自制标枪致横窦穿透伤抢救成功一例报告

患者 男,15岁。2001年3月因被自制标枪(木凿枪头)于右侧枕部刺入颅内急诊入院。查体:神志清楚,被动体位,查体合作。标枪杆已去除,枕外隆突右侧约2cm处一木凿斜行入颅,深度约5cm。颅神经功能检查无异常发现,四肢活动自如,生理反射(++),未引出病理性反     

颅内少见的表皮样囊肿2例报告并文献复习

1病例资料.病例1：男性，37岁。于2004年6月10日受头部轻微外伤后感头晕，并伴有间断头痛，以枕部为甚，晨起加重。伴恶心，呕吐，于伤后20d到我院就诊，查体：神志清楚，步态正常，双侧瞳孔等大等圆，直径2.5mm，对光反射灵敏，视力正常，余颅神经检查无异常。     

枕下远外侧入路的临床应用及其新进展

颅颈交界区特别是下斜坡及枕骨大孔前方解剖结构复杂,手术入路位置深在,且此区病变多与神经血管尤其与脑干、颈髓上段关系密切,手术难度和风险极大。而枕下远外侧入路具有路径短,显露颅颈交界区前方及前外侧方清楚,早期控制椎动脉,便于进行手术操作,肿瘤全切率高等特点。枕下远外侧入路是一种较枕下外侧入路更靠外侧,经枕骨髁颅颈交界区的外侧入路,是颈外侧入路向后颅窝的延伸,现综述如下。     

颅颈交界区脑血管畸形1例报告

女性，53岁，因头晕一天伴恶心、呕吐数次入院。不头痛，双下肢活动自如。体格检查：神志清，言语清晰，应答准确，查体合作。头颅无畸形，双侧瞳孔直径2．5mm，直、间接对光反应均存在。眼球运动自如，视力正常。颈软无抵抗，颅颈交界区无压痛。四肢肌力、肌张力正常，生理反射存在，病理反射不能引出。颅脑CT：后颅窝底部见一类圆形高密度肿块，部分突入枕大池，并向下延伸至枕大孔水平，延髓及小脑扁桃体受推前移。脑室系统明显扩大。入院诊断：颅颈交界区占位性病变、     

应用改良的枕下乙状窦后入路显微外科手术切除大型岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的介绍应用改良的枕下乙状窦后入路显微外科手术切除大型岩斜区脑膜瘤的方法和经验。方法枕下乙状窦后骨窗形成后,注意将横窦、乙状窦轮廓。切开硬膜后充分向外侧和向上牵开。通过颅神经间隙完成肿瘤的内减压后,分离肿瘤与颅神经及脑干的粘连并分块切除。如果肿瘤向中颅凹延伸,可切开部分天幕后向上切除肿瘤。如果肿瘤向枕骨大孔延伸,可将乙状窦后入路与枕下远外侧入路结合起来加以切除。对于MRI显示具有侵袭性特征,侵犯海绵窦或脑干的肿瘤,不应追求肿瘤的全切除,“脑干减压”成为手术的主要目标。结果肿瘤全切除9例(60%)。手术后新增颅神经损害6例(40%)。半年随访恢复良好者13例(86.6%)。结论应用简单的枕下乙状窦后入路,结合一些新的技术改良处理大型岩斜区脑膜瘤,可获得满意的手术疗效。     

颅颈交界处神经鞘瘤合并小脑蚓部动静脉畸型一例

患者 男,64岁。颈部疼痛9个月,四肢麻木伴行走困难3个月。查体,颈部以下痛觉减退,两上肢肌力Ⅳ级,下肢肌力Ⅱ级,双侧巴彬斯基征( ),腰穿椎管造影示蛛网膜下腔通畅,脑脊液蛋白830mg/L。MRI检查示颅颈交界处肿瘤,小脑明显上抬。入院后在全麻下行肿瘤切除术。肿瘤位于硬膜下,枕大池内,小脑蚓     

内镜经鼻入路显露颅颈交界区腹侧的解剖研究

目的提供内镜经鼻入路显露颅颈交界区腹侧的解剖学依据。方法选用30具骨性颅底和颈椎标本,测量与经鼻入路相关的解剖数据。选用10具经红色和蓝色乳胶灌注的尸头,在0°和30°内镜观察下,采用经鼻入路显露颅颈交界区腹侧结构。结果枕髁间距(16.12±1.86)m m,寰椎前弓长度为(15.84±1.18)m m,齿突高(14.96±2.19)m m,齿突最大横径为(10.34±0.80)m m。采用内镜经鼻入路,可切除寰椎前弓、齿状突和枕大孔前缘,显露颅颈交界区腹侧硬膜下结构。内镜经鼻入路的手术标志包括:下鼻甲、后鼻孔、鼻咽部黏膜、咽鼓管咽口、头长肌和颈长肌、枕大孔前缘和寰椎前弓、齿状突尖、寰枕关节。结论内镜经鼻入路可充分显露颅颈交界区腹侧硬膜下结构。     

手术治疗45 例后颅凹硬膜外血肿疗效分析

目的 总结后颅凹硬膜外血肿的手术指征、入路及效果.方法 病人入院后均行头颅CT扫描早期明确诊断,血肿量平均30 mL.单侧枕下开颅硬膜外血肿清除术32例,后正中开颅清除单侧血肿3例,幕上下联合开颅清除单侧骑跨型血肿8例,双侧枕部开颅清除双侧后颅凹血肿2例.结果 按GOS 判定预后,良好40例：其中36例出院时即达GOS5级,4例出院时为3～4级,6月后随访达到5级,死亡5例.结论 早期CT扫描及动态监测可提高后颅凹硬膜外血肿早期诊断率,及时手术清除后颅凹硬膜外血肿,可提高治愈率,降低病死率.     

单侧入路切除镜像对称性镰旁巨大脑膜瘤一例

患者女,46岁。进行性头晕、头痛、视物模糊2+年,于2003年2月24日入院。查体:神志清楚,对答切题。双侧瞳孔等大,4mm,光反射灵敏,左侧同向偏盲,眼底正常。四肢活动自如,生理反射正常,病理征(—)。头颅CT平扫及增强显示:双侧顶枕区镰旁巨大肿瘤,增强密度均匀一致,边界清楚,大小约11cm×6cm×7cm。于2月26日在气管插管全麻下,经顶枕部左侧大脑镰旁入路,手术全切除双侧肿瘤。术后病理报告为纤维型脑膜瘤,复查CT提示肿瘤完全切除,左颞侧视野缺损无变化,2周后康复出院。讨论脑膜瘤为颅内常见肿瘤,占颅内肿瘤的第二位。大脑镰旁为脑膜瘤好发部位之…     

减压并内固定治疗复杂性Chiari畸形

Arnold-Chiari 畸形 (Arnold-Chiari malformation,ACM)是以小脑扁桃体下疝入枕骨大孔为特征的先天性畸形,此畸形又可合并寰枕融合、颅底凹陷、寰枢椎脱位、扁平颅底等复杂颅颈连接畸形.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.