基于VTK的医学图像三维重建

利用VTK对多组医学图像数据进行三维可视化研究.其中研究了表面绘制和体绘制两种绘制技术.表面绘制用移动立方体法实现,体绘制则分别用最大强度投影法和合成体绘制技术实现,并通过比较两种技术的结果讨论了他们的特点.从结果中可以看出VTK作为一种图像处理和三维可视化的工具其功能是十分强大的.     

颞骨可视化模型的初步研究

目的：建立颞骨可视化模型，初步探索该模型的功能。方法：采用中国数字人数据在个人计算机上用3d-doctor软件重建颞骨及其内部部分结构；在模型中测量内耳门后唇中点到总骨脚根以及颈静脉球顶的距离。结果：所建模型能清楚地显示颞骨、颈内动脉岩内段、下颌髁突、面神经主干、前庭蜗神经主干、内耳道、骨迷路、鼓室和部分咽鼓管、外耳道、乙状窦和颈静脉球；通过模型测量内耳道后唇中点到总骨脚根以及颈静脉球顶的距离分别是7．0mm，10．3mm。结论：可以通过虚拟人数据实现骨迷路、面神经主干、前庭蜗神经主干等精细结构的可视化。此模型在相关结构间距离测量上具有优势。     

中国数字人脑部体数据的任意切面绘制

目的:实现医学断层图像序列的三维重建及任意切面显示。方法:结合医学图像三维可视化的2种方法:表面绘制方法和体绘制方法,采用以三维矩阵数值运算与逻辑运算为基础的体数据面绘制算法。结果:可以从任意角度和位置来观察切面的形状、大小、灰度分布等各种生理病理特征。结论:通过分析子矩阵分解算法解决实时性要求与存储空间和运行时间的矛盾,克服了表面绘制不能体现内部数据的缺点,从一定程度上解决了体绘制的速度问题。     

内耳的灌注雕刻法

内耳是前庭蜗器的重要组成部分,分为骨迷路和膜迷路两部分,它深埋于颞骨岩部内,形态不规则且结构复杂,故内耳的解剖是解剖学技术中难度最大的。传统解剖内耳的方法常采用单纯的雕刻法,因此能把骨迷路完整显示的较少。我们通过多年的不断的实践,改良了内耳显示的方法,即采用磨铣、灌注再磨铣的方法完整地显示了内耳,现将方法介绍如下：     

基于物体空间序法的CT图像三维重建算法的研究

首先对三维可视化方法进行了分类概述。接着对基本的物体空间序法及其改进算法——抛雪球法做了详细的描述，并且通过对两组CT数据进行三维重建实验，得到高质量的重构图像。最后，本文研究并采用了提取表面体素进行体绘制加速的方法，实现了基于等值面提取表面的加速算法，实验证明加速算法能够满足显示要求并能起到明显的加速作用。     

基于OK图像采集卡和VTK的医学图像处理系统

目的针对当前医学图像处理的需要,在VTK类库提供的可视化与显示功能的基础上,用VC＋＋2008设计和实现一个可集成于OK图像采集卡的三维可视化系统。方法在VC＋＋2008平台下,结合可视化工具包VTK,对DICOM格式的CT图像序列进行面绘制和体绘制,通过设置虚拟切面的内点和法向量对重建后的三维物体进行切割并获得虚拟切片的信息,在切割的同时可以同步显示出虚拟切片图像。结果实验结果表明,该系统能有效地实现DICOM医学图像的体绘制和表面绘制,并且可以在任意方向切割、旋转、放大与平移三维图像。结论上述系统对增强OK图像采集卡的后处理功能具有重要作用,在理论研究和临床应用上有重要意义和研究价值。     

Medical image processing system based on OK series image board and visualization toolkit

目的针对当前医学图像处理的需要,在VTK类库提供的可视化与显示功能的基础上,用VC + + 2008设计和实现一个可集成于OK图像采集卡的三维可视化系统.方法在VC + +2008平台下,结合可视化工具包VTK,对DICOM格式的CT图像序列进行面绘制和体绘制,通过设置虚拟切面的内点和法向量对重建后的三维物体进行切割并获得虚拟切片的信息,在切割的同时可以同步显示出虚拟切片图像.结果 实验结果表明,该系统能有效地实现DICOM医学图像的体绘制和表面绘制,并且可以在任意方向切割、旋转、放大与平移三维图像.结论 上述系统对增强OK图像采集卡的后处理功能具有重要作用,在理论研究和临床应用上有重要意义和研究价值.     

内耳骨迷路的磨制与雕刻

内耳骨迷路埋藏在颞骨岩部内 ,其形态不规则 ,方位不规范 ,示教较为困难。我们用干骨磨制和湿骨雕刻的方法 ,制作了一些内耳骨迷路的标本。由于标本真实 ,立体感强 ,用于课堂教学后 ,效果好。现将内耳骨迷路的干骨磨制和湿骨雕刻的方法步骤介绍如下。1　干骨内耳骨迷路的磨制1.1　材料　选用骨质较好的完整颞骨、用双氧水漂白 ,以增加标本的美观感。1.2　器械　牙科钻、各型号钻头。1.3　磨制方法　磨制时 ,参照内耳模型 ,按骨半规管、前庭和耳蜗的顺序进行。1.3.1　前骨半规管的磨制　先将颞骨岩部弓状隆起表面的骨质磨掉 ,一次不要去的太…     

内耳免疫反应中白细胞上α4-整合素和L-选择素的表达

目的 探讨α4－整合素（α4－integrin)和L－选择素（L－selectin)在内耳免疫反应中的作用。方法 采用钥孔虫戚血蓝蛋白激发已2次全身致敏的大鼠内耳，诱发其内耳免疫反应，制造迷路炎模型，然后通过免疫组织化学技术，检测内耳L－selectin在内耳中的表达。同时用流式细胞仪检测L－selectin和α4-integrin在外周血白细胞上的表达。用ELISA法检测外周血白细胞介素1（IL-1)浓度。结果 内耳炎症期间L－selectin表达与炎症程度成反比，α4－integrin的表达上调。迷路炎期间，IL－1浓度明显升高。结论 内耳免疫反应时，α4－integrin在炎性细胞从循环系统进入内耳的过程中发挥着重要作用。α4－integrin升高与外周血IL－1浓度有相关性。     

医学图像三维重建方法的比较研究

医学体数据三维可视化技术有着广泛的应用前景。近年来为加快绘制速度、提高成像质量和节省存储空间提出了许多改进算法，本文讨论了医学图像三维表面绘制的两种重建方法及基本原理，并通过比较这两种重建方法对应的几种算法实现的复杂度、实时显示情况等，总结出各自的优势和弱点，分析不同情况下如何选择算法。     

Formation of the Periotic Space During the Early Fetal Period in Humans

The inner ear is a very complicated structure, composed of a bony labyrinth (otic capsule; OC), membranous labyrinth, with a space between them, named the periotic labyrinth or periotic space. We investigated how periotic tissue fluid spaces covered the membranous labyrinth three‐dimensionally, leading to formation of the periotic labyrinth encapsulated in the OC during human fetal development. Digital data sets from magnetic resonance images and phase‐contrast X‐ray tomography images of 24 inner ear organs from 24 human fetuses from the Kyoto Collection (fetuses in trimesters 1 and 2; crown—rump length: 14.4–197 mm) were analyzed. The membranous labyrinth was morphologically differentiated in samples at the end of the embryonic period (Carnegie stage 23), and had grown linearly to more than eight times in size during the observation period. The periotic space was first detected at the 35‐mm samples, around the vestibule and basal turn of the cochlea, which elongated rapidly to the tip of the cochlea and semicircular ducts, successively, and almost covered the membranous labyrinth at the 115‐mm CRL stage or later. In those samples, several ossification centers were detected around the space. This article thus demonstrated that formation of the membranous labyrinth, periotic space (labyrinth), and ossification of the OC occurs successively, according to an intricate timetable. Anat Rec, 301:563–570, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Imaging microscopy of the middle and inner ear: Part II: MR microscopy

Anatomic definition of the membranous labyrinth in the clinical setting remains limited despite significant technological advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recent developments in ultra-high resolution imaging for use in the research laboratory on small animals and pathologic specimens have given rise to the field of imaging microscopy. We have delineated for the first time the labyrinthine structures in a human temporal bone cadaver specimen using these novel techniques. This approach to the study of the middle and inner ear avoids tissue destruction inherent in histological preparations using standard light microscopy techniques. Part I of this series focused on bony middle and inner ear anatomy with MicrCT. In Part II, we present high-resolution MicroMR images to highlight the utility of this technique in teaching radiologists and otolaryngologists clinically relevant anatomy focusing on the membranous labyrinth. This anatomy can be further enhanced using 3D volume-rendered images. It is hoped that familiarity with these ex vivo anatomic techniques will encourage further developments in the field of high-resolution clinical imaging for patients with temporal bone pathologies.     

Imaging microscopy of the middle and inner ear: Part I: CT microscopy

Anatomic definition of the middle ear and bony labyrinth in the clinical setting remains limited despite significant technological advances in computed tomography (CT). Recent developments in ultra-high resolution imaging for use in the research laboratory on small animals and pathologic specimens have given rise to the field of imaging microscopy. We have taken advantage of this technique to image a human temporal bone cadaver specimen to delineate middle ear and labyrinthine structures, only seen previously using standard light microscopy. This approach to the study of the inner ear avoids tissue destruction inherent in histological preparations. We present high-resolution MicroCT images of the middle ear and bony labyrinth to highlight the utility of this technique in teaching radiologists and otolaryngologists clinically relevant temporal bone anatomy. This study is not meant to function as a complete anatomic atlas of the temporal bone. We have selected several structures that are routinely delineated on clinical scanners to highlight the utility of imaging microscopy in displaying critical anatomic relationships in three orthogonal planes. These anatomic relationships can be further enhanced using 3D volume rendering.     

先天性内耳发育畸形的高分辨率CT表现

目的探讨先天性内耳畸形的高分辨率CT表现。方法回顾性分析29例(46耳)婴幼儿先天性内耳发育畸形患者的CT表现,所有患者均做多层螺旋高分辨率CT横断面扫描及多平面重建,必要者利用容积再现技术对骨迷路进行三维重建。结果29例先天性内耳发育畸形患者双侧畸形者17例,单侧畸形者12例,内耳发育畸形共计46耳。具体分布如下:(1)Michel型(2耳),(2)耳蜗未发育(6耳),(3)共同腔畸形(5耳),(4)不完全分隔Ⅰ型(5耳),(5)不完全分隔Ⅱ型(传统Mondini型)(17耳),(6)耳蜗形态正常仅前庭及(或)半规管畸形(9耳),(7)单纯内耳道畸形(2耳)。结论高分辨率CT对先天性内耳骨迷路畸形具有重要的诊断价值,并可为人工耳蜗植入术适应证的选择提供重要依据。     

15例成年国人内耳膜迷路及内耳道MRI最大密度投影三维重建图像的解剖学研究

目的研究成年国人内耳膜迷路及内耳道最大密度投影(MIP)三维重建图像,观测内耳主要结构磁共振成像(MRI)的正常解剖测量值,为临床耳显微外科及神经外科手术提供解剖学依据。方法选用15名健康志愿者,使用GE-signal 1．5T超导型核磁共振机,环行耳颞部线圈,三维快速自旋回波序列(3D／FSE／T2W1)(水成像)及脂肪抑制技术,对两侧耳部同时进行扫描。原始扫描图像行MIP三维重建,多角度旋转对内耳主要结构进行解剖学观测。所得数据用SPSS10．0软件进行统计学分析。结果MIP三维重建能满意显示两侧内耳膜迷路及内耳道的解剖结构,其中3个膜半规管、椭圆囊、球囊、蜗管及内耳道呈高信号。测量结果内耳主要结构均无显著的侧别差异。结论临床MIP三维重建能直观、立体地显示内耳膜迷路及内耳道的结构,为成年国人内耳主要结构MRI正常解剖测量值的确立提供了一定的基础资料。     

计算机辅助医学图像三维重建的算法分析

背景：三维重建技术是采用计算机技术对二维医学图像进行边界识别,重新还原出被检组织或器官的三维图像。 目的：分析在不同情况下进行医学图像三维重建时如何进行算法的选择。。 方法：采用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库和Pubmed 数据库。中文检索词为“医学图像,三维重建,面绘制,体绘制”,英文检索词为“medical images, three-dimensional reconstruction, surface rendering, volume rendering”。 检索与医学图像三维重建算法相关的文献33篇,从面绘制重置方法和体绘制重置方法的实现原理、实现复杂度、实时显示情况等方面进行分析。 结果与结论：目前,医学图像三维重建根据绘制过程中数据描述方法的不同可分为三大类：面绘制方法、体绘制方法和混合绘制方法。通过对面绘制和体绘制方法中不同算法的分析,可以看到面绘制方法在算法效率和实时交互性上是优于体绘制的,虽然面绘制方法在绘制时候会丢失许多细节,使得绘制图像效果不理想,但是由于其算法比较简单,占用内存资源少,所以目前得到了广泛的运用。体绘制方法是对体数据场中的体素进行直接操作,可以绘制出三维数据场中更丰富的信息,因此体绘制方法的绘制效果优于面绘制方法。     

Cochlear Labyrinth Volume and Hearing Abilities in Primates

The primate cochlea is a membranous, fluid‐filled receptor organ that is specialized for sound detection. Like other parts of the inner ear, the cochlea is contained within the bony labyrinth of the petrous temporal bone. The close anatomical relationship between the bony cochlear labyrinth and the membranous cochlea provides an opportunity to quantify cochlear size using osteological specimens. Although mechanisms of cochlear frequency analysis are well studied, relatively little is known about the functional consequences of interspecific variation in cochlear size. Previous comparative analyses have linked increases in basilar membrane length to decreases in both the high and low frequency limits of hearing in mammals. However, these analyses did not consider the potentially confounding effects of body mass or phylogeny. Here, we present measurements of cochlear labyrinth volume in 33 primate species based on high‐resolution computed tomography. These data demonstrate that cochlear labyrinth volume is strongly negatively allometric with respect to body mass. Scaling of cochlear volume in primates is very similar to scaling of basilar membrane length among mammals generally. Furthermore, an analysis of 10 primate taxa with published audiograms reveals that cochlear labyrinth volume is significantly negatively correlated with the high frequency limit of hearing. This result is independent of body mass and phylogeny, suggesting that cochlear size is functionally related to the range of audible frequencies in primates. Although the nature of this functional relationship remains speculative, our findings suggest that some hearing parameters of extinct taxa may be estimated using fossil petrosals. Anat Rec, 292:765–776, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Evolutionary changes in the cochlea and labyrinth: Solving the problem of sound transmission to the balance organs of the inner ear

This review article examines the evolutionary adaptations in the vertebrate inner ear that allow selective activation of auditory or vestibular hair cells, although both are housed in the same bony capsule. The problem of separating acoustic stimuli from the vestibular end organs in the inner ear has recently reemerged with the recognition of clinical conditions such as superior canal dehiscence syndrome and enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome. In these syndromes, anatomical defects in the otic capsule alter the functional separation of auditory and vestibular stimuli and lead to pathological activation of vestibular reflexes in response to sound. This review demonstrates that while the pars superior of the labyrinth (utricle and semicircular canals) has remained fairly constant throughout evolution, the pars inferior (saccule and other otolith, macular, and auditory end organs) has seen considerable change as many adaptations were made for the development of auditory function. Among these were a relatively rigid membranous labyrinth wall, a variably rigid otic capsule, immersion of the membranous labyrinth in perilymph, a perilymphatic duct to channel acoustic pressure changes away from the vestibular organs, and different operating frequencies for vestibular versus auditory epithelia. Even in normal human ears, acoustic sensitivity of the labyrinth to loud clicks or tones is retained enough to be measured in a standard clinical test, the vestibular-evoked myogenic potential test.     

丁胺卡那霉素对豚鼠内耳毒性影响的组织病理学观察

通过全耳蜗铺片及前庭迷路取材，运用光镜和电镜观察豚鼠丁胺卡那霉素中毒后内耳的病理变化。结果见耳蜗明显受损，以底回为重。螺旋器外毛细胞坏死较多，而内毛细胞及支持细胞病变较轻。前庭椭圆囊耳后细碎，毛细胞纤毛粘连、脱落；壶腹嵴中央区纤毛也缺失。实验对客观评价了胺卡那霉素的内耳毒性及有效地预防其中毒性耳聋的发生提供了实验形态学资料。