湘西州7~15岁土家族学生皮褶厚度及体成分分析*

目的：了解湘西州7~15 岁土家族学生皮褶厚度及体成分发育规律。方法：分层整群随机抽取湘西州7~15 岁土家族学生1 472 名（ 男生800 名,女生672 名）,测量身高、体质量和肱三头肌、肩胛下、腹部的皮褶厚度。 根据长岭和Brozek 公式估算体成分。结果：随着年龄的增长,土家族男生皮褶厚度在7~8 岁、9~11 岁、女生在 13~15 岁增长较为明显;多数年龄组皮褶厚度均值女生大于男生,7 岁、10 岁和13~15 岁等年龄组差异有统计学 意义。体脂率、脂肪质量及其指数均值女生高于男生,在7 岁、9 岁、13~15 岁等年龄组差异具有统计学意义。男 女生瘦体质量及其指数年龄变化曲线逐渐上升并出现2 次交叉,在12 岁交叉后比较差异有统计学意义。除男生体 脂率外,3 项皮褶与体成分各指标均与年龄呈正相关。与12 个族群比较,土家族男生肱三头肌皮褶厚度与重庆汉 族和云南摩梭人、肩胛下皮褶厚度与重庆汉族和内蒙达斡尔族较为接近;而女生肱三头肌皮褶厚度与内蒙古达斡 尔族和广东瑶族、肩胛下皮褶厚度与潍坊汉族和广东瑶族较为接近。结论：湘西州土家族学生皮褶和体成分发育 符合儿童少年生长发育一般规律,并存在性别、年龄差异,体脂含量低于新疆维吾尔族等其他族群学生。     

苗族青少年体成分分析

目的:了解湘黔边区苗族青少年皮褶厚度和体成分的发育规律和特点.方法:采用人体测量方法,测量了1 896名湘黔边区苗族青少年的体质量、肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上棘和腓肠肌皮褶厚度,利用长岭方程和Brozek公式估测体成分.结果:随年龄增长,男生皮褶厚度变化幅度较小,而女生的皮褶则持续增厚,除6～岁组外,各年龄段女生皮褶厚度高于男生,多数年龄段差异有统计学意义;各个年龄段体密度男生高于女生,体脂比女生高于男生;体脂肪含量女生高于男生,除7、9岁组外,其余组差异均有统计学意义;6～11岁瘦体质量女生高于男生,而13岁以后男生高于女生.结论:湘黔边区苗族青少年皮褶发育特点符合青少年生长发育的一般规律,其皮褶厚度和体成分发育存在性别和地区差异.     

山东潍坊市汉族城乡学生身体体成分分析

目的 :探讨山东汉族儿童青少年身体体成分现状及变化规律。方法 :对山东省潍坊市城乡汉族学生进行了体格测量 ,并计算出体脂率、总体脂量和瘦体重等身体体成分 ;通过逐步回归对瘦体重及相关指标进行了回归分析。结果 :身体体成分随年龄的增长而增高 ,体成分在大多数年龄组存在性别差异和城乡差异 ;城乡男女生瘦体重与体重、肱三头肌和肩胛下位皮褶厚度之和、身高及上臂围存在回归关系 (F =1 82 90 .0～ 5 81 1 4.5 ,P <0 .0 0 1 )。结论 :瘦体重和皮褶厚度是评价儿童青少年营养状况和诊断肥胖的有效指标     

Analysis of skinfold thickness and body composition in Han nationality adult in Henan

目的:探讨河南汉族成人皮褶和体成分的发育规律及特点.方法:测量1400例河南汉族成人肱三头肌、肩胛下皮褶厚度,用长岭公式估测体密度,用Brozek公式估算体成分.结果:河南汉族男性农村和城市变化幅度基本一致,肱三头肌皮褶和肩胛下皮褶厚度均在30岁～达到峰值,以后持续下降.女性肱三头肌皮褶厚度呈现折线形状分布,且大于男性；城市女性在50岁～、农村女性在40岁～达到峰值.男性体脂率与瘦体质量在20岁～和40岁～变化最大,女性表现为平稳上升趋势.结论:河南汉族成人的皮褶厚度及体成分在各年龄段有不同的变化,体成分变化的数量、比例及分布部位具有一定差异.河南汉族人群处于高肥胖率水平,男性低于女性.     

湖南白族6～16岁学生皮褶厚度与体成分

目的:了解湖南白族学生的皮褶厚度和体成分发育规律。方法:随机抽取湖南白族6～16岁学生1 525名(男生748人,女生777人),采用人体测量方法,测量身高、体质量以及肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上棘和小腿内侧皮褶的厚度。根据公式计算体脂率、脂肪质量、瘦体质量、脂肪质量指数和瘦体质量指数。结果:随着年龄增长,女生的皮褶逐渐增厚,而男生15岁后逐渐变薄,各年龄组女生皮褶均厚于男生,多数年龄组男女生皮褶厚度均值比较差异有统计学意义;体脂率、脂肪质量、脂肪质量指数均值随年龄增长,女生的逐渐增加,而男生14岁后下降明显,各年龄组女生各指标值都明显高于男生;男女生的瘦体质量和瘦体质量指数发育曲线呈上升趋势并有2次交叉现象。结论:湖南白族学生的皮褶厚度及其体成分发育符合生长发育一般规律,并有性别差异,白族学生的体脂率低于裕固族、苗族等族群,皮下脂肪含量较少。     

甘肃裕固族青少年皮褶厚度及体脂含量分析

目的:了解甘肃裕固族青少年皮褶厚度和体成分的发育规律和特点.方法:2006年抽样测量甘肃989名7～17岁裕固族学生身高、体质量、肱三头肌皮褶和肩胛下皮褶厚度,分析身体质量指数(BMI)值,估测身体密度,计算体成分,利用长岭和Brozek公式估测体成分.结果:裕固族男生肱三头肌皮褶厚度11岁时达高峰(12.37 mm),其后逐步下降;肩胛下皮褶厚度在11岁时达到11.29mm,后又逐渐下降,当到达青春期后又较快速地增长.女生2处皮褶厚度呈持续增长,尤以青春中后期(12～15岁)增幅显著,并一直高于男生,且差值越来越大.裕固族男生的体脂率11岁时达最高值为20.29％,其后不断下降,女生的体脂率总体趋势是不断增加,且一直明显高于男生,男、女性之间有明显的差异.男性2处皮褶厚度之和与其他群体相比,随着年龄变化,逐渐缓慢增加,在青春后期增加迅速,超越其他民族群体.女性2处皮褶厚度变化趋势在青春期较快增加,在青春后期增长趋势放缓.男、女性BMI值随着年龄变化,逐渐缓慢增加,在青春后期持续增加,超越其他民族群体,男、女之间无差异.建立2处皮褶厚度之和百分位数参照值,其整体趋势低于汉族学生,与其他民族群体比较为中等.结论:应加强宣传,注重合理均衡饮食,尤其要积极预防青春后期肥胖的发生.     

湖南宁乡汉族成人皮褶厚度

目的:研究湖南汉族成人皮褶厚度发育状况.方法:采用随机抽样调查法在湖南调查了737例(城市男、女149、170例,乡村男、女197、221例)汉族成人的面颊部、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上棘、腓肠肌6项皮褶厚度值,分析了湖南汉族成人皮褶厚度值随年龄变化的特征.结果:除面颊部和髂前上棘皮褶外,女性其他皮褶厚度值均高于男性;肱三头肌、肩胛下和髂前上棘皮褶厚度的城乡差异有统计学意义;随着年龄增长,湖南汉族6项皮褶厚度值逐渐增大,多在30～49岁达最大值,之后略有下降,部分指标在60～岁组有回升趋势;聚类结果显示,湖南汉族与江西汉族等南方人群的皮褶厚度值较近.结论:湖南汉族皮褶发育具有南亚类型族群特点.     

广西苗族学生皮褶厚度的研究

目的探讨广西苗族学生皮下脂肪发育规律。方法调查了8～16岁苗族中小学生814人(男454,女360)的身高、体重、上臂围、小腿围和肱三头肌位、肩胛下角位和髂前上棘位皮褶厚度。结果身高、体重、上臂围、小腿围均随年龄增大而增大。皮褶厚度除男肱三头肌位为15～16组最小外,其余部位男女均是8,9～组最小;男11～组和女15～16组的肱三头肌位、男15～16组和女14～组的肩胛下角位、髂前上棘位、小腿腓位皮褶厚度最大。统计学分析显示性别差异有显著性。结论8～16岁学生皮褶厚度女性大于男性,各部皮褶厚度的分布规律既有相似,又有差异;与其他民族比较,体脂百分含量低。     

回族大学生骨密度和体成分的变化特点

目的 探讨回族大学生骨密度和体成分变化特点及相互关系。方法 采用横断面整群分层随机抽样的方法选取390名20～22岁回族大学生（其中男生195名,女生195名）为研究对象,人体体成分分析仪测定体成分,超声骨密度测定仪测定骨密度,并进行骨质 T-score综合评价。结果 回族男生宽带超声频率衰减（BUA）、超声声速（SOS）、定量超声指数（QUI）和骨矿物质密度（BMD）４项骨密度指标均高于回族女生,回族女生骨质正常率高于回族男生;回族男生体质指数（BMI）、瘦体重、肌肉量、矿物质、身体水分、蛋白质、腰臀围比、基础代谢8项体成分指标总体及各年龄组均高于回族女生,而脂肪量、体脂肪率、水肿指数３项体成分指标总体及各年龄组均低于女生;除回族女生BMI与T值、QUI之间存在正相关性,其他各项体成分指标与骨密度指标之间均无相关性。 结论 回族大学生骨密度和体成分状况较好。体成分与骨密度的相互关系不明显。     

用腹围、腹臀比评价超重、肥胖标准

目的:比较腹围、腹臀比与身体质量指数(BMI)及体脂率的相关性,探讨用腹围、腹臀比评价超重和肥胖的标准。方法:2010年在安徽滁州和江苏淮安调查了1 426例汉族成年人的身高、体质量、腹围、臀围、肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶,通过身高、体质量计算BMI,通过肱三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶计算体脂率,通过腹围、臀围计算腹臀比。结果:江淮地区汉族男性超重率为34.72%,肥胖率为14.25%;女性超重率为30.73%,肥胖率为13.23%。江淮汉族男性、女性不同年龄组间的身高、腹围、臀围、BMI值、腹臀比、体脂率以及女性体质量值的差异具有统计学意义。随着腹臀比的增大,超重率、肥胖率比例越来越高。随腹围值、腹臀比的增大,江淮汉族男性和女性的BMI值、体脂率呈线性增大,身体密度呈线性减小。腹围评价超重标准估计在900~999 mm之间,肥胖标准在1 000 mm以上。腹臀比评价超重标准估计在0.90~1.09,肥胖标准在1.10以上。结论:腹围、腹臀比与BMI关系密切,可作为对超重、肥胖进行评价的指标。     

Body identity development: definitions and discussions

As the fields of body psychotherapy and dance/movement therapy mature, they tend to create their own theoretical models. This article articulates a theory of body identity that may provide conceptual resources for these fields, both theoretically and clinically. The historical and developmental roots of body identity are discussed and contextualised, both socioculturally and psychologically. Body identity development is mapped onto a current developmental theory called narrative identity, resulting in a more inclusive discourse of multiple selves and non-conforming identities. The concept of body narrative is introduced, and is seen as the mechanism for the development of body identity. Clinical implications are discussed, though further work is needed to ‘flesh out’ how body identity is navigated in body-centred psychotherapies.     

椎体内空隙形成的生物力学研究及其临床意义

目的 探讨椎体内空隙形成后的力学强度变化。方法 将新鲜单椎体标本通过其后正中的静脉孔，用刮勺制作椎体内空隙模型，再测其强度，并与邻近椎体强度进行比较。结果 显示当椎体内缺损分别占椎体体积的10％，20％，30％时，其强度减少的百分比分别为10.67%,18.00%,26．83％。结论 椎体内缺损可明显降低椎体强度，随着缺损的增大，椎体强度降低更加明显，当缺损超过一定大小时，日常活动的应力就可以造成骨折。     

A Skinfold Model to Predict Fat-Free Mass in Female Athletes

OBJECTIVE: Despite widespread use of skinfolds to estimate body fatness, few prediction models have been validated on female athletes. Most skinfold models have been validated with hydrodensitometry, which does not account for the variability in bone density that may exist among female athletes. Our purpose was to develop a skinfold model that predicts fat-free mass (FFM) in female collegiate athletes. DESIGN AND SETTING: A skinfold model was developed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) as the criterion method. Four skinfold measures (abdominal, suprailiac, thigh, triceps), height, and weight were entered into a regression model. The best model was developed and validated by calculating the predicted error sum of squares statistic. SUBJECTS: Study participants included 101 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I female athletes (age = 20.3 +/- 1.4 years, height = 166.7 +/- 7.8 cm, mass = 63.1 +/- 8.1 kg) from several sports. MEASUREMENTS: Each participant's FFM was measured via DEXA. Skinfold thicknesses were measured and entered into the regression model. RESULTS: The final regression model included mass and abdominal and thigh skinfolds: FFM = 8.51 + (0.809 x mass) - (0.178 x abdominal skinfold) - (0.225 x thigh skinfold). The model showed excellent predictive ability (R = 0.98, standard error of the estimate = 1.1 kg). Pairwise comparisons indicated that prediction error showed no overprediction or underprediction bias. CONCLUSIONS: In female collegiate athletes, FFM can be predicted accurately from body mass and abdominal and thigh skinfolds. This model is practical and can be used in most athletic settings.     

Web-Based Self-Reported Height,Weight, and Body Mass Index Among Swedish Adolescents: A Validation Study

BackgroundWeb-collected height and weight are increasingly used in epidemiological studies; however, the validity has rarely been evaluated.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to validate self-reported height, weight, and corresponding body mass index (BMI) among Swedish adolescents aged approximately 16 years. A secondary aim was to investigate possible prediction factors for validity of self-reported BMI.MethodsThe study included 1698 adolescents from the population-based cohort BAMSE. Height and weight were collected through a Web-based questionnaire and subsequently measured using standard procedures. Differences between reported and measured height, weight, and corresponding BMI were compared by t tests and agreement was evaluated by Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman plots. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to investigate whether lifestyle and demographic factors predicted validity of self-reported BMI.ResultsOn average, weight was underestimated by 1.1 kg and height was overestimated by 0.5 cm, leading to an underestimation of BMI by 0.5 kg/m2. Correlation coefficients were .98 for height, .97 for weight, and .94 for BMI, and highly significant. Females underestimated weight to a higher extent than males and overweight and obese participants underestimated weight to a higher extent than normal-weight participants, which resulted in higher underestimation of BMI. Underweight participants, on the contrary, overestimated weight and correspondingly BMI. Overall, a high proportion of participants were classified into the correct BMI category; however, among overweight and obese participants, only 60.2% (139/231) and 46% (20/44) were correctly classified, respectively. In the multivariable prediction model, only gender and BMI status significantly predicted discrepancy between reported and measured BMI.ConclusionsWeb-collected BMI may be used as a valid, quick, and cost-effective alternative to measured BMI among Swedish adolescents. The accuracy of self-reported BMI declines with increasing BMI and self-reported BMI should not be used to estimate the prevalence of overweight or obesity.     

福建畲族7～16岁学生体表面积及其与身体形态、机能的关系

目的:探讨福建畲族7～16岁学生体表面积的发育规律及其与身体形态、机能关系.方法:对福建畲族7～16岁学生1 686名(男生850名,女生836名)的身高、体质量、胸围、脉搏、血压、肺活量进行测量,按Stevenson公式计算学生的体表面积.结果:福建畲族7～16岁学生体表面积随年龄增长而增长;男、女生体表面积发育曲线出现双交叉现象;体表面积与肺活量、胸围呈正相关,与脉搏、收缩压、舒张压无相关关系.结论:福建畲族学生体表面积的发育趋势与其他民族基本一致,体表面积与肺活量、胸围相关程度较高,与脉搏、血压关系不大.     

Sleep architecture and sleep-related mentation in securely and insecurely attached people

I suggest a re-theorization of the relationship between psyche and soma in which the body is no longer seen as ‘mere’ receptacle for unwanted contents of the mind but in which a body subjectivity has a developmental history in its own right. I argue that the body has its own history arising out of the attachment nexus and the internalization of the bodies of its caregivers and the bodies they are able to recognize in their infants and children. I illustrate the way developmental body issues appear in the clinical setting and how the therapist's body can be used to locate and identify the troubled bodies of our clients. A long history of work with women with eating problems and troubled bodies shows that bodies are not born but are acquired in relationship with key caregivers.     

The contributions of lean tissue mass and fat mass to bone geometric adaptation at the femoral neck in Chinese overweight adults

Background: Overweight or obese populations may have lower risk of osteoporotic fractures and higher bone mineral density (BMD), while bone strength is determined not only by bone material but also by bone structural parameters. Thus, the influence of body weight on bone geometry was examined in Chinese overweight adults.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore how total body lean mass (TBLM) and total body fat mass (TBFM) contribute to the variation of bone geometry at the femoral neck in Chinese overweight adults.

Subjects and methods: Bone geometric parameters including section modulus (Z), cross-sectional area (CSA), subperiosteal width (W), cortical thickness (CT) and buckling ratio (BR) were compared in 100 overweight (body mass index, BMI?≥?23) vs. 100 underweight subjects (BMI?≤?18.5) in Chinese female and male adults aged 20–44 years by multiple regression analyses.

Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that both TBLM and TBFM were significantly higher in overweight subjects than in underweight subjects. Meanwhile, significant differences in bone geometric parameters (except W) were also detected between the overweight and underweight groups after adjustment for age and height in both sexes (p?≤?0.001). Bone bending strength Z and axial strength CSA were 14% and 13% higher in females, as well as 18% and 20% higher in males in the overweight group than in the underweight group, respectively. The significant differences mentioned above were not observed when adjusted for TBLM, age, and height. TBLM seemed to be the strongest significant positive predictor of bone geometric parameters (p?<?0.001), with the exception of W in both sexes and BR in females, while TBFM did not contribute significantly to the bone geometric parameters (p?>?0.055 for both sexes).

Conclusion: Bone geometry may adapt primarily to mechanical load as represented by TBLM, but TBFM seemed to have no independent effect on bone geometry in Chinese overweight subjects.     

A theoretical analysis of the carotid body chemoreceptor response to O2 and CO2 pressure changes

A simple mathematical model of the carotid body chemoreceptor response is presented. The model assumes that the static chemoreceptor characteristic depends on oxygen saturation in the arterial blood and on CO2 arterial concentration. The values of O2 saturation and of CO2 concentration are computed, from pressure, using blood dissociation curves, which include both the Bohr and Haldane effects. Moreover, the O2-CO2 static responses interact via a multiplicative term followed by an upper saturation. The dynamic response includes a term depending on the time derivative of CO2 concentration and a low-pass filter, which accounts for the time required to reach the steady state level. With a suitable choice of its parameters, the model reproduces the carotid chemoreceptor response under a variety of combined O2 and CO2 stimuli, both in steady state conditions and in the transient period following acute CO2 or O2 pressure changes. In particular, simulations show that if two hypercapnic stimuli are given in rapid succession, the response to the second stimulus is weaker than the first. Moreover, during transient conditions the effect of CO2 pressure changes prevail over the effect of O2 changes, due to the intrinsic derivative component of the response to CO2. In conclusion, the model allows present knowledge about chemoreceptor activity to be summarized in a single theoretical framework. In perspective, it may be used as an afferent block within large-scale models of the overall cardio-respiratory control system.