微波消融治疗肾上腺转移癌的安全性及近期疗效分析

目的 研究微波消融治疗肾上腺转移癌的近期局部治疗效果、安全性和不良反应.方法 肾上腺转移癌患者7例,8个病灶,病灶直径2.7～7.2cm,平均4.7cm.于CT引导下行经皮穿刺肾上腺转移癌灶微波消融术,术后即刻行CT平扫,术后1月行CT增强扫描,分别评价肿瘤坏死范围.结果 8个病灶术后即刻CT平扫提示坏死范围90％～100％,平均97.5％,完全坏死率75％(6/8),术后1月CT增强扫描提示坏死范围80％～100％,平均93.1％,完全坏死率50％(4/8).全组无严重并发症发生.结论 微波消融治疗肾上腺转移癌安全、有效.     

单针灌注电极射频消融治疗肝脏肿瘤疗效分析

目的 评价CT引导下单针灌注电极在肝脏肿瘤射频消融(RFA)治疗中的临床价值.方法 2008年1月-2008年12月,在CT引导下对24例患者37枚肝脏肿瘤采用RITA UniBlate射频电极进行RFA治疗,其中单个肿瘤者14例,2枚肿瘤者7例,3枚肿瘤者3例;肿瘤最大径≤3 cm者24枚,3.1～5 cm者8枚,>5 cm者5枚;随访期12个月.结果 治疗后完全消融肿瘤22枚(22/37,59.5%),其中病灶长径小于3 CB者19枚(19/24,79.2%),3.1～5 cm者2枚(2/8),大于5 cm者1枚(1/5);未完全消融肿瘤15枚(15/37,40.5%).随访12个月仍存活者15例(15/24,62.5%);死亡患者9例(9/24,病死率37.5%).10例AFP阳性患者中,术后5例下降至正常水平,3例虽有下降但仍高于正常,2例持续升高.RFA治疗后1例患者肝脏包膜下少量出血;患者均有不同程度发热和上腹部疼痛.结论 CT引导下RITA UniBlate单针灌注电极RFA治疗创伤小、并发症发生率低,近期疗效确切,是肝脏肿瘤安全有效的局部治疗方法;对直径小于3 cm的肿瘤1次消融有较高的完全消融率;对大于3 cm的肿瘤,需行多点重叠消融并结合其他消融治疗方法以实现肿瘤病灶的完全消融.     

肝癌的氩氦刀冷冻治疗近期疗效的探讨

目的探讨氩氦刀冷冻治疗肝癌的方法、安全性及近期疗效。方法CT引导下经皮穿刺氩氦刀冷冻治疗68例肝癌患者,术中经2次循环冻-融,1周后行肝动脉造影、TACE或灌注化疗,术后行增强CT或DSA随访。结果肿瘤最大径≤5cm的肝癌14例,术中完全消融。肿瘤最大径5～10cm的肝癌54例,其中29例术前未给予TACE,术中均未完全消融;25例术前行1～3次TACE,20例(80%)完全消融。全组病例术中无死亡,术后无出血、胆瘘、肝破裂及穿刺道转移等并发症。术后平均随访12.5个月,CR1例,PR36例,SD21例,PD10例,1年生存率为98.5%(67/68例)。结论CT引导下肝癌的经皮穿刺氩氦刀冷冻治疗是一种安全、有效、微创的治疗方法。     

动脉栓塞联合局部消融治疗复发性、难治性胸壁肿瘤

目的 初步探讨动脉栓塞联合局部消融治疗复发性、难治性胸壁肿瘤的安全性和疗效。方法 回顾性分析11例术后复发、治疗后进展的胸壁肿瘤患者,在原治疗方案的基础上联合DSA引导下动脉栓塞和CT引导下局部消融治疗,观察患者疼痛缓解情况（VAS评分）和术后并发症,并评价治疗疗效。结果 随访率100%,中位随访时间为18.5个月。所有患者均成功实施DSA引导下动脉栓塞术,7例患者9个病灶首程行CT引导下射频消融治疗,2例患者复发再次行射频消融治疗。4例患者5个病灶首程行CT引导下微波消融治疗,1例患者复发再次行微波消融治疗。根据mRECIST评价标准,6、12、18个月有效率（ORR）分别为72.7%(8/11)、45.5%(5/11)、18.2%(2/11),6、12、18个月总生存率分别为81.8%(9/11)、63.6%(7/11)、27.3%(3/11),中位生存期为13.2个月。术后1、3个月VAS评分分别为（2.42±1.25）分、（1.91±1.24）分,明显低于术前（6.78±1.13）分,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。3例患者术后出现胸腔积液,给予穿刺引流后,胸腔积液消失;...     

CT引导下经皮穿刺适形冷冻消融治疗肺癌的临床分析

目的 探讨CT引导监测,经皮穿刺适形冷冻治疗肺癌的安全性、疗效和可行性.方法 研究对象为肺癌患者,纳入标准:(1)肺功能差、年龄大不能耐受开胸者;(2)周围型肺癌累及胸膜及胸壁肿瘤而无法彻底切除者;(3)肺癌通过临床综合治疗病灶缩小稳定,但不能消失者;(4)局限性肺癌,有手术切除适应证,但患者拒绝手术治疗者.排除标准:(1)双侧或单侧多发病灶患者;(2)肿块靠近纵隔大血管,预计穿刺途径不可避免地会伤及大血管者;(3)严重肺功能低下,肺最大通气容积<39%;(4)重度咳嗽,反复出现呼吸困难,不能配合治疗者;(5)肿瘤晚期、明显恶病质及出血倾向者.根据以上标准入选66例共76个病灶进行了冷冻消融,病灶最大径为1.5～16.0 cm,全部病灶按照肿瘤体积行17 G冷冻探针穿刺适形冷冻.肿瘤最大径<3.0 cm者采取双针"夹击"冷冻;肿瘤直径3.0～5.0 cm者采取多针穿刺适形冷冻;肿瘤最大径>5.0 cm者采取瘤内穿刺适形布针,针距<1.5 cm.患者术后随访6个月至2年.疗效评价采用CT增强扫描,观察病灶大小及强化情况.结果 本组18例肿瘤最大径<3.0 cm,术中CT复查显示冷冻范围超过病灶边缘1.0 cm以上,病灶局部密度减低,紧邻病灶周围可见窄带状透亮环绕,其外围肺组织密度增高,呈磨玻璃样环绕病灶形成靶征;术后1、3个月复查显示,病灶及邻近肺组织无强化;6个月后复查,扫描局部可见纤维条索影;7例随访时间达2年,其中5例肿瘤无复发和转移,1例术后1年发现纵隔淋巴结肿大,1例出现肿瘤骨转移.22例肿瘤最大径在3.0～5.0 cm之间,术后即刻CT复查显示,冷冻冰球覆盖全部病灶,病灶边缘的分叶和毛刺等恶性肿瘤征象消失,病灶体积轻度增大;术后1、3个月复查实性病灶逐渐缩小;9例患者随访达2年,其中4例肿瘤无复发,3例肿瘤稳定,2例出现其他部位转移.26例肿瘤最大径>5.0 cm,术中复查,冰球覆盖病灶体积70%～90%,周围肺组织无冷冻损伤改变.26例患者术后进行了放、化疗等综合治疗,随访6个月,9例病灶体积缩小,11例病灶稳定,6例病灶进展伴身体其他部位转移.本组患者术中3例出现咳血;术后26例痰中带血丝,19例出现气胸,其中5例行胸腔闭式引流,气体完全吸收,拔管时间平均为5 d.结论 CT引导监测,经皮穿刺适形冷冻治疗肺癌疗效肯定,是一种可行的微创方法.     

CT导引下经皮穿刺氩氦冷冻治疗高龄周围型肺癌的临床应用

目的 探讨CT引导下氩氦冷冻治疗高龄周围型肺癌的安全性、可行性及近期疗效.方法 对19例高龄周围型肺癌患者行CT引导下氩氦冷冻治疗,随访观察治疗后3、6、12、24个月时肿瘤变化,统计肿瘤局部控制率和患者生存率.结果 治疗后3、6、12、24个月病灶控制有效率(RR)分别为:100％(19/19)、94.7％ (18/19)、89.5％(17/19)、84.2％(16/19);19例患者均顺利完成手术,手术过程安全,未出现严重并发症,其中气胸1例,少量咯血或痰中带血2例,胸腔积液1例,术后发热3例;治疗后3、6、12、24个月患者生存率分别为100％(19/19)、100％(19/19)、89.5％(17/19)、84.2％ (16/19).结论 CT导引下经皮穿刺氩氦冷冻治疗高龄周围型肺癌,操作安全,并发症少,近期疗效可靠,可重复进行.     

多次肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合射频消融在肝癌治疗中的临床应用

目的评价多次肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合射频消融(RFA)治疗肝癌的临床疗效。方法对经多次TACE治疗后仍有肿瘤残余的10例肝癌患者分别行B超引导下射频消融治疗,术后随访监测甲胎蛋白(AFP)的动态变化及肝脏CT表现来评价疗效。结果 RFA治疗后3~6个月,生存率为100%,其中9例患者AFP<400 ng/mL,CT检查无肿瘤复发征象者8例,有肿瘤复发征象者2例。9~12个月复查,8例患者AFP<400 ng/mL,CT增强扫描未发现肿瘤复发征象;有肿瘤复发征象的患者2例,再次行射频消融治疗。8例患者随访时间达到24个月,其中6例患者AFP<400 ng/mL,CT增强扫描未发现肿瘤复发者7例;1例患者死亡。结论多次TACE联合射频消融为中晚期肝癌治疗提供了新的治疗思路与途径。     

原发性腹膜后肿瘤诊断与外科治疗体会（附58例报告）

目的探讨原发性腹膜后肿瘤诊断和外科治疗经验。方法回顾性分析本院2000年1月～2010年3月58例经手术治疗的原发性腹膜后肿瘤的临床资料。结果 58例中,临床症状主要表现为腹部肿块33例（56.9%）,腹痛21例（36.2%）,腹胀13例（22.4%）;术后病理检查结果良性肿瘤19例,恶性肿瘤39例;肿瘤完整切除41例,姑息性切除16例,剖腹探查肿瘤活检术1例。58例患者围手术期无死亡,肿瘤完全切除组中位生存时间59个月,其l、3、5年生存率分别为88.2%、68.7%、35.8%;肿瘤姑息性切除组中位生存期35.3个月,其1、3、5年生存率分别为82.9%、53.8%、9.2%。结论手术切除是腹膜后肿瘤的最有效治疗方法,积极的外科治疗、争取完整切除可以延长患者的生存期,降低复发率。对于复发患者,应争取再次手术切除。     

125I粒子植入治疗盆腔及后腹膜肿瘤23例分析

目的 评价CT引导下放射性125I粒子植入治疗盆腔及后腹膜恶性肿瘤的临床疗效.方法 23例盆腔及后腹膜恶性肿瘤患者,在CT引导下行放射性125I粒子植入.粒子植入前1周行腹部或盆腔螺旋CT扫描,将图像传送到计算机三维肿瘤治疗计划系统;勾画靶区轮廓(同时勾画肿瘤周围危险器宫,如膀胱、肠管、大血管等);靶区及相关轮廓三维重建;确定肿瘤靶区放射剂量、粒子数量和粒子空间排列.术后随访均设定4个月,以观察局部治疗效果、有无消化道或泌尿系等不良反应、疼痛变化情况、局部肿瘤缓解情况.结果 本组23例中有16例患者术前有骶尾部或腰背部疼痛,术后5～14d疼痛缓解,缓解率为69.6％,局部疼痛缓解近期疗效较显著.肿瘤局部控制2个月时有效率(CR+PR)为47.8％(11/23);4个月时有效率为43.5％(10/23).患者术后随访未见腹痛、肠瘘、出血、尿痛等不良反应,也未见放射性肠炎、骨髓抑制等并发症.结论 初步研究表明CT引导下经皮穿刺植入125I粒子近距离内照射治疗盆腔及后腹膜肿瘤安全、局部疗效明显等优势.对于无法手术、术后复发及单纯化、放疗效果差的盆腔及后腹膜恶性肿瘤是一种有效的补救治疗措施,并有效改善患者生存质量、提高肿瘤局部控制率.     

少血供转移性肝肿瘤滋养动脉超选择性化疗栓塞的疗效观察

目的评价少血供肝转移性肿瘤超选择性滋养动脉插管并完全性栓塞治疗的临床疗效。方法在DSA的引导下,对75例少血供肝转移性肿瘤病灶滋养动脉超选择性插管并完全性化疗栓塞。结果75例共202个被栓塞病灶在术后2～3月CT复查,189个病灶被碘油完全性充填、11个病灶大部被碘油充填、2个病灶碘油充填欠佳。159个病灶明显缩小、41个病灶部分缩小、2个病灶缩小不明显。术后6、12、24、36月及3～5年生存率分别为100%(75/75)、85.3%(64/75)、55%(41/75)、42.7%(32/75)、20%(15/75)。结论高度选择性滋养动脉插管并完全性化疗栓塞是一种对转移性肝肿瘤治疗的有效方法。     

CT导向下介入125Ⅰ粒子置入联合化学消融治疗腹膜后恶性肿瘤

目的 探讨CT导向下125I粒子置入和无水乙醇碘化油混合液介入治疗腹膜后恶性肿瘤的效果.方法 回顾性分析19例复发或转移性腹膜后恶性肿瘤患者的介入治疗方案和临床资料.19例患者临床主要症状为腰、腹部疼痛,按主诉疼痛程度分级法(VRS法)分级,轻度疼痛8例、中度疼痛8例、重度疼痛3例,均拒绝再次手术治疗,并且病理证实为软组织来源的肿瘤,对化疗及外照射治疗欠敏感.因此,对患者采用CT导向下125I放射性粒子置入及无水乙醇碘化油混合液注射治疗.粒子置入之前采用放射性粒子治疗计划系统模拟布源或遵循Halarism的125I经验公式,求出术中所需125I粒子的总活度及算出治疗粒子的数量.在螺旋CT导向下将125I放射性粒子置入腹膜后肿瘤内.对于进针路径受限,粒子不能完全按计划分布的患者,采用无水乙醇碘化油混合液(比例为9:1)注射弥散的方法,覆盖病灶,确保最大范围杀灭肿瘤组织.首次治疗1个月后,按疼痛缓解4级法评价疼痛缓解情况;首次治疗后6个月以增强CT扫描结果作为评价依据,参考世界卫生组织实体肿瘤疗效评价标准进行影像评价.结果 19例患者,首次治疗后1个月疼痛症状获得不同程度缓解,所有轻度疼痛患者完全缓解;中度疼痛患者6例完全缓解,2例部分缓解;重度疼痛患者完全缓解、部分缓解、轻度缓解各1例.首次治疗后6个月影像评价肿瘤治疗效果:完全缓解10例,部分缓解7例,稳定2例.19例目前全部存活.随访时间7.0～31.0个月,平均生存期13.5个月.结论 CT导向下的粒子置入联合化学消融是治疗腹膜后恶性肿瘤的有效方法.     

CT导向下射频消融治疗不能手术切除肺癌患者的临床分析

目的:探讨CT导向下射频消融对不能手术切除肺癌治疗的有效性及安全性。方法:回顾性分析23例经CT导向下射频消融治疗的肺癌患者,其中原发性肺癌患者17例,肺癌术后转移6例,评价其治疗局部有效率和1年无进展生存期。结果:本组共23例患者共行33次射频消融治疗,手术均顺利完成。平均随访时间18.3月(13～30个月),局部控制率在3月、6月及1年分别是96.8%、93.5%及86.7%,1年无进展生存率73.9%。余发生与手术相关的严重并发症。结论:CT导向下射频消融在肺癌治疗中是一种安全有效的局部治疗方法。     

125I粒子植入治疗宫颈癌放疗后复发腹膜后淋巴结转移10例

目的 探讨CT引导下放射性125I粒子植入治疗宫颈癌放疗后复发腹膜后淋巴结转移初步疗效.方法 选取2011年11月至2015年10月宫颈癌放疗后复发腹膜后淋巴结转移10例患者,12个病灶,垂直径1.7 cm×1.0 cm～6.5 cm×5.0 cm,其中直径＜5.0 cm、≥5.0 cm的淋巴结分别为6个(50％)、6个(50％).应用近距离治疗计划系统(TPS)制定治疗计划,CT引导下植入125I粒子,活度0.3～0.7 mCi,术后验证D90(90％靶体积所接受的最小剂量):36～110 Gy(中位59 Gy).术后观察病灶大小变化、疼痛缓解情况及并发症.结果 10例患者随访时间4.3～16.1个月,中位随访时间9.7个月,2个月局部控制率100％、有效率58.3％,2、6、12个月生存率分别为100％、66.7％、58.3％,中位生存时间12.1个月.1例患者术后5个月死于消化道出血,6例死于肿瘤转移,3例患者生存并未见粒子植入部位复发,未见其他部位大出血、肠道感染、骨髓抑制等粒子相关严重并发症.结论 CT引导下125I粒子植入治疗宫颈癌放疗后复发腹膜后淋巴结转移取得了较满意的近期疗效,是一种安全可行的方法.     

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors: midterm results in 16 patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome of 16 patients after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients (nine women, seven men; mean age, 61+/-9 years) with 24 unresectable renal tumors (mean volume, 4.3+/-4.3 cm3) underwent CT-guided (n=20) or MR imaging-guided (n=4) percutaneous radiofrequency ablation using an expandable electrode (Starburst XL, RITA Medical Systems, Mountain View, CA) with a 150-W generator. The initial follow-up imaging was performed within 1-30 days after RF ablation, then at 3-6 month intervals using either CT or MRI. Residual tumor volume and coagulation necrosis was assessed, and statistical correlation tests were obtained to determine the strength of the relationship between necrosis volume and number of ablations. RESULTS: Overall, 97 overlapping RF ablations were performed (mean, 3.5+/-1.5 ablations per tumor) during 24 sessions. Five or more RF ablations per tumor created significant larger necrosis volumes than 1-2 (p=.034) or 3-4 ablations (p=.020). A complete ablation was achieved in 20/24 tumors (primary technical success, 83%; mean volume of coagulation necrosis: 10.2+/-7.2 cm3). Three of four residual tumors were retreated and showed complete necrosis thereafter. Three major complications (one percuatneous urinary fistula and two ureteral strictures) were observed after RF ablation. No further clinically relevant complications were observed and renal function remained stable. During a mean follow-up of 11.2 months (range, 0.2-31.5), 15/16 patients (94%) were alive. Only one patient had evidence of local recurrent tumor. CONCLUSION: The midterm results of percutaneous RF ablation for renal tumors are promising and show that RF ablation is well-suited to preserve renal function.     

CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation of central lung tumors

PURPOSE

Cryoablation has been successfully used to treat lung tumors. However, the safety and effectiveness of treating tumors adjacent to critical structures has not been fully established. We describe our experience with computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous cryoablation of central lung tumors and the role of ice ball monitoring.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eight patients with 11 malignant central lung tumors (nine metastatic, two primary; mean, 2.6 cm; range, 1.0–4.5 cm) located adjacent to mediastinal or hilar structures were treated using CT-guided cryoablation in 10 procedures. Technical success and effectiveness rates were calculated, complications were tabulated and intraprocedural imaging features of ice balls were described.

RESULTS

All procedures were technically successful; imaging after 24 hours demonstrated no residual tumor. Five tumors recurred, three of which were re-ablated successfully. A hypodense ice ball with well-defined margin was visible during the first (n=6, 55%) or second (n=11, 100%) freeze, encompassing the entire tumor in all patients, and abutting (n=7) or minimally involving (n=4) adjacent mediastinal and hilar structures. Pneumothorax developed following six procedures (60%); percutaneous treatment was applied in three of them. All patients developed pleural effusions, with one patient requiring percutaneous drainage. Transient hemoptysis occurred after six procedures (60%), but all cases improved within a week. No injury occurred to mediastinal or hilar structures.

CONCLUSION

CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation can be used to treat central lung tumors successfully. Although complications were common, they were self-limited, treatable, and not related to tumor location. Ice ball monitoring helped maximize the amount of tumor treated, while avoiding critical mediastinal and hilar structures.Malignant lung tumors represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations (1). While surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for the local control of both non-small cell lung cancer and metastases to the lung, percutaneous image-guided ablative therapies, particularly heat-based ablation techniques such as radiofrequency (RF) ablation, have emerged as safe and effective alternatives in patients who are not surgical candidates (2–7). However, treatment of lung tumors using RF ablation presents technical challenges, including high electrical resistance of alveolar air, poor thermal conductivity of aerated lung, and the heat-sink effect of blood and air flow in well-perfused and aerated lung tissue (8, 9). In addition, RF ablation has a limited role in the treatment of tumors that are close to mediastinal and hilar structures (2–9). Since intraprocedural visualization of ablation zone margins is not possible during heat-based ablation procedures, treatment of central tumors could harm mediastinal and hilar structures, including the tracheobronchial tree. As a result, tumors close to central structures are generally not amenable to treatment using percutaneous heat-based ablation techniques (2–10). Also, RF ablation may interfere with conduction system of the heart and function of the pacemakers (11).A growing body of literature describes the successful use of cryoablation in the treatment of malignancies in the liver, kidneys, and soft tissues (12–14). The ability to deploy multiple, individually-controlled cryoablation applicators facilitates the creation of ablation zones of desired shapes and sizes that can be tailored to the morphology of the tumor being ablated (15, 16). Cryoablation is also monitorable; ice balls can be visualized by computed tomography (CT) as a distinct ovoid area of low attenuation during the procedure. As a result, the treatment can be optimized while minimizing the risk of harming nearby critical structures (12–16). Also, cryoablation may be less painful than RF ablation (17). Finally, it has been suggested that cryoablation may be better suited for the treatment of thoracic tumors adjacent to the mediastinum because it spares the architecture of collagen-containing structures relative to RF ablation and enables preservation of the integrity of the tracheobroncheal tree (18). Heat-based ablation methods may not be safe in the treatment of central lung tumors because of a possibility of bronchial disruption or perforation, which may result in bronchopleural fistula formation (19). Although cryoablation has been used to treat lung malignancies (19–31), there are limited data on the safety and effectiveness of percutaneous cryoablation of central lung tumors. In this study, we describe our experience with CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation of central lung tumors and the role of ice ball monitoring.     

Soft-Tissue Cryoablation in Diffuse Locations: Feasibility and Intermediate Term Outcomes

PurposeTo assess whether diverse tumor location(s) show differences in percutaneous cryoablation (PCA) outcomes of cancer control, morbidity, and ablation volume reduction for many soft-tissue tumor types.Materials and MethodsA total of 220 computed tomography (CT)– and/or ultrasonography-guided percutaneous cryotherapy procedures were performed for 251 oligometastatic tumors from multiple primary cancers in 126 patients. Tumor location was grouped according to regional sites: retroperitoneal, superficial, intraperitoneal, bone, and head and neck. PCA complications were graded according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0). Local tumor recurrence and involution were calculated from ablation zone measurements, grouped into 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month (or later) statistical bins.ResultsTumor and procedure numbers for each site were 75 and 69 retroperitoneal, 76 and 62 superficial, 39 and 32 intraperitoneal, 34 and 34 bone, and 27 and 26 head and neck. Average diameters of tumor and visible ice during ablation were 3.4 and 5.5 cm, respectively. Major complications (ie, grade >3) attributable to PCA occurred after five procedures (2.3%). At 11 months average follow-up (range, 0–82 mo), a 10% total recurrence rate (26 of 251) was noted; three occurred within the ablation zone, for a local progression rate of 1.2%. Average time to recurrence was 4.9 months, and, at 21 months, the initial ablation zone had reduced in volume by 93%.ConclusionsCT-guided PCA is a broadly safe, effective local cancer control option for oligometastatic disease with soft-tissue tumors in most anatomic sites. Other than bowel and nerve proximity, PCA also shows good healing if proper visualization and precautions are followed.     

Ablation Zones and Weight-Bearing Bones: Points of Caution for the Palliative Interventionalist

PurposeTo evaluate and classify underlying mechanisms of adverse outcomes after percutaneous computed tomography (CT)–guided cryoablation for palliation of painful musculoskeletal metastatic disease.Materials and MethodsData were collected for patients who underwent CT-guided percutaneous palliative cryoablation for painful musculoskeletal metastatic disease between January 2010 and December 2012. Cases with adverse outcomes or suboptimal response were identified and classified according to the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) classification system for complications by outcome and according to underlying mechanism of the outcome as delineated on follow-up examination.ResultsThere were 61 patients who received ablation for painful musculoskeletal metastatic disease. Six patients with adverse outcomes were identified. Two were minor complications (A, n = 1; B, n = 1), and four were major complications (C, n = 1; D, n = 3). Four patients incurred sequelae related to damage of ancillary structures included in the ablation zone, and two patients developed complete fractures after ablation of lesions in weight-bearing bones.ConclusionsComplete cryoablation of a painful musculoskeletal metastatic lesion may lead to ancillary damage of adjacent structures or fracture in weight-bearing bones.     

Pain control requirements for percutaneous ablation of renal tumors: cryoablation versus radiofrequency ablation--initial observations

PURPOSE: To retrospectively compare the pain control requirements of patients undergoing computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation with those of patients undergoing CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation of small (< or = 4-cm) renal tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was HIPAA compliant and received institutional review board exemption; informed consent was not required. Medical and procedure records of patients who underwent RF ablation and cryoablation of renal tumors from June 19, 2003, to February 28, 2004, were retrospectively reviewed for clinical data, tumor characteristics, and anesthesia information. During the study period, 10 men (mean age, 66.5 years) underwent cryoablation of 11 renal lesions, and 14 patients (11 men, four women; mean age, 68.1 years) underwent RF ablation of 15 renal tumors. Analgesic and sedative requirements during the procedure were compared. Standard anesthesia consisted of 5 mL of 1% lidocaine injected locally, and conscious sedation consisted of 50 microg of fentanyl and 1 mg of midazolam administered intravenously. The Fisher exact test and Student t test were used to compare clinical factors and drug requirements between the two groups. RESULTS: There was no difference in terms of patient demographics, tumor diameter, or distribution of central versus noncentral lesions between the two groups. Cryoablation was associated with a significantly lower dose of fentanyl (165.0 microg [RF group] vs 75.0 microg [cryoablation group]; P < .001) and midazolam (2.9 mg [RF group] vs 1.6 mg [cryoablation group]; P = .026). In the RF group, one patient required general anesthesia, one patient required supplemental narcotics (5 mg of oxycodone) and sedatives (1 mg lorezapam), and one patient became apneic for a brief interval after receiving additional narcotics for pain during the procedure. An additional RF session was terminated early in one patient because of pain, and further medication could not be administered owing to bradycardia. No patients in the cryoablation group required any additional or alternate anesthetics. CONCLUSION: Image-guided percutaneous cryoablation of small (< or = 4-cm) renal lesions appears to require less analgesia than RF ablation. Prospective trials with validated pain scales are needed to examine this further.     

Intrahepatic tumor recurrence after partial hepatectomy: value of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation

PURPOSE: To determine the risks and benefits of percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation of recurrent hepatic tumors in patients who have undergone hepatic resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of the institutional RF ablation database yielded 35 patients with recurrent hepatic tumor after hepatectomy. Sixty-one recurrent hepatic tumors (mean diameter +/- SD, 1.7 +/- 1.1 cm; range, 0.5-5.3 cm) were ablated percutaneously under sonographic guidance or combined guidance with sonographic and fluoroscopic computed tomography (CT). Follow-up CT, magnetic resonance imaging, or both were used for assessment of the primary and secondary therapeutic effectiveness rate and failure of RF ablation. Patients' survival status was determined by contacting the primary care physician or searching the Social Security Death Index. RESULTS: Complete ablation was accomplished in 54 of 61 hepatic tumors (primary therapeutic effectiveness rate, 88.5%). During a mean follow-up time of 18 months (range, 1-65 months), 14.8% of the tumors (n = 9) were incompletely ablated. Three of the nine incompletely ablated tumors were treated with a second RF ablation, all three of which failed (secondary therapeutic effectiveness rate, 0%). Distant intrahepatic tumor progression appeared in 23 of 35 patients (65.7%). One major complication (2.1%, one of 48 sessions) and eight minor complications (16.7%, eight of 48 sessions) were reported. The major complication was hepatic abscess formation. The overall survival rates for all patients at 1, 2, and 3 years were 76%, 68%, and 45%, respectively. For patients with metastases from colorectal cancer (n = 14), the overall survival rates were 72%, 60%, and 60% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively; and for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 8), the overall survival rates were 72%, 58%, and 44% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous RF ablation offers a safe and effective treatment option for recurrent hepatic tumors after previous partial hepatectomy.     

TACE联合射频消融治疗原发性肝癌疗效的影响因素分析

目的 探讨射频消融(RFA)联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌完全缓解的影响因素.方法 62例原发性肝癌患者在TACE后1个月内在静脉麻醉下行CT引导RFA治疗,在1个月后采用多期增强CT或平扫加动态增强MRI评估肿瘤是否完全消融.结果 完全消融率为79%,肿瘤残留率21%.肿瘤最大径在30 mm以下的完全消融率为100%,30 ～ 50 mm完全消融率为92.6%,50 ～ 70 mm完全消融率为53.8%,而最大径超过70 mm的患者完全消融率仅22.2%(P ＜ 0.01);肿瘤距离肝脏脏面≥ 10 mm和＜ 10 mm的患者完全消融率分别为83.7%和46.2%(P ＝ 0.01);单发肿瘤和多发肿瘤患者完全消融率分别为84.8%和50%(P ＝ 0.014).结论 肿瘤最大径是影响肝癌TACE后完全消融的重要因素.影响肿瘤完全消融的因素还包括肿瘤毗邻肝脏脏面,肿瘤多发等.