PBL教学法在研究生干细胞课程教学中的应用

在研究生教学中应用有课程特色的PBL教学法是拓展其应用的新思路.根据干细胞课程的特点,探索尝试与干细胞课程相适应的、多样化有课程特色的PBL教学法并加以实施,一定程度上克服了传统教学方法的弊端,对于提高研究生科研素质及创新能力起到积极的作用.     

以研究型临床医生所需的知识对医学研究生教学的必要性和效果评价

目的评价以研究型临床医生所需的知识对医学研究生教学的必要性和效果。方法 2021年3月由医学专家将研究型临床医生所需的相关知识对青海大学附属医院的一年级医学研究生进行培训,通过问卷调查的形式了解培训前研究生对研究型医生的认识现况并评估培训的必要性,通过培训前与培训后的对比来评估教学效果。结果以问卷形式进行培训前后的评估。培训前,仅55.16%研究生了解传统临床医生和研究型临床医生的区别,54.37%知道传统临床思维和临床科研思维的区别,说明研究生对研究型临床医生不够了解,进行研究型临床医生的知识教学是非常必要的。培训后,有95.78%研究生了解传统临床医生和研究型临床医生的区别,86.75%知道传统临床思维和临床科研思维的区别,均较培训前明显提高(P0.01)。结论医学研究生对研究型临床医生的认识不足,通过培训可明显提高他们对研究型临床医生的认识程度。     

自体骨髓干细胞治疗肝硬化基础研究与临床应用现状

背景：活体肝移植仍面临很多问题：如供体的匮乏、移植后的免疫排异反应及其高额的费用等,因此使其在临床上的开展受到限制。 目的：说明自体骨髓干细胞移植可以分化成熟肝细胞而替代受损的肝脏组织发挥功能,从而改善患者症状,提高患者生活质量。 方法：利用计算机在PubMed、CNKI、万方数据库和维普数据库中检索2000-01/2010-12关于自体骨髓干细胞移植相关文章,在标题和摘要中用“骨髓干细胞;自体骨髓干细胞移植;肝硬化”或“Bone marrow stem cell,autologous bone marrow stem cell,hepatic cirrhosis”为检索词进行检索。选择与骨髓干细胞移植相关的文章内容,同一领域文献选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章。初检得到235篇文献,根据纳入标准选择20篇文章进行综述。 结果与结论：通过对自体骨髓干细胞移植从基础研究及临床研究方面的最新进展的了解,说明自体骨髓干细胞移植在对肝硬化的治疗方面前景广阔。     

多元化双语教学模式在颌面外科学研究生临床培养中的探索和应用

为了适应目前国际化的医疗环境,培养高素质的医学人才。新疆医科大学第一附属医院颌面外科在口腔颌面外科学研究生临床培养中开展不同双语教学模式相互结合。通过教师和学生的教学互动模式,激发了学生学习英语和颌面外科学专业知识的兴趣,提高学生对医学英语的实际运用能力。     

胚胎干细胞、成体干细胞的基础研究及应用

对干细胞的研究现状及进展进行了综述。讨论了胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞的定义及判别标准,干细胞的分离及生物学特性,干细胞生长分化及定向诱导分化的条件,成体干细胞可塑性定义、机制及判定标准,干细胞的应用及存在的问题。     

干细胞的基础研究及其临床应用前景

干细胞是一类较为原始的细胞群体,具有极强的更新复制和增殖分化能力,主要分为两大类,包括胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞。近年来,随着科研人员对细胞研究的深入,造血干细胞、间充质干细胞、神经干细胞逐渐成为生物医学领域中极有价值的研究热点。随着干细胞分离、提取、纯化技术的不断发展,且因其特有的生物特性,干细胞在组织修复和再生医学上的应用获得突破性进展,并在临床治疗中发挥重要作用。除此之外,干细胞在药物研发、分子影像示踪以及3D支架等技术中也充当重要角色。针对干细胞在基础科学研究以及临床治疗的作用进行综述,为进一步深入干细胞疗法和提升干细胞研究技术提供参考。     

干细胞在神经创伤修复中的应用

背景：干细胞具有很强的增殖和分化能力,已在神经组织损伤修复方面展示了不可估量的临床应用前景。但是,目前有关神经干细胞的组织来源、定向诱导分化、移植技术和神经功能修复的功能判定等方面尚存在诸多难题。 目的：阐述干细胞在神经创伤修复中的应用研究进展。 方法：检索干细胞在神经创伤修复应用中的相关研究文献,检索词为“干细胞(stem cell),骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells),神经干细胞(neural stem cell),胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell),脂肪干细胞(adipose-derived stem cells),脐血干细胞(umbilical cord blood stem cells),成体干细胞(adult stem cells),脑损伤/创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury),脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury),神经创伤(traumatic nerve injury),生长因子(growth factor),修复(repair)”,语言分别设定为中文和英文,对骨髓间充质干细胞、神经干细胞、胚胎干细胞、脐血干细胞及脂肪干细胞在神经创伤修复中的应用研究进行深入分析。 结果与结论：干细胞是一类具有自我更新、高度增殖和多向分化潜能的特殊细胞,其最显著的生物学特性是既有自我更新的能力,又具有多向分化的潜能。目前,已经从许多组织或器官中成功地分离出,其中包括胚胎干细胞,造血干细胞和骨髓间质干细胞等。此外,还有近来研究渐多的神经干细胞、肌肉干细胞、成骨干细胞、内胚层干细胞及视网膜干细胞等。干细胞的多向分化潜能为神经创伤修复开辟了新的途径,其在脑损伤以及脊髓损伤后的神经修复以及功能重建的研究方面已取得很大的进展,被认为具有广阔的应用前景,与之相关的问题均有待于进一步的研究     

干细胞转化技术是干细胞基础和未来临床移植研究的基石

BACKGROUND: Stem cell conversion technology has become an active area in the field of stem cell research, and it also has a tremendous boost on both the stem cell basic research and clinical study. OBJECTIVE: To review the research status and the current progress of stem cell conversion technology. METHODS: In the titles and summaries, the “stem cells, conversion, differentiation” in Chinese and English served as the search terms to search articles related to stem cells technology published from January 2000 to April 2015 in CNKI and PubMed databases. The latest articles or articles published on the authoritative journals  were preferred. Totally 121 articles were obtained after initial survey, and according to the inclusion criteria, 64 articles were selected for overview. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The progress of stem cells conversion technology has driven the development of the entire stem cell research, including modifying the ratio of culture medium, increasing specific inducers, proteins, enzymes or receptors, injecting specific genes, using new oxidizing agents, modifying culture microenvironment, culture under hypoxia, scaffold usage, applying transgenic technology, three-dimensional spherical culture or co-culture. Stem cell conversion technology will definitely increase the conversion rate of stem cells, which can bring hope for the treatment of refractory diseases.       

干细胞治疗在脊髓损伤中的临床应用前景与伦理学问题

<正>脊髓损伤是临床上严重的中枢创伤性疾病,我国的年发生率15~40/百万,美国约每年1.2万例。常见于中青年男性、车祸(40.4%)及高处坠落伤(27.9%),危害极其严重。早在公元前1700年,古埃及医学书籍记载中将脊髓损伤描述为无法治愈的疾病。目前,临床上仍缺乏可靠有效的治疗或治愈措施,脊髓损伤及其后续炎症反应带来的后果往往是灾难性的截瘫甚至死亡[1]。     

间充质干细胞的免疫调节特性及其在干细胞移植中的应用

间充质干细胞具有独特的免疫负调节特性,能在不同层次作用于T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）和树突状细胞,通过直接接触、分泌细胞因子转化生长因子（TGF-β）或调节这些细胞的代谢而发挥免疫调节作用,可望在干细胞移植后免疫重建及移植物抗宿主病的治疗中发挥重要作用。     

“学生参与结合多媒体”的方法在生殖医学教学中的应用

生殖医学是近年来迅速发展起来的一门新兴的综合性学科,其教学存在一定难度。学生参与结合多媒体的教学方法,可提高学生的积极性和主动性,提高教学质量和效率。     

Studies on the phenotype of migrant thymic stem cells

Stem cells first enter the thymus around the 11^th to 12^th days of gestation in BALB/c mouse embryos. The phenotype of these stem cells has been difficult to determine because their entry occurs when the thymic primordium is very small and involves too few stem cells to allow studies by flow cytometry. We have been able to microdissect the thymus from embryos during this stage and immunophenotype cells in sections using a sensitive tyramide amplification system. Our results show that migrant stem cells express CD45, c‐kit, CD44, CD34 and α₄ integrin, but other markers such as CD62L, CD25, Thy‐1.2, CD3ϵ, α₅ integrin and RAG‐1 expression are detected only after stem cell entry. These results should help to improve the isolation and characterization of migrant thymic stem cells.     

Biomimetic macroporous PEG hydrogels as 3D scaffolds for the multiplication of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

Multiplication of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro with current standard methods is limited and mostly insufficient for clinical applications of these cells. They quickly lose their multipotency in culture because of the fast onset of differentiation. In contrast, HSCs efficiently self-renew in their natural microenvironment (their niche) in the bone marrow. Therefore, engineering artificial bone marrow analogs is a promising biomaterial-based approach for culturing these cells. In the current study, a straight-forward, easy-to-use method for the production of biofunctionalized, macroporous hydrogel scaffolds that mimic the spongy architecture of trabecular bones was developed. As surrogates for cellular components of the niche, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from different sources (bone marrow and umbilical cord) and osteoblast-like cells were tested. MSCs from bone marrow had the strongest pro-proliferative effect on freshly isolated human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from umbilical cord blood. Co-culture in the pores of the three-dimensional hydrogel scaffold showed that the positive effect of MSCs on preservation of HSPC stemness was more pronounced in 3D than in standard 2D cell culture systems. Thus, the presented biomimetic scaffolds revealed to meet the basic requirements for creating artificial HSC niches.     

Gadolinium-chelate nanoparticle entrapped human mesenchymal stem cell via photochemical internalization for cancer diagnosis

To improve the gadolinium (Gd) internalization efficiency in stem cells, gadolinium-chelate nanoparticles were prepared from a pullulan derivative (pullulan-deoxycholic acid (DOCA)-diethylene triamine pentaacetic (DTPA)-Gd conjugate; PDDG) and then the PDDG was entrapped into human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) by the photochemical-internalization (PCI) method for cancer diagnosis via the cancer homing property of hMSCs. The internalization efficiency of Gd in hMSCs was significantly increased to 98 ± 4 pg Gd/cell from 32 ± 2 pg Gd/cell via the PCI method. Moreover, the Gd-entrapped hMSCs revealed a low exocytosis ratio of gadolinium-chelate nanoparticles during cell division in vitro and a high cellular labeling efficiency for at least 21 days in vivo. The cancer-targeting and diagnosis effect of the Gd-entrapped hMSCs were confirmed in a small CT26 tumor-bearing mice model. The stem cells detected an early tumor (∼3 mm³) within 2 h using 4.7-T MR and optical imaging. The results demonstrated that the PCI-mediated internalization of Gd-incorporated nanoparticles into hMSCs is a promising protocol for efficient cell labeling and tracking.     

细胞共培养技术及其在干细胞临床研究中的应用

细胞共培养技术是指在体外将各种不同的细胞置于同一培养环境中,近似模拟体内微环境的一种方法.该系统能很好地展现细胞与细胞之间,细胞与微环境之间的联系,在了解细胞内在机制方面具有重要的理论意义.该方法广泛应用于干细胞研究领域.该文就共培养的研究方法及在干细胞领域中的应用作一综述.     

干细胞治疗肝硬化的研究进展

干细胞是指那些具有长期自我更新和产生至少一种终末分化细胞能力的细胞.干细胞移植可用来治疗的肝脏疾病如急性肝衰竭、遗传性代谢性肝疾病以及终末期肝疾病等,成为当前研究的热点。综述了,近年来用于治疗肝脏疾病的干细胞种类、干细胞的示踪以及干细胞的临床应用研究现状及进展,并对干细胞用于治疗肝硬化存在的一些问题以及今后的研究重点作了简要分析。     

诱导多能性干细胞技术的进展

将人类体细胞诱导成为多能性干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS cells)的研究成果为生物医学研究提供了广泛的前景,建立了一种全新的体细胞核重编程的方法,这种方法相对容易操作,而且比较稳定、安全,点燃了再生医学应用的新希望,本文从体细胞重编程的研究历程、iPS细胞技术的诱导因子、转录因子、载体及其应用价值方面进行了综述.     

Birth-weight as a risk factor for cancer in adulthood: the stem cell perspective

The 'stem cell burden' hypothesis represents a plausible explanation for the association between birth-weight and the risk of breast cancer in adulthood. The size of the overall stem cell pool would be expected to affect organ size and consequently birth-weight, making birth-weight a proxy for the overall number of fetal stem cells. As stem cells are self-renewing, the greater their number is at birth, the higher will be the chance that one of them will undergo carcinogenesis over the years. To investigate the correlation between birth-weight and stem cell burden, we examined the cord blood hematopoietic CD34+ stem cell population as an indicator of the overall fetal stem cell number. We measured both the CD34+ level (by flow cytometry) and the CD34+ proliferative potential (by the GM-CFU culture), in a sample of 1037 healthy newborn cord blood donors. We found that heavier babies had a significantly greater CD34+ stem cell concentration (p<0.001) and a higher GM-CFU number than lighter babies (p<0.001). Thus, a high birth-weight was positively associated with a high concentration of CD34+ stem cells and also with a qualitatively higher "stemness" of this pool. Therefore, our data support the theory that birth-weight reflects the number of fetal stem cells.     

标记滞留技术检测小鼠子宫内膜干细胞

目的：研究小鼠子宫内标记滞留细胞的存在及其分布特点。方法选择出生3天的雌性昆明白小乳鼠，实验组乳鼠皮下注射BrdU 50μg／g，对照组皮下注射生理盐水100μl，每天2次，共注射3d。于最后一次注射后2h、1w、2w、4w和8w处死并取子宫固定，石蜡包埋用于免疫组化检测，每个时间段5只乳鼠。结果实验组标记后2h，小鼠腺体和基质中标记滞留细胞（LRCs）表达最高，分别为45．1％和57．4％，随着时间的增加，LRCs逐渐降低，到第8w在腺体中仅有极少量细胞表达，而基质细胞约有1．5％的LRCs，主要位于血管周围和内膜基层连接处。不同时相腺体和基质细胞中LRCs差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论昆明白小鼠子宫内LRCs主要位于血管周围和内膜基层连接处等，这些LRCs可能为子宫内膜干细胞。