopeptides were essentially active against the major pathogens encountered in the survey. The only real difference with clinical implications from previously reported susceptibility data is the emergence and spread of resistance in enterococci, particularly in E. faecium. Resistance was highest in SSTI, UTI, bloodstream and GI infections; no resistance was encountered in RTI, gynaecological infections or central nervous system infections. This resistance was also geographically diverse: Resistance to vancomycin in E. faecalis was present only in France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain (Italy and Spain only for teicoplanin), whilst resistance to teicoplanin and vancomycin in E. faecium was present in all countries except Spain. Eight isolates (0.5% of all enterococci) were vancomycin-resistant but teicoplanin-susceptible, exhibiting the vanB phenotype. These were four strains of E. faecalis and four strains of E. faecium. Whilst isolates of S. haemolyticus had higher MIC of teicoplanin than other CNS, and were more susceptible to vancomycin, overall resistance to teicoplanin was low (3.3% in S. haemolyticus; 0.6% in CNS). S. haemolyticus was a relatively rare pathogen, accounting for 6.3% of all CNS isolates, and 1.4% of all Gram-positives collected. The results of this survey show that, despite occasional nosocomial problems (e.g. with enterococci and S. haemolyticus), teicoplanin or vancomycin remain adequate therapy for infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens in the 1990s.     

万古霉素致DRESS综合征22例文献分析

目的:分析万古霉素致伴嗜酸性粒细胞增多和系统症状的药疹综合征(DRESS综合征)的发生规律及特点,为安全用药提供参考。方法:检索国内外库收载的万古霉素致DRESS综合征文献进行分析。结果:共筛选出有效个案报道15篇,22例患者,其中男14例,女8例,青少年2例。用药至发生DRESS综合征的平均时间为3周。临床表现主要为皮疹、发热、嗜酸性粒细胞增多并累及多器官损伤,最常见受累的器官为肝脏(16例,72.7%)。结论:临床医师应了解万古霉素致DRESS综合征的规律和特点,加强用药监测,以便及时发现和处理DRESS综合征。     

狭霉素及其应用研究的新进展

狭霉（angustmycin）有A、B和C三个组分，其中A和C为核苷类化合物，B组分为腺嘌呤。狭霉素A是一种特异的鸟嘌呤核苷酸（GMP）合成酶抑制剂，在实验室中广泛应用。近十年来，我国科学工作者发现它具有植物细胞分裂素的生物活性，在植物学研究及农业生产上也有良好的应用前景。     

Synthesis and characterization of self-assembled CdHgTe/gelatin nanospheres as stable near infrared fluorescent probes in vivo

This work presented a kind of novel near infrared emitting CdHgTe/gelatin nanospheres which were synthesized with Cd(NO₃)₂, Hg(NO₃)₂, NaHTe and a thiol stabilizer in gelatin solution. The self-assembled nanospheres were megranate-like and nearly 40 nm in diameter, with CdHgTe QDs uniformly embedded in gelatin matrix. They exhibited strong fluorescence ranging from 580 to 800 nm that could be tuned by molar ratios of Hg²⁺ and gelatin. The full widths at half-maximum of the emission spectra were in the range of 60–80 nm. Compared with bare CdHgTe QDs, the photostability of this compact complex nanostructure remarkably improved. Moreover, the fluorescence of CdHgTe/gelatin nanospheres was much more resistant to the interference from certain kinds of endogenous biomolecules such as HSA, transferrin and hemoglobin. Further applications of living cells and mouse imaging were demonstrated with an in vivo near infrared fluorescence imaging system. The inherent advantages of high stability as well as high fluorescence intensity make the nanospheres particular interested NIR bioprobe candidates for in vivo imaging studies.     

肝病并发自发性腹膜炎患者腹水病原菌及其耐药性分析

目的探讨肝病合并SBP患者腹水病原菌的分布及其耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗生素提供参考。方法对53例腹水细菌培养阳性的肝病合并SBP患者的临床资料以及腹水细菌培养和药物敏感试验结果进行回顾性分析。结果在腹水细菌培养阳性的53例标本中,革兰阴性菌占69．8％（37／53）,革兰阳性菌占22．6％（12／53）。对革兰阴性菌较敏感的是亚胺培南、阿米卡星及哌拉西林／三唑巴坦,其他如庆大霉素、头孢三代及喹诺酮类的敏感率均较低;对革兰阳性菌较敏感的是万古霉素及利奈唑胺,其他如青霉素类、头孢类及喹诺酮类的敏感率均较低。结论对肝病合并SBP患者,腹水病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,耐药现象比较严重。应根据药物敏感试验报告合理选用抗生素,从而达到有效抗菌目的,并抑制或延缓耐药菌株的出现。     

稀土铕荧光探针在检测阿魏酸哌嗪片中阿魏酸含量的研究与应用

目的建立稀土荧光探针法测定阿魏酸哌嗪片中阿魏酸含量的方法。方法在336nm和545nm为激发波长和发射波长条件下,应用阿魏酸一荧光体系测定了阿魏酸的含量,与标准方法测得的结果进行对比。结果该方法线性关系良好,线性方程为：If=40．171C＋15．566,相关系数r=0．994,结果比较满意。结论该方法简便、快速、灵敏。可作为制剂的含量直接分析方法。