脑缺血再灌流后海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白的动态表达及意义

本研究目的在于 :观察脑缺血再灌流后海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白的分布及动态表达 ,探讨其与缺血性神经元的联系。钳夹沙土鼠的双侧颈总动脉制造脑缺血模型 ,应用免疫荧光法染色。结果显示 :脑缺血再灌流后胶质纤维酸性蛋白的阳性反应主要分布于海马本部的始层、放射层、分子层及齿状回门区。再灌流 3 d,胶质纤维酸性蛋白反应增强 ;7～ 15 d,胶质纤维酸性蛋白反应达高峰 ;脑缺血再灌流 40 d和对照组相比胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性反应仍维持较高水平。再灌流 3 0～ 40 d,CA1区锥体层胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞明显增强。本研究结果表明 :脑缺血再灌流后海马区星形胶质细胞活化及胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达增强长期保持在较高水平 ,星形胶质细胞的活化、增生可作为神经元受损可靠而敏感的指标     

缺血再灌注对大鼠神经元与星形胶质细胞的影响

应用免疫组织化学单标记法分别观察大鼠在大脑中动脉阻塞再灌注时胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和Fos蛋白在大脑皮质内表达的时间规律,并用免疫组织化学双重标记法观察GFAP和Fos蛋白表达的相互关系。结果发现在缺血1h再灌注2h时,大脑皮层的星形胶质细胞被激活,细胞体积增大,突起粗大,呈GFAP阳性。星形胶质细胞的反应直至48h依然强烈。被激活的星形胶质细胞和神经元表达Fos蛋白,并呈现时程变化规律。结果提示星形胶质细胞可能和神经元一起参与了大脑皮层缺血再灌注后的变化。     

巴曲酶对脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CA1区的影响

目的 通过观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注不同时段，巴曲酶对海马CAl神经元及星形胶质细胞数目、形态等方面的影响，从而探讨巴曲酶对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 采用改良的线栓法制备大脑中动脉阻塞(MACO)2h、不同再灌注时间段(3h、6h、12h、24h、48h、72h、7d)的大鼠短暂局灶性脑缺血(transient focal cerebral isehemia)模型，随机设立巴曲酶组(Bat)、生理盐水对照组(N．S)、假手术组(sham-operated)，通过HE染色及胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和神经元特异核抗原(NeuN)的免疫组化染色，观测CAl区神经元和星形胶质细胞的形态、数目的动态变化。结果巴曲酶能显提高再灌注早期(6～24h)CAl区GFAP阳性细胞的数目，再灌注7d组存活锥体细胞的数量较盐水对照组有明显提高，提示局灶性脑缺血后早期反应性星形胶质细胞的增多对维持神经元的存活有积极意义，巴曲酶对短暂局灶性脑缺血再灌注引起的海马CAl区延迟性神经元坏死(DND)有一定的抑制作用。     

银杏叶提取物对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后GFAP表达的影响

目的研究银杏叶提取物(extract of Ginkgo biloba,EGB)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后星形胶质细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响。方法大脑中动脉插线法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。75只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、EGB治疗组。缺血2h再灌注48h后,采用免疫组织化学法检测脑组织内GFAP蛋白的表达。结果缺血再灌注后可诱导脑组织GFAP表达增强,EGB可抑制缺血再灌注后GFAP的表达(P<0.05)。结论局灶性脑缺血再灌注后,可诱导脑组织GFAP表达增强,EGB可抑制脑缺血后星形胶质细胞GFAP的高表达,提示EGB可能对缺血诱导的星形胶质细胞活化具有抑制作用,这可能是EGB抗脑缺血损伤保护神经元作用的机制之一。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌流时即早基因c-fos在脑组织表达的免疫组织化学研究

为了研究 c-fos在大鼠缺血性脑损伤中的作用 ,本研究利用阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉 2 h后再灌流 0 .5～ 48h制成的局灶性脑缺血模型 ,用免疫组织化学技术观察了 c-fos的表达特点。结果证明 ,正常组、假性手术组 c-fos在神经元的表达呈阴性或弱阳性 ;再灌流 0 .5～ 48h组 ,胞核呈强阳性 ( +++)的神经元主要位于非大脑中动脉供血区 ,而缺血中心区的皮质、纹状体和视前区呈阴性 ( -)。缺血周边区 ,神经元胞核呈弱阳性 ( +)。正常组未发现 c-fos阳性的胶质细胞 ,假性手术组脑实质内胶质细胞团和侧脑室壁的胶质细胞 c-fos呈强阳性 ,再灌流 3h组脑室壁及深层的室管膜下区和皮质浅层、髓质等处胶质细胞为阳性 ,再灌流2 4～ 48h组缺血周边区和脑实质内的巨噬细胞、活化小胶质细胞呈强阳性 ;再灌流 48h组 ,白质如胼胝体内大量的反应性星形胶质细胞呈强阳性。本文结果提示 ,脑缺血时 c-fos对神经元具有神经保护作用 ,并且这种保护作用可能与小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的活化有关     

大鼠大脑中动脉缺血后海马星形胶质细胞反应的研究

目的:观察大鼠大脑中动脉缺血后皮层损伤侧海马星形胶质细胞反应的变化。方法:采用大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞再灌流模型,应用免疫印迹和免疫组织化学方法测定脑缺血后3 d、7 d以及30 d皮层损伤侧海马胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)以及增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)蛋白的表达,观察星形胶质细胞增殖的变化。结果: GFAP免疫组化结果显示,脑缺血后7d皮层损伤侧海马CA1、CA2区星形胶质细胞数量较假手术组增加且胞体增大;脑缺血后30 d皮层损伤侧海马CA1、CA2区呈胶质疤痕样改变。同时,免疫印迹法显示脑缺血后7 d皮层损伤侧海马GFAP表达增强;脑缺血后30 d皮层损伤侧海马GFAP表达增高更加明显。此外,免疫印迹法显示脑缺血后3 d皮层损伤侧海马PCNA蛋白表达水平升高;脑缺血后7 d PCNA蛋白表达水平达到峰值;脑缺血后30 d,PCNA蛋白表达水平降低,但仍高于假手术组。结论: 大鼠大脑中动脉缺血后可引起其皮层损伤侧海马星形胶质细胞过度反应和增殖。     

脑缺血早期星形胶质细胞胶质原纤维性酸性蛋白免疫组化的时程变化研究

目的：探讨脑缺血早期（24h内）大脑皮质星形胶质细胞（Ast)的变化规律。方法：应用胶质原纤维性酸性蛋白免疫组织化学ABC技术。结果：缺血15min和30min组,缺血中心区大脑皮质胶质原纤维性酸性蛋白阳性细胞较均匀地分布于Ⅱ－Ⅵ层,细胞数量明显多于非缺血区;缺血１h和２h组胶质原纤维性酸性蛋白阳性细胞数量进一步增加,胞质染色加深,并集中出现于Ⅲ、Ⅳ层;缺血３h组胶质原纤维性酸性蛋白阳性细胞进一步增大呈气球样,突起增长变粗,突起内出现水肿泡;缺血６h组胶质原纤维性酸性蛋白细胞固缩,边界不清;12h和24h组缺血中心区胶质原纤维性酸性蛋白细胞消失。同时观察到缺血3h和6h组缺血边缘区胶质原纤维性酸性蛋白细胞数量增多,直径增大,并可见到细胞分裂现象。结论：星形胶质细胞对脑缺血早期神经元损伤具有较强的保护作用。     

局灶性脑缺血再灌注时神经元、胶质细胞形态变化与TNF-α、c-Myc表达相关的实验研究

目的:探讨局灶性脑缺血再灌注时神经元、神经胶质细胞形态变化特点和TNF-α、c-Myc表达的相关性。方法: 采用线栓法大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞复制局部脑缺血再灌注模型,缺血2 h分别再灌注1 d、3 d、7 d,应用光镜和免疫组化法,观察缺血侧额顶叶皮质神经元,神经胶质细胞形态变化及TNF-α、c-Myc蛋白表达。结果: 局灶性脑缺血再灌注后,同侧额顶叶皮质梗死区神经元、小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞出现变性、坏死,梗死灶周围小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞增生,呈现时间相关性,变性、死亡以再灌注3 d最为显著,星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞增生以再灌注7 d最为显著且位于梗死周围区。再灌注后,TNF-α、c-Myc阳性细胞表达也显著增加,以再灌注3 d最为显著,且主要表达于星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞,少量表达于神经元。结论: 脑缺血再灌注后神经元、神经胶质细胞之间在损伤、抗损伤及修复中相互影响,而TNF-α、c-Myc蛋白表达的增加可能是联系不同细胞间相互作用的主要调节物质之一。     

cGMP对脑缺血再灌流后海马区星形胶质细胞活化的作用机制研究

为了观察 c GMP对海马区胶质纤维酸性蛋白合成调节的作用 ,本研究用钳夹沙土鼠的双侧颈总动脉制造脑缺血模型 ,进行了免疫荧光法染色。结果表明 :脑缺血再灌流后海马区 c GMP合成增加 ,多数 c GMP阳性细胞为星形胶质细胞 ,此细胞的多数呈 c GMP强阳性染色 ,胶质纤维酸性蛋白反应也多呈强阳性 ;使用鸟苷酸环化酶 ( GC)抑制剂 ODQ,则 c GMP合成减少 ,c GMP阳性细胞多呈弱阳性 ,同一细胞的胶质纤维酸性蛋白反应也多呈弱阳性。本实验结果提示 :c GMP可能与海马胶质纤维酸性蛋白的合成调节有关     

银杏叶提取物对局灶性脑缺血再灌注不同时段的大鼠脑组织GFAP的影响

目的观察银杏叶提取物(extract of Ginkgo biloba,EGB)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注梗死区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响。方法采用改良线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞脑缺血再灌注模型。观察再灌注1～4d里大鼠神经功能缺损程度并应用免疫组织化学法、Metamoph图像分析系统对结果进行分析。结果EGB药物组神经功能评分较缺血再灌组好(P<0.05),GFAP阳性细胞于脑缺血2h再灌注24h后即已出现,48、72、96h阳性细胞表达量增加,其中以72h为最多,EGB可抑制缺血后GFAP的表达(P<0.05)。结论局灶性脑缺血后可诱导脑组织GFAP表达增强,EGB可抑制脑缺血再灌注后星形胶质细胞GFAP的高表达,提示EGB对缺血诱导的星形胶质细胞活化具有抑制作用,可能对脑缺血损伤的恢复起重要作用。     

X-irradiation reduces the proliferation of astrocytes by cell cycle arrest

Reactive astrogliosis is one of the key components of the cellular response to CNS injury and is considered a major impediment to axonal regeneration. Our previous study demonstrated that cell cycle inhibition treatment can reduce astrocyte activation and proliferation in vivo. In this study, we examined whether reactive astrogliosis can be suppressed by X-irradiation in vitro by modulating cell cycle progression. X-irradiation with low dose (4 Gy) suppressed astrocyte proliferation as demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining with BrdU and Ki67 in monolayer astrocyte cultures and those in scratch-wound model. The proportions of BrdU (+) and Ki67 (+) cells at 12, 24, and 48 h after 4 Gy irradiation were significantly lower than those in control group. FACS analysis of monolayer astrocyte cultures showed that X-irradiation decreased the proportion of astrocytes in S phase at 12 and 24h after irradiation with a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, after X-irradiation, higher levels of p53 were observed by western blot as compared to control astrocyte cultures. Taken together, these data support that X-irradiation can decrease astrogliosis via arresting the cell cycle progression, which might constitute an effective therapeutic intervention in diseases characterized by excessive proliferation of glial cells.     

Astrocytes are more resistant to focal cerebral ischemia than neurons and die by a delayed necrosis

Several recent reports proposed that astrocyte death might precede neuronal demise after focal ischemia, contrary to the conventional view that astrocytes are more resistant to injury than neurons. Interestingly, there are findings supporting each of these opposing views. To clarify these controversies, we assessed astrocyte viability after 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. In contrast to neighboring neurons, astrocytes were alive and contained glycogen across the ischemic area 6 h after reperfusion, and at the expanding outer border of the infarct at later time points. These glycogen-positive astrocytes had intact plasma membranes. Astrocytes lost plasmalemma integrity much later than neurons: 19 ± 22 (mean ± standard deviation), 58 ± 14 and 69 ± 3% of astrocytes in the perifocal region became permeable to propidium iodide (PI) at 6, 24, 72 h after ischemia, respectively, in contrast to 81 ± 2, 96 ± 3, 97 ± 2% of neurons. Although more astrocytes in the cortical and subcortical core regions were PI-positive, their numbers were considerably less than those of neurons. Lysosomal rupture (monitored by deoxyribonuclease II immunoreactivity) followed a similar time course. Cytochrome-c immunohistochemistry showed that astrocytes maintained mitochondrial integrity longer than neurons. EM confirmed that astrocyte ultrastructure including mitochondria and lysosomes disintegrated much later than that of neurons. We also found that astrocytes died by a delayed necrosis without significantly activating apoptotic mechanisms although they rapidly swelled at the onset of ischemia.     

Delayed expressed TNFR1 co-localize with ICAM-1 in astrocyte in mice brain after transient focal ischemia

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is expressed after brain ischemia and is participated in the induction of neuronal cell death. Recently, we have reported that ICAM-1 is localized in astrocytes in the chronic phase of ischemia. However, the regulation of astroglial ICAM-1 after brain ischemia is not elucidated in detail. Therefore, we examined the gene and protein expression of TNFR1 after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) by using real time-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we determined the relationship of TNFR1 and ICAM-1 in the astrocyte in chronic phase of ischemia. Increased expression of TNFR1 mRNA in the ipsilateral cortex was noted slightly during ischemia and was significantly increased at 12 h after reperfusion. Few TNFR1-like imuunoreactivity (TNFR1-LI) was observed in the cortex of normal animals. However, TNFR1-LI was increased at 1 h during ischemia, then it was decreased at 3-6 h, and was increased again at 12-24 h after reperfusion in the core of ischemic area. TNFR1-LI was demonstrated in both neurons and astrocytes but not in oligodendrocytes and microglia/macrophages at 24 h after reperfusion. At 96 h after tMCAO, TNFR1-LI was increased in the perifocal region and it appeared to be displayed the astrocyte-like cells. By use of double immunostaining method, we found that the ICAM-1-LI was overlapped with GFAP-LI. Our data indicates that the expression of TNFR1 is up-regulated in accordance with ischemic insult and delayed expressed TNFR1-LI co-localized with ICAM-1-LI in astrocytes after tMCAO. These results suggest that astroglial ICAM-1 is regulated by TNF-alpha dependent pathway.     

GFP imaging of live astrocytes: regional differences in the effects of ischaemia upon astrocytes

The basic division between white matter 'fibrous' astrocytes and grey matter 'protoplasmic' astrocytes is well established in terms of their morphological differences. The availability of transgenic animals with green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression restricted to specific glial cell types now provides an approach for looking at changes in cell number and morphology in the two astrocyte types in whole mount preparations. This is an important goal, as the ease of generating astrocyte cultures has led to a proliferation of studies that have examined ischaemic effects on astrocytes in vitro. This has in turn engendered a belief that astrocytes have an extraordinary resistance to ischaemic injury, a belief that runs counter to almost all the data available from in vivo and whole-mount preparations. One possible source of this confusion is the reactive changes that occur in astrocytes following injury, which include an increase in cell number that may obscure early astrocyte cell death and which has been reported to initiate within hours of an ischaemic event. However, we show here that neither white matter nor grey matter GFP(+) astrocytes exhibit any feature of reactive astrocytosis within a 180-min period of reperfusion following modelled ischaemia in neonatal whole-mount preparations. We also show that white matter astrocytes are much more sensitive to ischaemia-reperfusion injury than are grey matter astrocytes, a feature that may have high significance for developmental disorders of white matter tracts such as cerebral palsy.     

Astrocyte elevated gene-1 regulates astrocyte responses to neural injury: implications for reactive astrogliosis and neurodegeneration

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Reactive astrogliosis is a ubiquitous but poorly understood hallmark of central nervous system pathologies such as trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. In vitro and in vivo studies have identified proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines as mediators of astrogliosis during injury and disease; however, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we identify astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1), a human immunodeficiency virus 1 or tumor necrosis factor alpha-inducible oncogene, as a novel modulator of reactive astrogliosis. AEG-1 has engendered tremendous interest in the field of cancer research as a therapeutic target for aggressive tumors. However, little is known of its role in astrocytes and astrocyte-mediated diseases. Based on its oncogenic role in several cancers, here we investigate the AEG-1-mediated regulation of astrocyte migration and proliferation during reactive astrogliosis. METHODS: An in vivo brain injury mouse model was utilized to show AEG-1 induction following reactive astrogliosis. In vitro wound healing and cell migration assays following AEG-1 knockdown were performed to analyze the role of AEG-1 in astrocyte migration. AEG-1-mediated regulation of astrocyte proliferation was assayed by quantifying the levels of cell proliferation markers, Ki67 and proliferation cell nuclear antigen, using immunocytochemistry. Confocal microscopy was used to evaluate nucleolar localization of AEG-1 in cultured astrocytes following injury. RESULTS: The in vivo mouse model for brain injury showed reactive astrocytes with increased glial fibrillary acidic protein and AEG-1 colocalization at the wound site. AEG-1 knockdown in cultured human astrocytes significantly reduced astrocyte migration into the wound site and cell proliferation. Confocal analysis showed colocalization of AEG-1 to the nucleolus of injured cultured human astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings report for the first time the novel role of AEG-1 in mediating reactive astrogliosis and in regulating astrocyte responses to injury. We also report the nucleolar localization of AEG-1 in human astrocytes in response to injury. Future studies may be directed towards elucidating the molecular mechanism of AEG-1 action in astrocytes during reactive astrogliosis.     

PAR-1 upregulation by trimethyltin and lipopolysaccharide in cultured rat astrocytes

We have previously shown that various protease-activated receptor (PAR) isoforms, mainly PAR-1, are upregulated in reactive astrocytes of rat hippocampus following i.p. administration of trimethyltin (TMT), a neurotoxicant which is known to cause neuronal death and reactive gliosis. In the present paper, we demonstrate that this PAR-1 upregulation was also mimicked in primary cultures of neonatal rat cortex astrocytes after exposure (24 and 48 h) to TMT (10-100 microM). This result suggests that the PAR-1 increase we have observed in vivo may represent a direct effect of TMT on astrocytes rather than a consequence of a complex astrocytic reaction following neuronal death. Furthermore, an evident upregulation of PAR-1 in cultured primary astrocytes also occurred following exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (a well-known inductor of glial cell activation) whereas other neurotoxic agents (such as staurosporine, hydrogen peroxide and sodium azide), which are known to induce cell death, were unable to determine any PAR-1 variation. Similarly to astrocytes, both TMT and LPS induced an upregulation of PAR-1 in the rat astrocytoma cell line, C6, thus indicating that this phenomenon was independent from microglial cells eventually contaminating astrocyte primary cultures. Furthermore, after exposure to TMT and LPS, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta were also increased in astrocyte cultures, suggesting that the PAR-1 upregulation we have detected may be involved in glial inflammatory response rather than in cell death.     

Spatio-temporal expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-2 mRNA in rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) induce inflammatory responses mediated by activating CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) receptors. We have recently reported that CysLT(1) receptor expression is increased in rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia and the increased expression is spatio-temporally related to acute neuronal injury and late astrocyte proliferation. Here we report spatio-temporal expression of CysLT(2) receptor mRNA in rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia induced by 30min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. We found that the neuron density was gradually decreased or disappeared in the ischemic core and boundary zone during 14 days after reperfusion, and the astrocyte population in the boundary zone was increased 3-14 days after reperfusion. In the ischemic core, the expression of CysLT(2) receptor mRNA was increased at 6, 12 and 24h and then recovered at 3, 7 and 14 days after reperfusion. In the boundary zone, the expression was significantly increased 3, 7 and 14 days after reperfusion. The results suggest that CysLT(2) receptor may be related to the acute neuronal injury and late astrocyte proliferation in the ischemic brain.