儿童抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎免疫治疗进展

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎是近年被报道的一种自身免疫性脑炎。目前国内外尚无针对该病的儿童及青少年患者的统一治疗方案,免疫治疗仍是主要的治疗措施,应用较为广泛的包括一线免疫治疗、二线免疫治疗及长程免疫治疗。近年来也有学者尝试应用新型免疫抑制剂或改进现有免疫治疗方案来提高对儿童及青少年患者的治疗效果,该文将尝试总结相关免疫治疗方案,并对免疫治疗研究方向做一展望。     

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎与病毒性脑炎的关系

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体(anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor,NMDAR)脑炎是一种常见的自身免疫性脑炎,近年来逐渐被神经医学领域所认识.该病具有相对一致的临床表现,脑脊液具有特异性的抗NMDAR抗体,免疫治疗有较好的临床效果.抗NMDAR脑炎与病毒性脑炎关系密切,在认识该病之前,其常常被误诊为病毒性脑炎.近来大量研究发现病毒感染是抗NMDAR脑炎的重要诱发因素,而部分病毒性脑炎尤其是单纯疱疹病毒脑炎的复发,是由病毒感染继发中枢神经系统免疫性炎性反应所致,需要进行免疫治疗.因此认识抗NMDAR脑炎及其与病毒性脑炎的关系,对患者的诊治与预后有重要影响.     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎精神症状研究进展

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, NMDAR)脑炎是一种自身免疫性脑炎, 其精神症状与年龄相关, 发生率随年龄增长而增加。激越和紧张症是突出的症状。针对儿童的激越症状, 首选药物治疗, 当药物治疗无效时可考虑身体约束, 有效的激越治疗不仅可以控制症状, 还有助于患者依从免疫治疗。精神运动性激越是紧张症的核心症状, 但对于儿童紧张症的临床认识仍有待深入, 治疗方面也缺乏统一意见。电休克疗法已被证实是一种有效的治疗手段。<12岁儿童相较于青少年和成人, 适应性功能易受损, 可能会留下部分精神症状。因此, 总结儿童抗NMDAR脑炎的精神症状、临床管理及预后有助于抗NMDAR脑炎的早期识别, 规范对患儿精神行为症状的长程管理, 从而改善预后。     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎的治疗

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎是新认识的一种严重、潜在可治的自身免疫性脑炎,可见于任何年龄,但以儿童更为常见。该病具有显著特征性,病程可分为五期,即病毒感染样症状的前驱期、精神症状期、意识障碍期、异常运动期和恢复期。该病主要治疗包括一线免疫治疗如皮质类固醇激素、静脉丙种球蛋白和血浆交换治疗;二线免疫治疗如利妥昔单抗和环磷酰胺等及肿瘤切除。该文主要介绍抗NMDAR 脑炎各种治疗方法的进展、选择及治疗的局限和不足,以期对该病的临床治疗有所帮助。     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体抗体脑炎

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体抗体脑炎(anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis,NMDAR)是一种抗NMDA受体抗体相关性自身免疫性脑炎.该病发病、临床表现具有儿童其自身特点.成年患者多与肿瘤相关,患儿肿瘤相关性低,多与感染、遗传因素有关.其发病机制主要是抗MDAR抗体选择性、可逆性的减少神经元突触后膜表面的NMDAR密度.临床主要表现为精神症状、语言障碍、运动障碍、睡眠障碍及自主神经功能紊乱等.治疗以肿瘤切除和免疫治疗为主.该病儿童病例报道少,易误诊,部分患儿病情重,易留下后遗症,故早期诊断、治疗具有重要意义.该文就儿童抗NMDAR脑炎发病机制、临床表现及诊断治疗作一综述.     

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎的病因学

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎是近年来新认识的一种自身免疫性脑炎,儿童较多见。虽然对该病的认识不断加深,但其确切病因仍不明确。揭示抗NMDAR 脑炎的病因,对于进一步阐明该病的发病机制,深入认识该病,早期诊断并尽早启动相关免疫治疗从而改善预后是十分必要的。复习国内外文献,早期认为抗NMDAR 脑炎多与肿瘤尤其是畸胎瘤有关,随后的研究又发现其发病也与感染、遗传等因素等有关。该文对抗NMDAR 脑炎病因的认识及演变过程进行概述。     

环磷酰胺序贯治疗儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎的疗效及安全性分析

目的分析环磷酰胺作为二线药物治疗儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎的疗效及安全性。方法 6例激素和丙种球蛋白冲击治疗效果欠佳的抗NMDAR脑炎患者序贯给予环磷酰胺治疗,进行疗效观察及安全性随访。结果 6例患儿经一线免疫治疗1~4周后,在精神症状、癫癎发作、不自主运动方面症状减轻;3例意识水平有所改善,能进行简单对答;所有患儿均仍有明显的反应迟钝,失语、失读、失写、失算、失用、运动障碍等高级皮层功能受损症状。予环磷酰胺序贯治疗,7 d内6例患儿均能进行简单对答;2~3周后3名学龄期患儿能进行简单计算,读写能力有较大改善,生活自理能力基本恢复;2~3个月后,6例患儿认知功能均基本恢复至病前水平,生活能力恢复正常。无不良反应发生及血常规、肝肾功能异常。结论儿童抗NMDAR脑炎确诊后应及早给予免疫治疗,环磷酰胺序贯治疗效果良好,不良反应少,安全性高。     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎17例临床研究

目的 总结儿童抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎临床特点和预后, 提高对该病的认识。方法 对2012年5月至2013年6月北京大学第一医院儿科17例临床确诊为抗NMDAR脑炎患者进行回顾及随访研究,总结其临床特点、治疗方案及预后。结果 本组17例中男12例、女5例;年龄2～12岁。首发症状以惊厥和精神行为异常最常见,各7例。病程中常见症状依次为精神行为异常17例、睡眠障碍16例、锥体外系症状14例、惊厥11例等,仅4例有自主神经症状。所有患者脑脊液抗NMDAR抗体（+）,16例脑电图为弥漫性慢波,均未筛查出肿瘤。14例给予静脉注射免疫球蛋白（IVIG）及甲基泼尼松龙治疗,2例仅给予IVIG,1例放弃,无缓解3例中2例给予利妥昔单抗、1例给予环磷酰胺治疗。随访3～15个月,12例恢复正常,2例死亡,2例遗留癫痫发作,1例依旧存在言语障碍。结论 精神行为异常、睡眠障碍、锥体外系症状与惊厥是儿童抗NMDAR脑炎的常见临床表现,而肿瘤及自主神经功能紊乱发生率较低,免疫治疗疗效显著,预后较好。     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(N-methyl-D-asparate receptor,NMDAR)脑炎是免疫介导的中枢神经系统综合征,主要临床表现有精神症状、运动障碍、抽搐发作等,常被误诊为病毒性脑炎,与肿瘤尤其卵巢畸胎瘤关系密切;儿童患病率高,抗NMDAR抗体是其较特异的检查;治疗主要为免疫抑制,一线治疗为激素、免疫球蛋白、血浆置换,二线治疗主要包括生物制剂、细胞毒药物;早期诊断及治疗对神经系统的恢复至关重要,总体预后良好.     

儿童MOG抗体病合并抗NMDAR脑炎重叠综合征二例

2例学龄期患儿临床均表现为髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)抗体病后出现抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎,头颅磁共振成像示脱髓鞘病灶以幕上病灶为主,均为复发病程,最后诊断为儿童MOG抗体病合并抗NMDAR脑炎重叠综合征,予以免疫治疗后预后尚可。     

儿童自身免疫性脑炎

儿童自身免疫性脑炎是由作用于神经元蛋白并影响神经递质传递及兴奋性的自身免疫性抗体所致。临床以抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸 （N-methyl-D-aspartate,NMDA）受体脑炎和自身免疫性边缘叶脑炎最常见。儿童自身免疫性脑炎临床诊断主要依据临床表现、影像学检查、血液和（或）脑脊液抗体检测。糖皮质激素、丙种球蛋白和血浆置换是目前的一线治疗手段。重在早期诊断和早期免疫治疗,部分患儿预后良好。     

20例儿童抗N-甲基-D-门冬氨酸受体脑炎的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨儿童抗N-甲基-D-门冬氨酸(anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis,NMDA)受体脑炎的临床特点、最佳治疗方案和预后.方法 对20例抗NMDA受体脑炎的患者进行临床队列观察,总结其临床表现、对治疗的反应和临床预后特点.结果 入组20例患儿中,男患儿8例,女患儿12例,年龄1岁11个月～13岁4个月.观察时间8个月～3年6个月,至病情稳定,6个月内无改善/进展.患者均以神经系统症状为首发表现,其中以癫癇发作最为突出,90％的患者均有癫癇发作;其次为语言障碍、认知行为异常和运动异常.偏瘫和小脑共济失调在6岁以下患者中出现频率较高.50％患者一线免疫治疗(IVIG、皮质激素)有效,一线治疗失败者予二线免疫(利妥昔单抗)治疗后,80％患儿有明显好转.部分患儿恢复缓慢,在8 ～12月的治疗中逐渐好转.结论 抗NMDA受体脑炎在儿童脑炎患者中并不少见,免疫治疗有效.一线免疫治疗失败后应给予二线免疫治疗.     

Pediatric NMDAR encephalitis: A single center observation study with a closer look at movement disorders

Anti-N-Methyl-d-aspartate-receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is the most frequent autoimmune encephalitis in pediatric age. This retrospective observational study was aimed at describing the clinical characteristics of the disease in a cohort of children and teenagers. Eighteen patients (10 females and 8 males), with a median age of 12.4 years at symptom onset were enrolled. The clinical presentation of the disease was marked by neurological manifestations in 13 patients and by severe psychiatric and behavioral symptoms in 5. The symptoms at onset varied according to the age: all the children presented with prominent neurological symptoms, whereas psychiatric symptoms were prominent in teenagers. Regardless the age, movement disorders (MDs) were distinctive symptoms during the acute stage of the disease. Several MDs might coexist in a given patient, and persist during sleep. The complexity, and the oddness of MDs often challenged their definition and the differential diagnosis with psychiatric manifestations and epileptic seizures. Stereotyped motor phenomena were the most typical MDs, and were recorded in all patients. Among them, perseveration, reproduction of acquired complex motor activities, and orofacial dyskinesia were the most distinctive features. In children, hyperkinetic MDs dominate; in teenagers, by contrast, a constellation of symptoms consistent with catatonia was the most frequent syndrome observed. The management of the several symptoms requires their accurate recognition, definition and assessment, and the knowledge of the potential side effects of antiepileptic and psychotropic drugs which could either mimic or worsen symptoms of encephalitis.     

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??Abstracts?? Child autoimmune encephalitis is characterized by autoimmune antibodies specifically against neuronal proteins and affecting neurotransmitters and excitability. Clinically the most common autoimmune encephalitides are anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and autoimmune limbic encephalitis. Diagnosis of child autoimmune encephalitis is mainly based on clinical manifestations?? imaging examination?? detection of autoimmune antibodies in blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid. Corticosteroids and gamma globulin and plasma exchange are the first-line treatment. Early diagnosis and early start of immunotherapy will lead to a good prognosis in some children with autoimmune encephalitis.     

Two cases of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection in which EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte was induced after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Abstract:  CAEBV is a high mortality and morbidity disease with life-threatening complications. Nevertheless, the treatment regimens for CAEBV have not yet been established. Although some reports have described CAEBV therapy involving treatments such as antiviral drugs, immunomodulatory agents, and immunochemotherapy, none of these treatments have been demonstrated to be effective. The only treatment reported to be effective is allogeneic SCT. However, the complications of SCT are severe, so treatment results have been poor. Recently, immunotherapy has been devised, but this is still in the developmental stage. In this report, two cases of CAEBV in which allogeneic SCT was performed soon after diagnosis are reported. In both cases, a high EBV genome titer in the peripheral blood was detected at onset. After SCT, the EBV genome titer decreased as CTL activity gradually increased. This fact suggested that not only high-dose chemotherapy as a preconditioning treatment of SCT but also increased CTL activity which could eliminate virus-infected cells might be effective, although additional cases should be studied in order to establish effective treatments.     

Acute encephalitis and encephalopathy associated with human parvovirus B19 infection in children

Reports of neurologic manifestations of human parvovirus B19(B19) infection have been on the rise. Acute encephalitis and encephalopathy is the most common, accounting for 38.8% of total B19-associated neurological manifestations. To date, 34 children with B19encephalitis and encephalopathy have been reported, which includes 21 encephalitis and 13 encephalopathy cases. Ten(29%) were immunocompromised and 17(39%) had underlying diseases. Fever at the onset of disease and rash presented in 44.1% and 20.6% of patients, respectively. Neurological manifestations include alteration of consciousness occurred in all patients, seizures in 15(44.1%) patients, and focal neurologic signs in 12(35.3%) patients. Anemia and pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) occurred in 56.3% and 48.1% of patients, respectively. Serum Anti-B19 Ig M(82.6%) and CSF B19 DNA(90%) were positive in the majority of cases. Some patients were treated with intravenous immunoglobulins and/or steroids, although an accurate evaluation of the efficacy of these treatment modalities cannot be determined. Nineteen(57.6%) patients recovered completely, 11(33.3%) patients had some neurological sequelae and 3(8.8%) patients died. Although the precise pathogenesis underlying the development of B19 encephalitis and encephalopathy is unclear, direct B19 infection or NS1 protein of B19 toxicity in the brain, and immune-mediated brain injuries have been proposed.