数字化喉标本模型的建立与虚拟现实仿真

目的:为喉的解剖学教学提供丰富多样的教学模型,模拟喉区解剖结构的虚拟仿真解剖学教学,拓展解剖学的教学模式和教学手段.方法:利用人工识别的方法对第2例中国数字化可视人体喉区段的图像进行图像分割,建立高精度的彩色分割数据集,利用自主开发的图像格式转换软件将彩色分割数据自动转换为灰度分割数据.利用Amira可视化软件对灰度分割数据进行阈值分割.经三维重建,建立喉区主要器官结构的数字解剖模型.在立体显示环境中,并利用交互式设备实现了数字模型的显示与隐藏、旋转与切割等虚拟仿真解剖,模拟喉区主要解剖结构的虚拟仿真解剖学教学.结果:建立了喉的精细数字解剖标本模型,该模型真实地反映了实际的解剖标本,具有形象直观的特点,可无限次使用,在虚拟现实环境中真实仿真了喉区标本的解剖学展示.结论:利用中国数字化可视人体可建立喉区细小结构的数字解剖标本,对模型可实时交互式地进行仿真解剖教学.     

虚拟三维人体解剖学展示系统的设计

背景：应用计算机虚拟技术配合双向交互式人机界面,设立虚拟实验室,使抛弃面对面教学成为了可能。 目的：使用虚拟三维技术实现人体解剖学标本演示,在清晰度、质感、素材输入难易度上全面超越常规三维建模方法制作的电子标本,最终实现远程教育网上虚拟解剖实验室的应用。 方法：自行开发半自动控制的三维标本数据录入硬件系统,全方位的录入解剖标本、模型的素材资料,形成资料库。用软件系统虚拟三维展示解剖标本、模型,并提供相关文献资料、语音解说等素材。 结果与结论：完成了三维标本数据录入机的制作,可以在5 min内将一个实体标本转化为数字化图像数据,数据无需处理,直接输入数据库即可通过虚拟三维演示系统实现远程标本立体显示。三维动画相对于传统二维图片,具有立体,直观,使用方便,不会损耗,易于扩展等优点,在人体解剖的教学及医学科普教育上有良好的应用前景。     

可视化人体解剖学软件在断面解剖教学中的应用

探讨了VH Dissector可视化虚拟人体解剖学教学软件在人体断面解剖学教学中的作用。介绍了该软件的功能、使用方法、在我校医学影像专业人体断面解剖学的教学效果和在人体解剖学教学的优势。该软件能真实的显示组织、骨骼、肌肉、血管和神经等细微解剖结构,为人体断面解剖学的学习提供了一种新的教学模式。为推动了我国基础医学教育的素质化和现代化,可视化虚拟人体解剖学软件在解剖教学中的应用需进一步探讨。     

基于数字化标本考试系统的人体解剖学实验考试模式的建立与应用

随着数字化的广泛普及,网络考核正逐渐成为深化信息化教育的重要手段。我校人体解剖学教研室将数字化标本考试系统和人体解剖标本题库有机结合,并在人体解剖学实验课程中推行网络考核,来实现考试模式的改革。本文从考试系统功能、题库建设过程等方面介绍实践经验,通过问卷调查结果开展教学评价。数字化标本考试系统具备高效性、公平性、客观性和稳定性等优点,而基于校内人体解剖标本实物图片所建立的题库具有高度开源性,能提升学生综合素质并推动青年教师成长。基于这两者所实施的网络考试能促进学、教相合,有利于实验教学质量的提升。     

在系统解剖学教学中宜适当穿插断层解剖

人体解剖学区分为系统解剖学和局部解剖学，随着计算机技术的应用，新产生了断层解剖学。系统解剖学为临床医学专业所必修，断层解剖学为近年新开设的影像专业所必修。随着现代大型仪器的普及，断层解剖学知识应是每个医学生都必须掌握的。为了临床医学生能在学习系统解剖学的同时及早学到断层解剖学知识。对掌握器官的立体动态位置，为下一步的学习和将来工作打下坚实的基础，我们选择适当的标本断面逐步熔人系统解剖教学之中。     

虚拟现实技术在人体解剖学教学中的应用

虚拟现实也称为视觉模拟，是近年来发展起来的一门跨学科的综合集成技术，利用计算机形成逼真的三维视、听、触等感觉，使人作为参与者通过适当装置，对虚拟世界进行体验和交流。传统的人体解剖学教学方法是以课堂教学为主，再结合挂图、模型、标本、人体等辅助教学工具进行教学，并配以尸体解剖来加深学生的理解。尸体标本进行解剖是传统人体解剖学教学必不可少的条件，标本缺乏严重影响教学质量的提高。虚拟现实技术的产生能使学生在虚拟的人体标本上进行解剖观察和学习，可缓解尸体标本缺乏的状态，降低教学成本，减少危险性，提高教学质量，弥补教学条件的不足。     

数字化断层解剖学实验室的构建

影像解剖学是一门重要的学科,是临床上实施透视、X线摄片、CT、MRI、超声、数字减影、血管造影等影像学技术的基础[1].现有的影像解剖学知识和数据是经过将人体剖切开以后进行观察和测量得来的.最大的缺点在于缺乏某个器官或结构在人体空间中的准确定位、三围测量数据和立体图像,而这恰恰是学好影像解剖学最需要的.因此建立数字化虚拟影像人体解剖学实验室是数字化时代到来的迫切需要,医学影像学的快速发展和以临床应用为导向的基础医学的改革,对解剖学教学提出了新的要求,进行断层影像解剖学教学,如何建立与现代医学影像学相一致的断层影像解剖学实验室已势在必行,结合我校实际提出几点建议.     

解剖学教学中通过"发现法"提高学生学习的心智结构

人体解剖学教学实施具有相应的特点和规律。目前国内解剖学的教学大多分为系统解剖学和局部解剖学两个部分,前者多采用理论课与实物标本、模型的实习课相结合的方式,后者则以人体实物标本解剖实习为主。因此,解剖实习课对于培养医学生的实践技能、科学作风和思维能力也有着重要的作用。经过多年的教学实践,我们     

数字化人体解剖教学系统的构建

现有的解剖学知识和数据是经过将人体剖切开以后进行观察和测量得来的,最大的缺陷在于缺乏某个器官或结构在人体空间中的准确定位、三维测量数据和立体图像,而这恰恰是以计算机技术为支撑的现代临床诊断和治疗手段中最需要的,它是计算机辅助医学(CAM)的基础,是计算医学研究的首要工作。因此,建立一部新的人体数字化解剖学是数字化时代到来的迫切要求,将为古老的人体解剖学科带来一次划时代性的革命[1]。构建数字化人体解剖教学系统需要做如下几个方面的工作。1获取完整的人体断面数据虚拟人体模型通常由来自CT、MR I或冰冻组织切片的断…     

三维重建资料在解剖学教学中的应用

传统的人体解剖学教学,常采用教科书、图谱及标本、模型相结合的教学方法。但因解剖名词繁杂、人体标本短缺、二维图像难以构建三维立体方位等,给初学者构筑了许多学习障碍。随着计算机图像技术的不断完善,出现多种三维重建方法。其三维重建图像资料具有很强的直观性,结构清楚,易于讲解,大大降低了学习难度,提高了学习效率,还能唤起同学学习解剖学的热情。     

Variations in the facial muscles at the angle of the mouth

The Latin term modiolus literally means “the nave of a wheel” and in dentistry refers to the point lateral to the angle of the mouth where several facial muscles converge. It has been described as coinciding with a muscular or tendinous node in the cheek and is considered to be important clinically. The facial muscles that insert in the vicinity of the mouth angle are the levator anguli oris, zygomaticus major, risorius, buccinator, and depressor anguli oris. The arrangement of these muscles in relation to the angle of the mouth was studied in 147 cadavers (279 sides) of the Mongoloid (Japanese) and Caucasian races. Considerable variation in the pattern of convergence was found. The variations were classified into three types as follows. Type A: location of the muscle convergence was lateral to the angle of the mouth. Type B: convergent area was located above the angle. Type C: convergent area was located below the angle. When the two races were considered together type C occurred most frequently (42.3%) followed closely by type B (41.2%). The arrangement described in textbooks (type A) occurred least frequently (16.5%). The frequency of appearance of convergent types according to race also is given. The gross observations do not support the existence of a nodular modiolus. In addition, the muscles that are supposed to contribute to the nodule usually do not converge lateral to the mouth angle but rather converge either above or below the angle.     

Variations of the pharyngeal raphe

The pharyngeal raphe is described traditionally as a straight, continuous, median, fibrous band that provides attachment for and separates each pair of the three constrictor muscles of the pharynx. The posterior wall of the pharynx was dissected in 236 adult human cadavers of the Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid races. The arrangement of the raphe in each specimen was recorded. The various arrangements of the raphe were then organized into three types (I, II, or III) and eight subtypes (a, b, or c). The raphe was most often (47%) located between the inferior constrictor muscles only (type I) where it was either a straight or a curved line or had a fusiform to oval shape. The second most frequent pattern (40%) was a raphe located between the superior and middle constrictor muscles only (type II) with a shape similar to type I. The middle constrictor muscles were sometimes well developed and attached superiorly to the pharyngeal tubercle by way of a strong raphe. The raphe extended from the pharyngeal tubercle through all the constrictor muscles to the esophagus (type III) in only 13% of the specimens and was more often interrupted rather than a continuous line. The type usually described in anatomy textbooks (type IIIa) was found in only 5% of the specimens.     

MR microscopy of the human finger and correlation with histology—a proof‐of‐principle study

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with small surface coils is a well established method for the diagnostic evaluation of finger masses. Until now, histological examination has been required to reliably assess tumor extent and infiltration of surrounding structures. Ultra‐high‐field MR microscopy (MRM) allows evaluation of anatomical structures and pathologies with submillimeter resolution. This study describes the diagnostic prospects and potential of MRM based on the ex‐vivo examination of different finger pathologies. Ten human digits were examined by ex‐vivo MRM at 7.1 Tesla (ClinScan, Bruker BioScan) using a T2‐weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence. Imaging parameters were: TE 48 ms; TR 8370 ms; slice thickness 700 µm; matrix size 1024 × 1024 pixels; FOV 37 × 37 mm; in‐plane resolution 36 × 36 µm/voxel. Afterwards specimens were examined histologically. Histology and MRM were correlated. MRM allowed evaluation of the anatomy of the nail, the tendon insertions, the distal interphalangeal joint, and the neurovascular bundles. Finger abnormalities evaluated by MRM included osteomyelitis and metastatic disease. Subsequent histological examination confirmed MRM findings regarding origin, internal makeup, and extent of the structures visualized. This study demonstrates the potential of MRM for imaging small anatomical structures and pathologies of the human finger. Our ex‐vivo findings correlate strongly with histology, suggesting that MRM may gain a central role in assessing anatomical structures and pathology in terms of morphology, extent, and infiltration of surrounding structures. Therefore, with increasing availability, MRM is expected to become an essential tool not only in experimental studies but also for daily routine. Clin. Anat. 26:719–727, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Rotation of dissecting groups among different cadavers provides students of anatomy with increased opportunity to observe human variations

One way to increase medical students' awareness of anatomical variability is the dissection of different cadavers throughout laboratory coursework. This report covers such a procedure successfully instituted in a human gross anatomy course. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.     

Gross anatomical study of the human palatopharyngeus muscle throughout its entire course from origin to insertion

The palatopharyngeus (PP) extends throughout the entire length of the pharynx and probably plays an important role in deglutition, but its spatial distribution remains undefined in some respects. This study was designed to clarify the exact distribution of the PP indispensable for understanding its functions. Using 50 cadavers, the PP and its neighboring muscles were bilaterally exposed in both surfaces of the pharynx. The PP was composed of two divisions: longitudinal and transverse. It is already known that the longitudinal PP is divided into two fasciculi sandwiching the levator veli palatini (LVP) immediately after originating from the palatine aponeurosis. However, we newly discovered a fasciculus originating from the uvula, and further regarded the salpingopharyngeus as another fasciculus of origin. The four fasciculi united to descend through the palatopharyngeal arch and inserted into the thyroid cartilage and beneath the mucosa of the hypopharynx. The transverse PP occupied a location transitional between the PP and superior constrictor (SC), where it originated from the palatine aponeurosis and passed dorsally to encircle the pharyngeal isthmus and reach the pharyngeal raphe. Although whether it belongs to the PP or SC has remained controversial, we regarded it as a portion of the PP from the evolutionary perspective and proposed anatomical criteria for differentiating it from the SC. The wide distribution of the PP suggests that it acts not only to elevate the pharynx or depress the soft palate, but also as a nasopharyngeal sphincter when closing the pharyngeal isthmus.     

Online lessons of human anatomy: Experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic

The social distancing measures necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in the migration of human anatomy lessons to virtual platforms. Even student communities have had to relocate online. The virtual replacement of visual–spatial and social elements, essential for studying anatomy, has posed particular challenges for educators. Our department used Microsoft Teams, an online communication platform, in conjunction with Visible Body, a 3D anatomical modeling program, EdiErmes online resources, and Leica Acquire for teaching microscopic anatomy. We delivered about 160 h of both synchronous and asynchronous lessons for students on the medical degree program per academic year. In this study, we compare face-to-face and distance teaching in order to define these different approaches better and to evaluate the final student scores. The aim is to debate the relevance of distance learning pedagogy to the design of new online anatomy teaching courses and the development of online learning. Analysis of the final scores showed that anatomy examinations after the online course had a statistically significantly higher average value than those obtained at the end of the face-to-face course. The experience at the University of Genoa shows that distance learning in the teaching of human anatomy was perceived by most students as useful and positive. Distance learning can be an effective support for anatomy teaching, facilitating a different mode of learning in which lessons and study are more sensitive to the individual's schedule and needs. Of course, we should not and cannot exclude face-to-face teaching.     

Student responses to the gross anatomy laboratory in a medical curriculum

Working with cadavers, whether through active dissection or by examination of prosected specimens, constitutes a potential stressor in medical education although there is no consensus on its effect. Some reports have suggested that it creates such a strongly negative experience that it warrants special curricular attention. To assess the issue for ourselves, we administered surveys to the freshman medical students taking the Anatomical Sciences course in the problem-based Alternative Curriculum (A.C.) at Rush Medical College for four consecutive years. We found that although a vast majority of students expressed a positive attitude toward the experience, both before and after taking the course, there remains a small percentage of students for whom human dissection may initially be a traumatic experience. We offer explanations for our findings, comments on disparate results from other studies and suggestions for appropriate responses by anatomy faculty, who must address these student needs.     

喉部动脉影像解剖学的应用研究

目的研究喉部动脉的影像解剖学为临床提供解剖学依据和资料。方法取36例喉部结构完整的尸体标本,8例尸体标本做动脉铸型,12例尸体标本用MR扫描仪进行水平面和矢状面的扫描,8例尸体标本进行1mm/片冰冻磨铣,8例尸体标本进行大体及显微解剖,并对5种不同的形态学研究方法关于喉部动脉的观测结果进行统计学分析和定性、定量研究。结果左、右甲状腺上动脉的长度分别为(42.30±0.20)mm和(40.50±0.20)mm,起点处的管径分别为(1.80±0.30)mm和(1.65±0.30)mm;左、右甲状腺下动脉的长度分别为(23.60±0.27)mm和(22.40±0.24)mm,起始点的管径为分别为(1.40±0.25)mm和(1.35±0.30)mm。喉上动脉起点处的管径(1.50±0.20)mm,入喉处管径为(1.32±0.15)mm,长度为(18.60±2.45)mm;其入喉处在甲状软骨的前下方,距甲状软骨上角尖的距离,左侧为(6.80～25.50)mm,平均(14.60±2.45)mm;右侧为(7.60～28.60)mm,平均(15.58±2.58)mm,两侧差异有统计学意义(<0.05)。喉下动脉起点处的管径(1.70±0.30)mm,长度为(15.50±1.80)mm。结论喉部动脉的影像解剖学研究,为耳鼻喉头颈科特别是喉部病变的临床诊断和治疗提供更为科学和全面的影像解剖学依据及血供形态学资料。     

Anatomy,the writing of a textbook

The history of the production of a textbook of human anatomy is recounted. The objective was to compose a volume that would (1) be regional rather than systemic in organization, (2) be a concise guide for both medical and dental students, and stress points of clinical importance, (3) be clearly illustrated but not be a substitute for an atlas, (4) include excellent radiographs and examples of other methods of imaging, (5) use the (then new) internationally accepted nomenclature, but provide a glossary of eponymous terms, and (6) treat the subject as a university discipline with its own history and encompassing an appropriate literature, including both strictly anatomical and clinically applied references. It should be remembered that at that time, more than 30 years ago, these notions were not nearly as frequently encountered in practice as they might be today, although even now it would be difficult to find a textbook in which all of the above features are combined. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.