甲胎蛋白特异性小干扰RNA重组腺病毒载体的构建

背景：RNA干扰技术的应用，关键在于能够采用1个有效的基因转移系统将小干扰RNA转入至靶细胞，目前广泛应用的是构建小干扰RNA表达载体。 目的：利用AdMax腺病毒载体系统构建表达人甲胎蛋白-小干扰RNA的腺病毒载体。 设计、时间及地点：开放性实验，于2007-03/10在山东大学附属济南市中心医院中心实验室完成。 材料：穿梭质粒pDC316-EGFP-U6为本元正阳基因技术公司产品；AdMax KitD试剂盒与低代数HEK293细胞为Microbix Biosystems Inc.（Canada）公司产品。 方法：选择针对甲胎蛋白 mRNA的特异性小干扰RNA靶序列，设计合成为相应的双链DNA，并将其与酶切线性化的pDC316-EGFP-U6载体片段连接，构建好的穿梭质粒pDC316-EGFP-U6-AFP-siRNA和腺病毒骨架质粒pBHGlox_E1,3Cre共转染HEK293细胞，同源重组产生重组腺病毒。 主要观察指标：对重组腺病毒进行聚合酶链反应鉴定及扩增、纯化、滴度测定。 结果：构建的穿梭质粒载体经聚合酶链反应鉴定和测序分析，证实与设计一致。重组腺病毒Ad-AFP-siRNA经聚合酶链反应和绿色荧光蛋白表达检测证实构建成功，测定滴度为1.4×109 nfu/L。 结论：实验成功构建了Ad-EGFP-U6-AFP-siRNA重组腺病毒。     

重组腺病毒Ad5-mHes1的构建及其在小鼠海马组织中的表达

目的 构建含小鼠Hes1基因的重组腺病毒(rAd)并观察其在小鼠海马组织中的表达情况,为进一步研究Hes1基因在成年小鼠神经再生中的作用奠定基础。 方法 利用限制酶对pEGFP-mHes1质粒和pDC316质粒进行酶切,将获得的mHes1目的基因片段和pDC316质粒酶切产物回收,在T4 DNA连接酶作用下连接,形成pDC316-mHes1穿梭质粒,并用PCR法及EcoR Ⅰ+HindⅢ双酶切法对pDC316-mH-Hes1进行鉴定。利用AdMax包装系统,穿梭质粒pDC316-mHes1与骨架质粒pBHGlox_E1,3Cre共转染293细胞,同源重组产生复制缺陷型腺病毒Ad5-mHes1,其报告病毒是包含高强度绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)的腺病毒Ad5 -EGFP。向成年C57BL/6小鼠海马中立体定向注射Ad5 -mHes1及Ad5-EGFP,Western blotting检测注射后7 d Hes1蛋白在海马中的表达情况,荧光显微镜观察EGFP在海马中的表达情况。 结果 用PCR法及EcoR Ⅰ+HindⅢ双酶切法对pDC316-mHes1鉴定的实验结果与预期结果相符,经测序后其序列与mHes1 CDS序列一致。注射后7d,Hes1蛋白在PBS注射组和Ad5-mHes1注射组海马组织中均有表达,其Hes1蛋白与GAPDH的比值分别为0.363±0.053和0.705±0.128,差异有统计学意义(P＜.05)。荧光显微镜下在海马齿状回颗粒细胞层中观察到Ad5-EGFP表达的绿色荧光。 结论 本研究成功构建了Ad5-mHes1表达载体系统,并在C57BL/6成年小鼠海马组织中表达了Hes1基因。     

大鼠GLUT3基因重组腺病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的构建携带大鼠葡萄糖转运体3（GLUT3）基因的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒载体，为研究GLUT3的生物学功能提供工具。方法采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）的方法获取大鼠GLUT3基因全长cDNA片段，将其克隆至穿梭质粒pShuttle中构建穿梭质粒pShuttle-GLUT3，经酶切后与线性化的腺病毒骨架质粒pAdeno-X体外连接并转化大肠杆菌DH5α，构建重组腺病毒质粒pAd-GLUT3，酶切线性化重组腺病毒质粒后转染293细胞包装成重组病毒颗粒，重组腺病毒在293细胞中反复扩增数代后，分别用聚合酶链反应（PCR）及免疫印记法（western blot）的方法从基因和蛋白表达水平鉴定重组的腺病毒。结果经DNA测序和PCR分析显示GLUT3 cDNA序列正确。成功筛选出重组腺病毒质粒pAd-GLUT3后在HEK293细胞中成功包装出重组病毒，包装后冻融细胞行PCR及western blot检测表明重组腺病毒包装成功。结论本研究成功构建了携带大鼠GLUT3基因的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒载体。     

肿瘤血管抑制肽alphastatin重组腺伴随病毒的制备

目的构建并产生肿瘤血管抑制肽alphastatin(Al)重组腺伴随病毒(rAAV)载体。方法将目的基因alphastatin插入载体质粒pSSHG-巨细胞病毒(CMV)的EcoRI和BamHI位点,构建重组质粒pSSHG-CMV/NT4-Al。用腺病毒辅助质粒pFG140代替野生型腺病毒,包装质粒pAAV/Ad及已构建的重组腺伴随病毒载体质粒,使用三质粒共转染法转染293细胞,包装得到腺伴随病毒(AAV)-Al。采用氯仿抽提、聚乙二醇沉淀回收纯化,斑点杂交方法测定重组病毒滴度。结果重组病毒rAAV-Al滴度约为2×1012颗粒/ml。结论成功制备了重组病毒rAAV-Al,提供了一种生产足量安全的rAAV-Al简单易行的方法,为肿瘤的基因治疗实验奠定了基础。     

应用AdEasy腺病毒载体系统构建鼠白细胞介素10基因重组腺病毒★

目的：AdEasy系统可在原核细胞E.coli BJ5183中完成穿梭质粒与骨架质粒之间的高效同源重组，经抗生素培养板筛选重组体，然后转染293细胞获得重组病毒，极大简化了载体的构建过程。实验利用AdEasy腺病毒载体系统构建鼠白细胞介素10基因重组腺病毒。 方法：实验于2006-08/2007-05在青岛大学医学院病毒学实验室完成。①实验材料：清洁级SD大鼠5只，实验过程中对动物的处置符合动物伦理学标准。腺病毒穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV，骨架质粒pAdeasy-1，大肠杆菌BJ5183和DH10B，人胚肾293细胞均由青岛大学医学院微生物教研室罗兵教授惠赠。②实验方法：从脂多糖刺激培养的大鼠脾细胞中提取细胞总RNA，应用反转录多聚酶链反应技术扩增白细胞介素10 cDNA，定向亚克隆至pAdtrack-CMV中构建腺病毒穿梭质粒pAdtrack-CMV-IL-10，酶切线性化后转化到含腺病毒骨架质粒pAdEasy的BJ5183大肠杆菌中，获得重组腺病毒质粒pAd-IL-10，Lipofectamin包装转染293细胞，获得重组腺病毒vAd-IL-10，荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达。将293细胞接种于96孔板中，每孔1×104个细胞，浓缩后的病毒贮存液按不同比例稀释加至培养板中，测定重组腺病毒滴度。用重组腺病毒vAd-IL-10感染293细胞3 d后，以TRIzol一步法提取细胞总RNA，所获RNA加入DNaseⅠ消化处理可能污染的DNA后，PCR产物行琼脂糖电泳检测白细胞介素10 mRNA的表达。 结果：①重组腺病毒的包装及滴度测定：经限制性内切酶转染293细胞16 h后，荧光显微镜观察到细胞中有GFP荧光，可间接反映目的基因的表达。将病毒上清反复感染293细胞扩增重组腺病毒，通常传至第4~5代于接种病毒后24~48 h，几乎可观察到所有细胞出现荧光，此时收获病毒，重组病毒命名为vAd-IL-10。vAd-IL-10滴度为5.5×108 pfu/mL，vAd-GFP滴度为9.0×108 pfu/mL。②目的基因RT-PCR产物的鉴定：提取重组腺病毒感染293细胞总RNA，RT-PCR扩增后琼脂糖电泳显示特异性580 bp预计大小的片段，表明该重组腺病毒可在293细胞中有效转录。 结论：利用AdEasy腺病毒载体系统成功构建了携带白细胞介素10基因的重组腺病毒载体，并制备出高滴度的重组腺病毒vAd-IL-10，可在293细胞中有效转录。     

携带人内皮抑素基因的重组腺病毒构建及表达*☆

目的：内皮抑素是目前发现的作用最强的内皮细胞抑制因子，但内皮抑素蛋白极不稳定，难以制备及应用，故需要借助基因治疗发挥其抑制血管生成的作用。实验利用AdEasy-1系统构建并鉴定人内皮抑素重组腺病毒，并在人血脐静脉内皮细胞中表达出内皮抑素蛋白。 方法：实验于2006-03/10在中山大学生命科学院完成。以Pshuttle-Endostatin质粒为模板，应用特异引物，通过聚合酶链反应扩增纯化得到Endostatin基因片断，经测序鉴定后，酶切插入穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV中，再与骨架质粒AdEasy-1在大肠杆菌BJ5183中进行同源重组，重组质粒经筛选、提取、纯化后，经酶切及测序鉴定正确，再大量扩增为腺病毒载体，线性化后利用脂质体2000转染AAV293细胞包装并扩增，得到的病毒液纯化扩增后，感染人脐静脉内皮细胞，反转录-聚合酶链反应检测感染细胞中目的基因的表达，蛋白免疫印迹检测感染细胞中蛋白的表达。 结果：获得的Endostatin基因片段经酶切及测序鉴定正确，重组腺病毒质粒经酶切及测序鉴定正确，成功转染AAV293细胞，包装并扩增出病毒液，纯化后测滴度为2.06×1010 pfu/mL，进一步感染人脐静脉内皮细胞，在其中检测到目的基因及蛋白表达。 结论：人内皮抑素重组腺病毒pAd-Endo构建成功，且可在人脐静脉内皮细胞中表达出相应的目的基因及蛋白。     

大鼠黏结蛋白聚糖1基因重组腺病毒载体的构建及感染效率☆

背景：重组腺病毒质粒的构建方法主要有体外连接法和同源重组法。同源重组法有操作复杂、耗时长、效率低、纯化难的缺点。体外连接法又不可避免非特异性的基因重组及基因突变。 目的：应用改良体外连接法构建携带黏结蛋白聚糖1基因的重组腺病毒载体，测定其在心肌成纤维细胞中的感染效率。 设计、时间及地点：单一样本实验，于2007-08/2008-02在中山大学附属第二医院林百欣实验中心完成。 材料：穿梭载体pShuttle-CMV（含绿色荧光报告基因）和腺病毒骨架质粒pAdxsi购自诺赛基因组研究中心有限公司。 方法：核苷酸序列鉴定pCMV-Sport6.1-Sdc1质粒；用KpnⅠ + XhoⅠ从质粒pCMV-Sport6.1-Sdc1切出黏结蛋白聚糖1基因片段，亚克隆至pShuttle-CMV中，形成重组穿梭质粒。用I-CeuI + I-SceI双酶切出重组穿梭质粒中CMV-Sdc1片段，亚克隆至腺病毒基因组质粒中，得到重组腺病毒质粒。将重组腺病毒质粒转染293细胞包装获得重组腺病毒AdCMVSdc1，转化体外培养的心肌成纤维细胞。 主要观察指标：用DNA测序、酶切及聚合酶链反应法鉴定重组质粒和病毒，并测定重组腺病毒的滴度和感染效率。 结果：①核苷酸序列分析表明，pCMV-Sport6.1-Sdc1质粒正确携带大鼠黏结蛋白聚糖1 cDNA；黏结蛋白聚糖1基因被克隆于载体pShuttle-CMV上，以KpnⅠ + XhoⅠ双酶切可回收3 kb的克隆片段和5.1 kb的载体片段；重组腺病毒质粒用XhoⅠ酶切得到7个片段而空载体仅得到6个片段。②重组腺病毒质粒在293细胞中包装后产生的重组腺病毒对293细胞有致病作用；提取病毒DNA行聚合酶链反应鉴定可扩增出1.13 kb的特异性片段；用病毒上清多次重复感染293细胞扩增重组腺病毒后，病毒滴度检测达2.0×1011 PFU/mL。③用纯化浓缩后的重组腺病毒以感染复数为100感染心肌成纤维细胞，24 h后所有细胞均表达绿色荧光。 结论：成功构建了携带大鼠黏结蛋白聚糖1基因的重组腺病毒载体，经纯化浓缩后具有较高的滴度，能有效转染心肌成纤维细胞。     

携带人血红素加氧酶-1基因重组腺病毒的构建及其在大脑皮层神经元中的表达

目的构建人血红素加氧合酶-1（hHO-1）基因的重组腺病毒,并研究其感染大脑皮层神经元的效率。方法采用基因克隆技术,将hHO-1基因克隆到腺病毒穿梭质粒pShuttle—IRES—hrGFP中,构建pShuttle-hHO-1-IRES—hrGFP质粒,利用细菌BJ5183将穿梭质粒与pAdEasy-1进行重组,获得重组的腺病毒质粒。线性化的腺病毒质粒经脂质体转染AD293细胞,进行重组腺病毒的包装和扩增。采用CsCl梯度离心进行病毒纯化。获得的腺病毒感染大脑皮层神经元,观察其感染效率和hHO-1表达水平。结果通过酶切鉴定证明腺病毒载体构建成功,包装出携带hHO-1基因的腺病毒,病毒滴度为2．0×10^10pfu／ml,获得的腺病毒对大脑皮层神经元的感染效率高于95％以上。结论成功地利用细菌内同源重组方法构建了携带hHO-1基因的腺病毒,并能够在大脑皮层神经元中高效地表达,为利用HO—1进行基因治疗提供了材料。     

重组人骨形态发生蛋白2腺病毒载体的构建与鉴定*

背景：目前报道的重组腺病毒构建方法较复杂,构建周期长,导致重组腺病毒构建的成功率较低。GatewayTM技术是基于λ噬菌体的位点特异性高效重组系统,其构建重组病毒载体具有快捷高效的特点。 目的：构建含人骨形态发生蛋白2 基因的重组腺病毒载体,为应用骨形态发生蛋白2 基因治疗的研究奠定基础。 设计、时间及地点：单一样本观察,实验于2008-02/06在深圳市第二人民医院中心实验室完成。 材料：pOTB7-BMP-2 质粒、HEK293为ATTC产品;BLOCK-iTTM Adenovirus Expression System为Invitrogen产品;大肠杆菌DH5α为Biontex产品。 方法：用聚合酶链反应方法扩增骨形态发生蛋白2 目的基因,并插入载体pMD19-T Simple Vector中进行测序分析。将骨形态发生蛋白2 基因亚克隆到穿梭载体pEC3.1(+)中,构建pEC3.1-BMP-2 穿梭质粒,再将其中的表达盒通过重组克隆到pAd/BLOCK-iT™-DEST腺病毒载体中,线性化后转293 细胞进行包装获得重组腺病毒rAd-BMP2。 主要观察指标：①目的基因骨形态发生蛋白2 的聚合酶链反应扩增。②重组质粒TS-BMP2 的构建。③重组pEC3.1-BMP2 的构建。④重组pAd-BMP2 的构建。⑤重组腺病毒的制备与鉴定。 结果：正确扩增长约1.2 kb的骨形态发生蛋白2 cDNA,并成功地构建其腺病毒载体,经线性化的pAd-BMP2 DNA转染HEK293细胞,包装、扩增后得到人骨形态发生蛋白2 重组腺病毒(rAd-BMP2),其滴度约为1×1010 PFU/mL,该滴度可满足进一步的骨形态发生蛋白2 成骨作用的研究。 结论：成功地构建重组人骨形态发生蛋白2 腺病毒载体。     

Spatial patterns of visual cortical fast EEG during conditioned reflex in a rhesus monkey

A preliminary assay was made of the existence of time-space coherence patterns of fast EEG activity in the visual cortex of a Rhesus monkey. The primary intent of the present study was to evaluate the similarities and differences in relation to the olfactory bulb, where such coherences ave been described and have been demonstrated to be associated with behavior. Segments 1.5 s in duration were recorded simultaneously without averaging from 16 of 35 subdural electrodes fixed over the left occipital lobe in an array3.6cm× 2.8cm. Each segment was taken during the delivery of a visual conditioned stimulus (CS) and the performance of a conditioned response (CR) by a well-trained Rhesus monkey. The EEGs appeared chaotic with irregular bursts lasting 75–200 ms, resembling those in the olfactory EEG but with lower peak frequencies. Fourier spectra showed broad distributions of power resembling ‘ 1/fnoise’ with multiple peaks in the range of 20–40 Hz. Time intervals were selected where coherent activity seemed to be present at a number of electrodes. A dominant component waveform that was common to all channels was extracted by principal components analysis (PCA) of each segment. The distribution of the power of this component across the electrodes (the factor loadings) was used to describe the spatial pattern of the coherent cortical activity. Statistical analyses suggested that different patterns could be associated to the CS and the CR, as has been found in the olfactory system. These patterns remained stable over a 6 week recording interval. The patterns can be better discriminated, when the factor loadings of each channel are normalized to zero mean and unit variance, to discard a basic pattern of power distribution, which may reflect anatomical and electrode positioning factors that are related to behavioral information processing by the cortex. The wide spatial distribution of the common patterns found suggests that EEG patterns that manifest differing states of the visual cortex may also be accessible with scalp electrodes.     

脑红蛋白在脑梗死大鼠表达及丁苯酞干预效应

目的探讨脑红蛋白在脑梗死大鼠中的表达和丁苯酞干预在氧化应激损伤中作用。方法将90只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、治疗组。每组再分为3个亚组:1 d组、3 d组和7 d组,每亚组10只。模型组和治疗组采用线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型(MCAO),假手术组只分离不结扎。治疗组在动物苏醒后以丁苯酞植物油灌胃,假手术组和模型组同法给予等量植物油灌胃。每只大鼠在术后3h和处死前行神经功能评分,应用RT-PCR和免疫组化检测脑组织脑红蛋白(NGB)表达,化学比色法检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果 (1)神经功能评分,模型组和治疗组术后3 h评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),各时间点处死前评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)NGB mRNA和免疫组化表达随时间延长逐渐降低,各时间点模型组较假手术组、治疗组较模型组高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)SOD活性和MDA含量随时间延长逐渐减少。SOD活性假手术组较治疗组、治疗组较模型组高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);MDA含量假手术组较治疗组、治疗组较模型组低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论丁苯酞促进脑缺血大鼠脑红蛋白表达,减少氧化应激损伤。     

Health consequences of acute and chronic marihuana use

Chemical content, assay procedures, and pharmacokinetics of cannabis sativa are discussed briefly. Cannabinoid cellular effects relating to chromosomes and immunity including cellular metabolism and allergic reactions are presented. Gross and microscopic brain pathology due to cannabis use is reviewed involving EEG alterations, psychopathology including aggressive behaviour as well as properties of psychomotor impairment, tolerance and dependence. Cardiopulmonary effects of marihuana are recorded under pulmonary pharmacological effects including the macrophage defense system and effects of smoke constituents; under cardiovascular effects cardiac toxicity and possible mechanism of action are discussed. Alterations of reproductive hormonal production and maturation of reproductive cells by marihuana in males and females with attendant impairment of reproductive function or fertility including reproductive outcome are reported. Field studies with healthy chronic cannabis users in Jamaica, Greece and Costa Rica are related as to observed medical alterations. Potential clinical effects are summarized in point form.     

Concentration of antiepileptic drugs in persons with epilepsy: a comparative study in serum and saliva

Aim of the study: The monitoring of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in clinical setting is important for measuring the efficacy of drugs and their safety and in personalizing drug therapy. We investigated the levels of AED, carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT) and phenobarbital (PHB), to understand their association in saliva compared with those in serum during the therapy. Materials and methods: In this study, we performed a prospective study of 116 persons with epilepsy (PWE; mean age 26.90 ± 11.83 years). Serum and saliva samples were collected at trough levels from the patients, who were under the treatment of CBZ, PHT and PHB either alone or in combination of these drugs for at least three months. The drug levels were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results and conclusions: The number of males (n = 88; 75.86%) was higher than females (n = 28; 24.14%) among the recruited patients. The intake of CBZ, PHT and PHB was observed in 49.14%, 68.10% and 38.79% of PWE, respectively. The levels of these AEDs showed a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between serum and saliva. Interestingly, the levels of mono-therapy or bi-therapy showed a significant association (p < 0.05) between serum and saliva, however, there was no significant association in case of poly-therapy. This is the first report in the Indian population on simultaneous estimation of the three commonly used AEDs, such as CBZ, PHT and PHB in serum and saliva implicating their associations, either in mono-therapy or bi-therapy in PWE.     

Toward noninvasive monitoring of ongoing electrical activity of human uterus and fetal heart and brain

Objective

To evaluate whether a full-coverage fetal-maternal scanner can noninvasively monitor ongoing electrophysiological activity of maternal and fetal organs.

Expression of anti-cardiolipin antibodies and inflammatory associated factors in patients with schizophrenia

Numerous studies have implicated a connection between schizophrenia and autoimmune disorders. However, the precise relationship and underlying mechanism are still obscure. To further identify the association between autoimmune disorders and schizophrenia, the mRNA expressions of various cytokines and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in monocytes are examined by using RT-PCR. Additionally, ELISA and zymography were performed to determine the anti-cardiolipin antibody (aCL) and MMP9 activity in serum form schizophrenic patients. Notably, significantly increased interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 mRNA were observed in schizophrenic patients, whereas significant reductions of TLR-3 and TLR-5 mRNA were detected. Moreover, significantly increased levels of aCL antibody and a higher frequency of positive-MMP9 activity were detected in serum from patients with schizophrenia. Meanwhile, no significant association was found between each of the medications and aCL activity. These findings demonstrated autoimmune-related phenomena in schizophrenic patients and further suggested a connection between schizophrenia and autoimmune disorders.