雌、孕激素对马桑内酯致痫大鼠行为及皮层、海马脑电图的影响

为了解卵巢激素在癫痫发作中所起的作用，本实验采用记录脑电图（ＥＥＧ）同时观察行为的方法，观察了雌二醇（Ｅ２）、孕酮（Ｐ）对马桑内酯（ＣＬ）致痫大鼠行为及皮层、海马ＥＥＧ的影响。结果显示：Ｅ２能缩短ＣＬ致痫大鼠痫性发作及痫波发放的潜伏期，增加痫波发放频率。与之相反，Ｐ具有明显的镇静催眠作用，并延长痫性发作及痫波发放潜伏期，减轻痫性发作程度，减少痫波发放次数。此为雌激素的致痫及孕激素的抗痫作用提供了行为及电生理学证据。本文还对雌、孕激素的基因和非基因作用机制进行了探讨。     

马桑内酯致痫大鼠海马神经细胞外Na~ 、K~ 活度的变化

目的和方法 :应用Na 、K 选择性微电极检测马桑内酯致痫大鼠海马及海马脑片神经细胞外Na 、K 活度的改变。结果 :海马内注射马桑内酯 (5 μL ,5× 10 -4 mol/L)致痫大鼠 30s、1min和 2min后 ,海马神经细胞外Na 活度分别低于对照组 2 7 7mmol/L、5 0 3mmol/L和 5 7 8mmol/L ,而K 活度则分别高于对照组 2 3mmol/L、2 4mmol/L和 2 9mmol/L(P <0 0 1)。 3min后 ,K 活度基本恢复至对照水平 ,而Na 活度仍持续低于对照水平 (P <0 0 1)。海马脑片的实验结果与在体实验相似。结论 :海马神经细胞处于癫痫状态时 ,存在Na 内流、K 外流现象。     

谷氨酸钠致痫大鼠海马mGluR5的表达变化

本研究目的为探讨谷氨酸钠(GluNa)诱导大鼠癫痫发作时海马mGluR5的表达变化。将动物随机分为正常对照组、Glu—Na致痫组及D—AP-5(非竞争性：NMDA受体拮抗剂) GluNa组。通过免疫组织化学方法观察了多克隆抗体抗mGluR5在海马各区及齿状回的免疫反应阳性细胞的变化，同时观察并记录各组大鼠的行为变化。结果证明：GluNa注射后的大鼠均出现严重的癫痫发作。正常组大鼠海马中有丰富的mGluR5表达，以齿状回颗粒细胞层和CA1锥体细胞层的表达为最高，而GluNa致痫组海马各区mGluR5表达明显下调。D—AP-5 GluNa组海马各区mGluR5表达较之GluNa致痫组又上调。同时观察到三个组的mGluR5的表达主要集中在细胞膜上。结果提示mGluR5在癫痫发作后表达下降可能在癫痫诱导过程中具有重要作用，其作用机制可能为NMDA受体依赖性的。     

谷氨酸钠致痫大鼠海马mGluR_5的表达变化

本研究目的为探讨谷氨酸钠 (Glu Na)诱导大鼠癫痫发作时海马 m Glu R5的表达变化。将动物随机分为正常对照组、Glu-Na致痫组及 D-AP-5 (非竞争性 NMDA受体拮抗剂 ) + Glu Na组。通过免疫组织化学方法观察了多克隆抗体抗 m Glu R5在海马各区及齿状回的免疫反应阳性细胞的变化 ,同时观察并记录各组大鼠的行为变化。结果证明 :Glu Na注射后的大鼠均出现严重的癫痫发作。正常组大鼠海马中有丰富的 m Glu R5表达 ,以齿状回颗粒细胞层和 CA1 锥体细胞层的表达为最高 ,而 Glu Na致痫组海马各区 m Glu R5表达明显下调。D-AP-5 + Glu Na组海马各区 m Glu R5表达较之 Glu Na致痫组又上调。同时观察到三个组的m Glu R5的表达主要集中在细胞膜上。结果提示 m Glu R5在癫痫发作后表达下降可能在癫痫诱导过程中具有重要作用 ,其作用机制可能为 NMDA受体依赖性的     

马桑内酯致痫后大鼠海马生长抑素mRNA表达的变化

为探讨马桑内酯致痫与生长抑素的关系，用原位杂交组织化学法研究了马桑内酯致痫后大鼠海马生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元的变化，结果表明：致痫组大鼠ＣＡ１，ＣＡ２区及齿状回生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ的反应明显增强，以上各区的中，小神经内生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ神经元的数目及强度明显高于正常对照组，两者有显著性差异。     

甘松对青霉素致痫大鼠行为学表现及脑电图的影响

目的：观察甘松对青霉素致痫大鼠的疗效。方法：将50只Wistar大鼠随机分为5组,每组10只,分别为正常对照组（Ⅰ组）和4个青霉素致痼模型组,即单纯模型组（Ⅱ组）、用甘松预处理组（Ⅲ组）、用丙戊酸钠预处理组（Ⅳ组）和用甘松合并丙戊酸钠预处理组（Ⅴ组）。甘松预处理组灌服甘松62．5mg／（kg·d）,丙戊酸钠预处理组灌服丙戊酸钠0．64mg／（kg·d）,甘松合并丙戊酸钠预处理组灌胃剂量为甘松62．5mg／（kg·d）加丙戊酸钠o．32nag／（kg·d）,正常对照组和单纯模型组灌服等体积的生理盐水。每组大鼠每天灌胃一次,连续14d。灌胃第14天除正常对照组外其余4组大鼠腹腔注射青霉素500万U／kg诱导大鼠急性癫痫发作,观察和比较各组大鼠行为及脑电图变化。结果：与单纯模型组比较,甘松预处理组、丙戊酸钠预处理组、甘松合并丙戊酸钠预处理组可延长癫痫大鼠惊厥发作潜伏期,明显减轻大鼠痫性发作程度,改善大鼠大脑皮层脑电图,其中以甘松合并丙戊酸钠预处理组最为明显。结论：甘松对青霉素致痫大鼠具有一定的抗癫痫作用,与丙戊酸钠联用有协同作用。     

电极干预对青霉素致痫大鼠痫灶电势及ATP合成酶β亚基表达变化的影响

为探讨青霉素致痫大鼠脑内生物能量的变化过程及电极干预对其的影响,将50只SD大鼠随机分为生理盐水对照组(A组)、青霉素模型组(B组)、金属电极干预组(C组)及绝缘电极干预组(D组),测定致痫灶电势及海马ATP合成酶β亚基(ATP5B)表达。发现致痫灶内电势及海马神经元细胞ATP5B表达呈现先增强后减弱变化趋势,金属电极置入降低了致痫灶电势而不改变海马ATP5B表达。推测青霉素致痫大鼠痫性发作过程中存在脑内电势的变化,出现相应的生物能量代谢的变化,致痫灶电势因金属电极干预而消减。     

甜菜碱对戊四氮致痫大鼠海马GFAP、甘氨酸和甘氨酸受体表达的影响

 目的：研究甜菜碱对癫痫大鼠海马胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、甘氨酸(Gly)及甘氨酸受体(GlyR)表达的影响。方法：将健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为：正常对照组（腹腔注射生理盐水,1.0 mL生理盐水灌胃);癫痫组（腹腔注射戊四氮,1.0 mL生理盐水灌胃）;甜菜碱高、中、低浓度组（腹腔注射戊四氮,甜菜碱灌胃）;丙戊酸钠组（腹腔注射戊四氮,丙戊酸钠灌胃）。实验结束后大鼠眼眶取血检测血清中同型半胱氨酸的含量;在低温条件下迅速取脑组织,分析Gly含量的变化,免疫荧光检测GFAP的水平,兔疫荧光和Western bloting检测海马区GlyR表达的变化。结果：各组大鼠大发作潜伏期无显著差异(P＞0.05),但是甜菜碱治疗组较癫痫组的首次大发作持续时间显著缩短(P<0.01)。癫痫组同型半胱氨酸的含量与正常组比较显著降低（P<0.01）,甜菜碱高、低浓度组同型半胱氨酸含量与癫痫组比较明显降低（P<0.05）。癫痫组甘氨酸的含量与正常对照组相比显著下降（P<0.01）。甜菜碱高、中、低浓度组甘氨酸的含量与癫痫组比较显著增高（P<0.01）。免疫荧光检测GFAP结果,癫痫组与正常组比较显著增高（P<0.01）,而甜菜碱高中低浓度与癫痫组相比显著降低（P<0.01）。免疫荧光与Western bloting检测GlyR结果,癫痫组GluR的表达与正常对照组相比显著降低（P<0.01）,甜菜碱高、中、浓度组较癫痫组显著升高（P<0.01）。结论：甜菜碱具有较好的抗癫痫作用。     

氯喹对戊四氮慢性致痫大鼠海马GluR2及nNOS表达的影响

目的:观察氯喹对戊四氮慢性致痫大鼠海马α-氨基羟甲基异恶唑丙酸(amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisox-azole-4-propionic acid,AMPA)受体(GluR2)及神经型一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,nNOS)表达的影响,探讨氯喹在癫痫发生发展中的作用。方法:30只健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分为3组:对照组(10只)、戊四氮致痫组(10只)、氯喹干预组(10只),观察大鼠行为表现和脑电图的改变。应用Western Blot检测大鼠海马GluR2含量的改变,免疫组化检测nNOS的变化。结果:对照组无癫痫发作,戊四氮致痫组癫痫发作严重(III~Ⅴ级),氯喹干预组痫样发作与戊四氮致痫组相比较轻(Ⅰ~III级,P<0.05);戊四氮致痫组脑电记录呈频发高幅的痫样波,氯喹干预组痫样波幅低且缓;与对照组相比,癫痫组GluR2表达减弱(P<0.05),氯喹干预组与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);nNOS在戊四氮致痫组表达强,以海马为著,与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),氯喹干预组与对照组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:氯喹可以通过调节GluR2的含量和抑制nNOS的表达,表明氯喹可能是预防和治疗癫痫的理想药物。     

不同剂量氯喹对戊四氮慢性致痫大鼠脑内nNOS表达的影响

目的:观察不同剂量氯喹对戊四氮慢性致痫大鼠脑内神经型一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,nNOS)表达的影响,探讨氯喹在癫痫发生发展过程中的作用。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠50只,随机分为对照组(10只)、戊四氮致痫组(10只);氯喹干预1组(10只);氯喹干预2组(10只);氯喹干预3组(10只)。观察大鼠行为学表现,应用免疫组织化学和Western Blot方法观察不同剂量氯喹对慢性致痫大鼠脑内nNOS表达的影响。结果:戊四氮致痫组nNOS明显增多,与对照组相比差异具有显著性(P<0.05);氯喹可抑制nNOS的表达,氯喹干预2、3组与对照相比差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:氯喹能够剂量依赖性的抑制nNOS的表达,提示氯喹可通过其对nNOS的抑制作用达到抗癫痫效应。     

Flotillin-2 Expression in the Human Gut: from a Cell Model to Human Tissue in Health and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Background and aims: The etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) remains largely unexplained. Flotillins (flotillin-1 and flotillin-2) are ubiquitous proteins which have been linked to inflammation and regeneration. We hypothesized that alterations in the expression of flotillin-2 in enterocytes may be related to the pathogenesis of IBD as a classical example of an inflammatory disorder of mostly unknown origin.Methods: Cell and tissue localization of flotillin-2 (and -1) were investigated by immunofluorescent staining in 1. polarized and unpolarized CaCo-2w cells as a model of human enterocytes (native and after TNFα stimulation) and 2. intestinal biopsies from controls, patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and patients with Crohn''s disease (CD). For quantification of flotillin-2, we analyzed its expression in ileal and colonic biopsies from controls, UC patients and CD patients using real-time RT-PCR, Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence.Results: In polarized CaCo-2w cells and human enterocytes in biopsies, flotillins were localized at the basolateral membrane and on subapical vesicles, but not in the apical membrane. Flotillin-2 expression did not differ between UC patients, CD patients and controls. However, it was significantly higher in colonic biopsies compared to ileal biopsies in all groups.Conclusions: By virtue of its abundant expression in enterocytes, flotillin-2 must have an essential function in intestinal physiology, especially in the colon. Yet our data could not link flotillin-2 to the pathogenesis of IBD.     

高氨基酸血症对肾小球系膜细胞结缔组织生长因子表达的影响及与氧化应激的关系

目的研究高氨基酸血症对肾小球系膜细胞结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)表达的影响,探讨氧化应激在其中的作用。方法大鼠肾小球系膜细胞分为不同培养环境下的对照组(C组)、高氨基酸组(HA组)、维生素E组(HAE组)。培养24h后用荧光染料2',7'-Dichloroluores-cin diacetate(20μmol/L)测定各组细胞内活性氧产物(reactive oxygen specie,ROS)的生成情况从而反应细胞内氧化应激水平,培养24h后采用RT-PCR检测各组CTGF mRNA表达,培养48h后采用Western印迹检测各组CTGF蛋白的表达。结果HA组氧化应激水平、CTGF mRNA及蛋白的表达均明显高于C组(P<0.05);HAE组其氧化应激水平、CTGF mRNA及蛋白表达较HA组明显降低(P<0.05),且与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高氨基酸血症可使肾小球系膜细胞氧化应激水平升高并产生过多的CTGF,抗氧化剂维生素E可减轻系膜细胞氧化应激及CTGF的表达,提示高氨基酸诱导的CTGF表达增多可能与氧化应激有关。     

Changes in EEG spectral power on perception of neutral and emotional words in patients with schizophrenia,their relatives,and healthy subjects from the general population

EEG correlates of impairments in the processing of emotiogenic information which might reflect a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia were sought by studying the dynamics of EEG rhythm powers on presentation of neutral and emotional words in 36 patients with schizophrenia, 50 of their unaffected first-degree relatives, and 47 healthy subjects without any inherited predisposition to psychoses. In controls, passive hearing of neutral words produced minimal changes in cortical rhythms, predominantly in the form of increases in the power levels of slow and fast waves, while perception of emotional words was accompanied by generalized reductions in the power of the alpha and beta(1) rhythms and regionally specific suppression of theta and beta(2) activity. Patients and their relatives demonstrated reductions in power of alpha and beta(1) activity, with an increase in delta power on hearing both groups of words. Thus, differences in responses to neutral and emotional words in patients and their relatives were weaker, because of increased reactions to neutral words. These results may identify EEG reflections of pathology of involuntary attention, which is familial and, evidently, inherited in nature. No reduction in reactions to emotiogenic stimuli was seen in patients' families.     

A Method to Determine Osmotically Effective Albumin and Gammaglobulin Concentrations in Tissue Fluids,Its Application to the Uvea and a Note on the Effects of Capillary “Leaks” on Tissue Fluid Dynamics

Choroids and ciliary processes from rabbits were incubated with labelled myoglobin, albumin and gammaglobulin and the equilibrium spaces were determined. Using experimental data for the in vivo steady state myoglobin space in each tissue an approximate value for the in vivo equilibrium space could be calculated. The in vivo albumin and gammaglobulin equilibrium spaces were calculated using the data for in vivo equilibrium myoglobin spaces and the differences in spaces determined in vitro. Values for the effective albumin and gammaglobulin concentrations in the tissues were calculated by dividing the in vivo steady state spaces by the calculated in vivo equilibrium spaces. In the choroid the effective albumin and gammaglobulin concentrations were 68 and 48 per cent of those in plasma respectively. In the ciliary processes the corresponding figures were 74 and 67 per cent. Model experiments showed that in membranes with 500 Å pores the apparent colloid osmotic pressure of rabbit plasma, 3 % albumin and 3 % gammaglobulin is less than 1 cm H₂O. The results indicate that in the choroid and the ciliary processes there is a net outflow of water in the semipermeable parts of the blood vessels having a transmural hydrostatic pressure difference of more than 7 mmHg. In pores permitting protein passage still less is required to give net outward filtration.     

灵芝孢子粉对癫痫大鼠脑IGF-1、NF-κB表达及神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的： 观察和探讨灵芝孢子粉对戊四氮（PTZ）致痫大鼠脑胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）、核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）蛋白表达及神经细胞凋亡的影响。方法： 用亚惊厥剂量的PTZ复制大鼠慢性癫痫模型，用药组以灵芝孢子粉灌胃，记录癫痫发作的潜伏期及持续时间，采用免疫组织化学和TUNEL法分别检测脑IGF-1、NF-κB/P65的免疫反应性和神经细胞凋亡情况。结果： 大鼠海马和皮质区每高倍视野（×400）下平均凋亡细胞数模型组（18.80±2.13、16.87±2.00）明显多于对照组（0.97±0.52、0.58±0.25），IGF-1、 NF-κB/P65蛋白表达模型组明显高于对照组（均P<0.01）；在造模第17、21、25 d时用药组较模型组癫痫发作的潜伏期有所延长（分别为P<0.05，P<0.05，P<0.01），海马和皮质区凋亡细胞数用药组（12.30±2.46、10.48±1.33）明显少于模型组，NF-κB/P65蛋白表达用药组低于模型组，而IGF-1的免疫反应性用药组明显强于模型组。结论： IGF-1、NF-κB 及神经细胞凋亡均可能参与了PTZ致痫的发生发展过程,灵芝孢子粉能明显抑制NF-κB蛋白的表达，增强IGF-1的免疫反应性，可能是其对癫痫所致神经细胞凋亡有明显抑制，从而对神经细胞起保护作用的机制之一。     

Effect of Mouse Chromosome 13 Terminal Fragment on Liability to Catalepsy and Expression of Tryptophane Hydroxylase-2, Serotonin Transporter,and 5-HT<Subscript>1A</Subscript> Receptor Genes in the Brain

Congenic mice obtained by genome fragments transfer from one strain to another are a potent tool for studies of the molecular mechanisms of behavioral mutations. The 59-70 cM fragment of chromosome 13 containing the locus determining predisposition to freezing reaction (catalepsy) and the gene encoding 5-HT_1A receptor were transferred from cataleptic CBA/Lac mice into the genome of catalepsy-resistant AKR/J mice. The impact of this fragment for the severity of catalepsy and expression of genes encoding tryptophane hydroxylase-2, serotonin transporter, and 5-HT_1A receptor was studied. Half of mice of the resultant congenic AKR.CBA-D13Mit76 strain exhibited pronounced catalepsy, similarly to donor CBA animals. The expression of 5-HT_1A receptor gene in the midbrain of AKR animals was significantly higher than in CBA. The level of 5-HT_1A receptor mRNA in AKR.CBA-D13Mit76 animals was significantly higher than in the donor strain. Mice of parental AKR and CBA strains did not differ from each other and from AKR.CBA-D13Mit76 animals by the levels of tryptophane hydroxylase-2 and serotonin transporter genes mRNA. These data prove the location of catalepsy regulating gene in the distal fragment of chromosome 13. The recipient strain genome enhanced the expression of 5-HT_1A receptor gene in the brain without modulating the expression of catalepsy gene.     

Expression of GAP-43 mRNA in the adult mammalian spinal cord under normal conditions and after different types of lesions,with special reference to motoneurons

Summary In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to detect cell bodies expressing mRNA encoding for the phosphoprotein GAP-43 in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the adult rat, cat and monkey under normal conditions and, in the cat and rat, also after different types of lesions. In the normal spinal cord, a large number of neurons throughout the spinal cord gray matter were found to express GAP-43 mRNA. All neurons, both large and small, in the motor nucleus (Rexed's lamina IX) appeared labeled, indicating that both alpha and gamma motoneurons express GAP-43 mRNA under normal conditions. After axotomy by an incision in the ventral funiculus or a transection of ventral roots or peripheral nerves, GAP-43 mRNA was clearly upregulated in axotomized motoneurons, including both alpha and gamma motoneurons. An increase in GAP-43 mRNA expression was already detectable 24 h postoperatively in lumbar motoneurons both after a transection of the sciatic nerve at knee level and after a transection of ventral roots. At this time, a stronger response was seen in the motoneurons which had been subjected to the distal sciatic nerve transection than was apparent for the more proximal ventral root lesion. An upregulation of GAP-43 mRNA could also be found in intact motoneurons located on the side contralateral to the lesion, but only after a peripheral nerve transection, indicating that the concomitant influence of dorsal root afferents may play a role in GAP-43 mRNA regulation. However, a dorsal root transection alone did not seem to have any detectable influence on the expression of GAP-43 mRNA in spinal motoneurons, while the neurons located in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn responded with an upregulation of GAP-43 mRNA. The presence of high levels of GAP-43 in neurons has been correlated with periods of axonal growth during both development and regeneration. The role for GAP-43 in neurons under normal conditions is not clear, but it may be linked with events underlying remodelling of synaptic relationships or transmitter release. Our findings provide an anatomical substrate to support such a hypothesis in the normal spinal cord, and indicate a potential role for GAP-43 in axon regeneration of the motoneurons, since GAP-43 mRNA levels was strongly upregulated following both peripheral axotomy and axotomy within the spinal cord. The upregulation of GAP-43 mRNA found in contralateral, presumably uninjured motoneurons after peripheral nerve transection, as well as in dorsal horn neurons after a dorsal root transection, indicates that GAP-43 levels are altered not only as a direct consequence of a lesion, but also after changes in the synaptic input to the neurons.     

Hispano‐American Brain Bank on Neurodevelopmental Disorders: An initiative to promote brain banking,research, education,and outreach in the field of neurodevelopmental disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are conditions that present with brain dysfunction due to alterations in the processes of brain development. They present with neuropsychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Fragile X syndrome (FXS) are two of the most common NDDs. Human brain tissue is a scarce resource that is obtained from postmortem donations. In the case of NDDs, specifically autism, the reduced donation rate of brains prevents researchers to investigate its pathology and fine anatomy. The Hispano‐American Brain Bank of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (Banco Hispanoamericano de CErebros de trastornos del NEurodesarrollo) or CENE is a large‐scale brain bank for neurodevelopmental disorders in Hispano‐America and the US. CENE''s objectives are to collect and distribute brains of patients with NDDS, with a focus on ASD and FXS, to perform research, promote education of future scientists, and enhance public awareness about the importance of human tissue availability for scientific research on brain function and disease. CENE has thus far established a bilingual system of nodes and teams in several American countries including California‐US, Pennsylvania‐US, México, Puerto Rico, Colombia, and Dominican Republic. CENE ensures that postmortem NDD samples used in research better match the world''s genetic and ethnic diversity. CENE enables and expands NDD brain research worldwide, particularly with respect to ASD and FXS.     

Two groups of secondary vestibular neurons mediating horizontal canal signals, probably to the ipsilateral medial rectus muscle, under inhibitory influences from the cerebellar flocculus in rabbits

Vestibular nuclear neurons that mediate horizontal canal signals to the ipsilateral medial rectus motoneurons were explored in anesthetized and decerebrate rabbits. These neurons were identified by four criteria: (1) they were activated monosynaptically by ipsilateral vestibular nerve stimulation and (2) antidromically from the oculomotor nucleus region, while they were inhibited by (3) direct floccular stimulation and (4) ipsilateral retinal stimulation that activated floccular Purkinje cells via a climbing fiber afferent pathway. Neurons fulfilling these criteria were found in two anatomically different regions, i.e. the rostrolateral part of the medial vestibular nucleus and in the ventral part of the lateral vestibular nucleus. In decerebrate rabbits, neurons in both loci responded to horizontal rotation of the whole body with the type I pattern (excited by ipsilateral rotation). These results suggest that horizontal canal signals are conveyed to ipsilateral medial rectus motoneurons by two separate groups of vestibular nuclear neurons which may play different roles in the vestibulo-ocular reflex.