两导心电信号独立分量分析算法的研究

根据独立分量分析(ICA)理论,要想在观测信号中提取出独立分量,观测信号的数目必须大于或等于独立分量的数目,因此要求采用ICA算法的胎儿心电图机导联数必须大于一定数目,但在实际应用中常常难以满足这个条件。故本文提出了一种基于少数导联心电(ECG)信号的胎儿心电(FECG)提取算法,结合FECG和自适应噪声抵消算法,从两导采集于孕妇腹部体表的ECG信号中提取FECG。实验表明,该方法能够获得清晰的FECG信号。     

基于RLS-ANC自适应滤波的FECG信号提取方法

本文应用RLS-ANC(recursive least squares adaptive noise canceⅡation)自适应滤波方法提取胎儿心电(FECG)信号.该方法采用RLS-ANC自适应滤波消除母亲心电,提取胎儿心电信号.实验结果表明,本方法适应非平稳信号的能力强,收敛速度快,提取效果好于NLMS(normalized least mean squares)算法.     

基于量子粒子群优化和独立分量分析的脑电特征提取

特征提取是基于P300的脑机接口(BCI)系统中非常关键的步骤。独立分量分析(ICA)算法是效果较好的P300特征提取方法,但目前常用的ICA迭代方法收敛性能均不理想。提出一种基于量子粒子群优化(QPSO)和ICA算法的P300特征提取方法。该方法利用量子计算在计算速度上的优势,加快了ICA算法的全局收敛,达到了快速有效提取P300的目的。实验针对BCI CompetitionⅡdatasetⅡb和BCI CompetitionⅢdatasetⅡ两组公共数据集进行测试,提取出的P300特征送入线性分类器,系统识别正确率在15次叠加平均情况下达94.4%。实验结果表明,本文方法用于P300特征提取,在保证提取效果的同时,计算速度更快,为在线BCI系统的进一步研究提供了实验基础。     

用平均法进行胎儿ECG的测量

胎儿心电图(FECG)已广泛得到应用,目前不仅能精确地测量胎儿的心率,而且PR间期、ST段形态和QRS波宽等与胎儿状况有关的参数也受到临床的重视。FECG测量的难点在于信噪比太低,母亲心电(MECG)和FECG同时发生的儿率较大及信号和噪声的频谱混叠在一起。本文介绍了一种用相干函数和FFT算法求得平均的FECG     

1519例胎儿心电图的临床价值和相关因素分析

目的对1519例胎儿全部实行常规胎儿心电图(FECG)监测工作,探讨胎儿心电图应用情况,并对异常FECG结合临床,进行临床原因分析.方法采用随机湘样方法,应用杭州产FECG-D型胎儿心电图分析仪进行监测.结果发现采用横导联方式进行监测检出率为53.5%:在孕22w进行监测检出率为45.8%;异常FECG检出率为7.64%.结论对1519例FECG的监测发现采用横导联方式并在孕22w～26w期间进行监测检出率最高、波形效果好.并对监测发现的导致FECG异常改变的临床原因与胎儿宫内窘迫的关系进行浅要分析.     

胎儿心电图对晚期妊娠胎儿宫内乏氧的的监测分析

胎儿心电图（FECG）是围产期胎儿宫内监测的方法之一,我们总结分析了妊娠（40～41w）FECG 103例,探讨其对胎儿宫内乏氧的诊断意义.     

约束独立分量分析及其在脑电信号伪差分离中的应用

独立分量分析(ICA)算法是一种运用统计方法,从一系列标准信号中提取独立成分的技术.由于脑电信号是由若干相对独立的成分组成,所以运用ICA算法来处理脑电信号受到广泛关注.本文介绍了一种新型的约束独立分量分析(cICA)算法,它能解决FastICA算法在源信号分离时输出排列无序性的问题.并通过实验表明,它在脑电伪差分离时可减少人工处理的影响,且具有良好的稳健性与较快的收敛速度.     

胎儿室性并行性心律1例报道

病例 患者,女,28岁,胎产2/0,孕周38~( 3),胎方位ROT(枕右横)。因动红而到医院待产,宫缩规则,在待产期间监测胎心率(律),发现有不齐现象,即做胎儿心电图(FECG)检查。FECG显示胎心率(律)过速及不齐,136～170bpm。 胎儿心电图描记方法:胎儿心电图机采用浙江省计算技术研究所研制(科美思集团生产)的FECG-D型心电图仪     

胎儿心电图与胎心率无负荷试验临床应用价值的比较

目的探讨胎儿心电图（FECG），胎心率无负荷试验（NST）对胎儿监测的价值。方法采用随机抽样对317例（37-41w）孕妇分别于同日行胎儿心电图（FECG）胎心率无负荷试验（NST）监测，并结合超声检查及分娩后临床所见进行对比分析。结果FECG阳性率32％，NST阳性率为16％，对胎儿宫内危险因素的监测，胎儿心电图（FECG）较胎心率无负荷试验（NST）具有显著性意义（P〈0．01）。     

基于快速定点独立分量分析算法的母胎心电信号分离

研究快速定点独立分量分析方法在母胎心电信号分离中的应用。采用此算法,在胎儿心电信号与母体心电信号可以视为相互独立的信号源的前提下,对来源于同一孕妇的观测信号进行独立分量分离。快速定点独立分量算法可以有效地分离出单个独立分量,得到的胎儿心电信号(FECG)较理想。采用独立分量分析方法,实现母胎心电信号分离,是一种值得尝试的信号处理方法。     

An application of reconfigurable technologies for non-invasive fetal heart rate extraction

This paper illustrates the use of a reconfigurable system for fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) estimation from mother's abdomen ECG measurements. The system is based on two different reconfigurable devices. Initially, a field-programmable analog array (FPAA) device implements the analog reconfigurable preprocessing for ECG signal acquisition. The signal processing chain continues onto a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device, which contains all the communication and interfacing protocols along with specific digital signal processing blocks required for fundamental period extraction from FECG waveforms. The synergy between these devices provides the system the ability to change any necessary parameter during the acquisition process for enhancing the result. The use of a FPGA allows implementing different algorithms for FECG signal extraction, such as adaptive signal filtering. Preliminary works employ commercially available development platforms for test experiments, which suffice for the processing of real FECG signals from biomedical databases, as the presented results illustrate.     

The fetal electrocardiogram by independent component analysis and wavelets

Once the fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) waveforms from ECG on the maternal abdomen are detected, the fetal P wave and T wave cannot always be identified by using continuous wavelet transform (CWT). We took noninvasive FECG from the maternal abdomen, extracted it from the maternal electrocardiogram waveforms after an Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and identified the features of those waveforms by using CWT. We also simultaneously analyzed the observed signals by Primary Component Analysis (PCA). FECG has been extracted by ICA from 25 of 30 pregnant women. The fetal P wave and T wave could be identified in 21 of the 25 cases. FECG was extracted by PCA in only one case. ICA is superior to PCA, whose separation quality highly depends on the careful positioning of the electrodes. We believe that after ICA, FECG obtained by the wavelet theory based method will become a powerful tool for the differential diagnosis of fetal arrhythmias.     

400例围产胎儿心电图检测分析及异常心电图的处理

本文应用ＦＥＣＧ－Ｄ型仪对４００例围产胎儿进行了ＦＥＣＧ的检测及分析。结果成功３６３例，成功率为９０．８％，正常ＦＥＣＧ３１６例占成功数的８７％，异常ＦＥＣＧ４７例占成功数的１３％。在对异常ＦＥＣＧ的类型及原因的分析中发现，异常ＦＥＣＧ中以ＦＳＴ下移＞５ｕｖ为多占５３．２％，其次为胎儿心动过速２５．６％，胎儿心动过缓１０．６％。胎儿心律不齐６．３％，ＦＱＲＳ时限增宽４．３％。胎儿心电图异常的原因为胎儿窘迫占７８．７％，脐带绕颈１２．８％，提示胎儿宫内缺氧是引起围产ＦＥＣＧ异常的主要原因，２２例（４７％）异常ＦＥＣＧ分别经胎盘给药、吸氧、输液等处理转为正常。     

Fetal heart rate monitoring based on independent component analysis

In this paper, an algorithm based on independent component analysis (ICA) for extracting the fetal heart rate (FHR) from maternal abdominal electrodes is presented. Three abdominal ECG channels are used to extract the FHR in three steps: first preprocessing procedures such as DC cancellation and low-pass filtering are applied to remove noise. Then the algorithm for multiple unknown source extraction (AMUSE) algorithm is fed to extract the sources from the observation signals include fetal ECG (FECG). Finally, FHR is extracted from FECG. The method is shown to be capable of completely revealing FECG R-peaks from observation leads even with a SNR=-200dB using semi-synthetic data.     

Ultra-low-noise instrumentation and computer-based data acquisition and processing system for obtaining a noninvasive and intrauterine catheter fetal electrocardiogram

A fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) from the abdominal surface will be from 20 microVpp to unmeasurable. The intrauterine catheter signal will be from 50 microVpp to unmeasureable and will be corrupted with a significant direct current component of 10 to 200 microV. For electrophysiological information to be obtained from the abdominal and intrauterine catheter signals, the signals must be in a 0.05 to 100.0 Hz bandwidth. Because typical adult electrocardiogram systems have a noise specification of 5 to 10 microVpp from instrumentation, these systems are unacceptable for obtaining a FECG via the intrauterine catheter or noninvasively. Therefore, custom instrumentation has been developed with a noise specification of approximately 1.5 microVpp in a 0.05 to 100.0 Hz bandwidth. Design details of the custom instrumentation will be presented along with a laptop computer based data acquisition and signal processing system using LabVIEW. In addition, clinical data from the intrauterine catheter and noninvasive abdominal wall are presented to determine the feasibility of obtaining a FECG via the custom instrumentation. Clinical data obtained and documented indicates that after maternal electrocardiogram cancellation, a FECG with a good signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained in a diagnostic bandwidth of 0.05 to 100.0 Hz. Because the diagnostic bandwidth is preserved, electrophysiological information can be determined along with heart rate.     

ECG-changes in the fetal lamb during asphyxia in relation to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation and blockade.

Progressive changes in the S-T interval of the fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) were studied in 14 lamb fetuses, acutely exteriorized and subjected to graded hypoxia. The aims of the study were to investigate whether beta-adrenoceptor stimulation and hypoxia exerted additive or potentiating effects on the FECG and several cardiovascular parameters and whether the hypoxic changes of the FECG could be blocked by beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents. The FECG changes were studied in order to correlate them with cardiovascular function, as measured by heart rate, mean arterial pressure, end diastolic pressure, maximum dP/dt and combined cardiac output, estimated by the thermodilution method, as well as with blood gases, acid base status, blood lactate and glucose. Injections of small doses (0.02 to 0.4 microg kg-1 min-1) of isoprenaline induced the same pattern of changes in the FECG as we have previously recorded during hypoxia. By increasing the isoprenaline dose an increase in the duration of the FECG changes and amplitude of the T-wave changes was obtained. Propranolol was found to completely abolish the FECG changes induced by isoprenaline, as well as by mild hypoxia. During severe hypoxia the FECG changes could not be abolished by propranolol. Our previous findings indicated that the hypoxic changes could be regarded as a sign of myocardial glycolysis. Thus, the present finding that even small doses of isoprenaline given to the fetus, initiates the same pattern of FECG changes corroborate this hypothesis.     

ECG-changes in the fetal Iamb during asphyxia in relation to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation and blockade

Progressive changes in the S-T interval of the fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) were studied in 14 lamb fetuses, acutely exteriorized and subjected to graded hypoxia. The aims of the study were to investigate whether beta-adrenoceptor stimulation and hypoxia exerted additive or potentiating effects on the FECG and several cardiovascular parameters and whether the hypoxic changes of the FECG could be blocked by beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents. The FECG changes were studied in order to correlate them with cardiovascular function, as measured by heart rate, mean arterial pressure, end diastolic pressure, maximum dP/dt and combined cardiac output, estimated by the thermodilution method, as well as with blood gases, acid base status, blood lactate and glucose. Injections of small doses (0.02 to 0.4 μg kg^-1 min^-1) of isoprenaline induced the same pattern of changes in the FECG as we have previously recorded during hypoxia. By increasing the isoprenaline dose an increase in the duration of the FECG changes and amplitude of the T-wave changes was obtained. Propranolol was found to completely abolish the FECG changes induced by isoprenaline, as well as by mild hypoxia. During severe hypoxia the FECG changes could not be abolished by propranolol. Our previous findings indicated that the hypoxic changes could be regarded as a sign of myocardial glycolysis. Thus, the present finding that even small doses of isoprenaline given to the fetus, initiates the same pattern of FECG changes corroborate this hypothesis.     

Comparison of SVD methods to extract the foetal electrocardiogram from cutaneous electrode signals

The paper presents and compares three methods making use of the singular value decomposition (SVD) of a matrix to extract the foetal electrocardiogram (FECG) from cutaneously recorded electrode signals. The first method constructs a set of orthogonal foetal signals (the so-called principal foetal signals) from the recordings, but needs electrode positions far from the foetal heart, in addition to the abdominal electrodes that pick up a mixture of maternal and foetal electrocardiogram. An online adaptive algorithm has been developed such that a real-time implementation becomes feasible. The second method is a new online approach to a technique presented by van Oosterom. Although this method has some important drawbacks and is suboptimal as far as foetal signal-to-noise ratio is concerned. it is still very useful when only a foetal trigger is required, as the signal obtained is not a complete FECG, Finally, a third method is proposed, based on the generalised SVD and interpreted with the new concept of oriented signal-to-signal ratio. An online version is also presented for this method and some results are shown.     

一种基于单通道腹部信号的胎儿心电提取算法

设计一种基于单通道孕腹部信号的胎儿心电提取算法,分别提取出母亲心电和胎儿心电,并计算出母亲心率和胎儿心率。首先对单通道孕腹部信号进行k-TEO(k=19)变换,突出母亲心电的QRS波,从而通过简单的阈值法确定母亲心电的R波位置,接着通过在相邻R波间重采样以获得相同的R-R间期T,这样经过一个间隔为T的梳状滤波器就可以分离出相同R-R间期的母亲心电,然后再一次在相邻R波间进行重采样恢复原来的R-R间期就可以获得实际的母亲心电了。原始腹部信号减去上面提取的母亲心电后,胎儿心电QRS波的信噪比大大提高,通过再次应用提取母亲心电的算法即可得到“干净”的胎儿心电波形。选取Physionet数据库中的8 组(26 通道)孕腹部信号数据进行分析,计算每个通道数据的胎儿心电QRS波位置识别灵敏度、阳性检测率和准确性。结果表明,胎儿心电QRS波的识别准确率达到87.1%,其中有6 个通道达到100%。另外计算每个通道的母亲心率和胎儿心率并做统计分析,发现每一组中各个通道的母亲平均心率和胎儿平均心率都非常接近,同一组中各通道间母亲平均心率最大误差为0.1次/min, 而胎儿平均心率最大误差也只有0.9次/min,进一步证明算法的可靠性。