同安居民饮用水藻类毒素污染与原发性肝癌关系的研究

近年来,中国、日本与澳大利亚学者应用动物试验模型已证实淡水蓝绿藻产生的环状七肽肝毒素———微囊藻毒素（ｍｉｃｒｏｃｙｓｔｉｎｓ,ＭＣ）为促癌性肝毒物,推测可能与某些地区肝癌高发有关。同安是福建省肝癌高发区,为了解同安居民饮用水中藻类毒素污染状况,我们于１９９８年８月对同安饮用水及水源环境进行了藻类毒素含量调查,结果如下。一、材料与方法１－水样采集：根据同安１９８７～１９８９年各乡镇肝癌死亡率资料,在各乡随机抽样,共采集不同类型水样６３份（浅井水４９份,池塘水７份,自来水４份,水库水３份）。２－藻…     

肝癌高发区扶绥县饮用水诱变效应与肝癌发病率关系

应用蚕豆根尖微核技术研究了扶绥县饮用水的诱变活性与肝癌发病率关系。结果表明该县饮用塘水中存在染色体畸变的物质，这类物质在各种饮水类型的水样中所诱发的蚕豆根尖微核效应与当地居民肝癌发病率关系一致（γ＝０．８６，Ｐ＜０．０５），提示这些化学诱变剂的存在可能是导致肝癌高发的重要因素之一，从而为肝癌的饮水污染病因理论提供实验佐证。     

肝癌高发区饮用水中化学诱变剂的污染调查

为了解居民饮用水中化学物质是否确与肝癌有关,我们采用紫露草微核试验,在国内肝癌高发区广西扶绥县,进行了居民饮用水中化学诱变剂污染的调查,试图通过观察污染物对植物细胞的微核效应,为深入研     

渔民饮用水微囊藻毒素污染与肝脏血清酶变化的研究

太湖是我国五大淡水湖之一，也是无锡市居民饮用水的主要来源。近年来由于生态环境恶化，地面水体富营养化，使藻类特别是有毒蓝绿藻大量繁殖，其毒素通过饮用水和娱乐用水给人类健康带来潜在威胁。为此，作者于2001年5月至2002年3月选择受蓝绿藻污染最为严重的无锡市渔港镇进行调查。     

福建省同安县原发性肝癌危险因素的流行病学研究概况

作者从１９９０年开始，对同安县肝癌高发现场的肝癌病因进行了流行病学研究。肝癌危险因素的病例一对照结果提示，同安肝癌高发与人均年收个人肝病史、家族肿瘤史、家庭生活、摄入量等因素有关。在此基础上的进一步研究认为，同安肝癌发病的主要原因，是ＨＢＶ感染，食吕黄曲霉毒素污染和饮水污染等多因素综合作用的结果。     

同安水环境藻类及藻类毒素分布调查

厦门市同安区是肝癌高发区,１９８７－１９８９年肝癌标化死亡率为４０－４５／１０万,为弄清同安居民饮用水灌类毒素污染与肝癌高发关系,１９９８年８月对同安饮用水及水源环境样本藻类及微囊灌毒素污染进行了调查。采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测微囊藻毒素,显微镜镜检进行藻类计数,分类。     

饮用水源藻类及其毒素污染与消化系统肿瘤的关系

目的 分析江苏省饮用水源富营养化现状,探讨藻类及其毒素污染与消化道肿瘤的关系。方法 对近期江苏省水源水质评价的监测资料和公开发表的论资料进行整理和再分析。理化指标检测按“生活饮用水标准检验法”GB5750—85进行。藻类数量种群和叶绿素分级评价按(湖泊富营养化调查规范)进行。藻类毒素用竞争酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法进行测定。结果 水源水中藻类种届主要为蓝藻门、隐藻门、硅藻门、绿藻门。富营养化严重程度依次为太湖、骆马湖、北山水库、如东内河和运河,最低是长江(贫营养)。不同饮用水源类型中藻毒素含量阳性率高低顺序是：太湖水源水、沟塘水、河水、浅井,而深井水为0,太湖水为水源的水厂其出厂水有阳性。饮用不同水源的肝癌死亡串高低顺序为沟塘水、河水和浅井水,这与藻毒素污染程度一致。全省9个消化道肿瘤高发县均为太湖、洪泽湖流域和水网地区,而低发地区为非水网地区或多山地区。结论 江苏省饮用水源藻类及藻毒素污染已成为水源水质普遍恶化的重要因素。藻类污染的优势种群突出,富营养化程度比较严重。藻类及藻毒素污染与人群消化道肿瘤有联系。     

微囊藻毒素的细胞毒性及机制研究状况

随着社会经济的发展,工农业排污和生活排污日趋增多,水体中的氮、磷等营养素的含量增高,导致水体富营养化,藻类异常繁殖而出现水华现象。水华不仅对水生生态系统的平衡有很大程度的破坏,其中的蓝绿藻还能产生对健康有潜在威胁的微囊藻毒素(mircrocystins,MCs)。由微囊藻毒素所造成的野生动物、家畜、家禽等中毒死亡事件有许多报道,因饮用水中含有微囊藻毒素所引发的人类肝损伤和肝癌高发也有一些报道。近年来,对微囊藻毒素的毒性研究已经取得初步成果,但对其细胞毒性及作用机理却知之甚少,本文就相关研究状况作一综述。1微囊藻毒素的一般概…     

第二松花江污染与沿江居民癌症死亡率关系的调查研究

为探讨第二松花江有机物污染对沿江居民的健康危害，回顾性调查了下游重点污染江段前郭县沿江饮用江水补给的浅层下水居民５年的癌症死亡率。发现沿江居民癌症死亡率呈逐年增加趋势。肿瘤的死亡率以肝癌和胃癌最高，其余依次为肺、肠、鼻咽和食管癌等。肝癌标化死亡率离江５ｋｍ以内为２４．３３／１０万，显著高于离江５－１０ｋｍ和１０－１５ｋｍ的肝癌标化死亡率。符合饮水污染引起肿瘤高发的特点。     

武汉市农村地区饮用水藻类污染状况调查

目的了解武汉市农村地区饮用水藻类污染状况。方法以武汉市郊黄陂、蔡甸两个区的饮用水为样本,鉴定种类,藻类计数和测定微囊藻毒素,并与同期汉江水厂,长江水厂及东湖水水样做对比分析。结果武汉市农村地区饮用水中的藻类分布以绿藻和硅藻为主,蓝藻次之,但有微囊藻、颤藻等可能产毒的种类检出,藻类数量远高于长江水和汉江水,此次调查微囊藻毒素均未超过现有标准规定的1.0μg/L。结论农村的水质状况较差,应积极开展农村饮用水藻类污染监测。     

Water treatment plants assessment at Talkha power plant

Talkha power plant is the only power plant located in El-Mansoura. It generates electricity using two different methods by steam turbine and gas turbine. Both plants drew water from River Nile (208 m3 /h). The Nile raw water passes through different treatment processes to be suitable for drinking and operational uses. At Talkha power plant, there are two purification plants used for drinking water supply (100 m3/h) and for water demineralization supply (108 m3/h). This study aimed at studying the efficiency of the water purification plants. For drinking water purification plant, the annual River Nile water characterized by slightly alkaline pH (7.4-8), high annual mean values of turbidity (10.06 NTU), Standard Plate Count (SPC) (313.3 CFU/1 ml), total coliform (2717/100 ml), fecal coliform (0-2400/100 ml), and total algae (3 x 10(4) org/I). The dominant group of algae all over the study period was green algae. The blue green algae was abundant in Summer and Autumn seasons. The pH range, and the annual mean values of turbidity, TDS, total hardness, sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, nitrites, fluoride, and residual chlorine for purified water were in compliance with Egyptian drinking water standards. All the SPC recorded values with an annual mean value of 10.13 CFU/1 ml indicated that chlorine dose and contact time were not enough to kill the bacteria. However, they were in compliance with Egyptian decree (should not exceed 50 CFU/1 ml). Although the removal efficiency of the plant for total coliform and blue green algae was high (98.5% and 99.2%, respectively), the limits of the obtained results with an annual mean values of 40/100 ml and 15.6 org/l were not in compliance with the Egyptian decree (should be free from total coliform, fecal coliform and blue green algae). For water demineralization treatment plant, the raw water was characterized by slightly alkaline pH. The annual mean values of conductivity, turbidity, and TDS were 354.6 microS/cm, 10.84 NTU, and 214.6 mg/I, respectively. There was an increase in the results of conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, and TDS in carbon filter effluent which was attributed to the desorption of adsorbed ions on the carbon media. The removal efficiencies of turbidity, total hardness, and TDS indicated the high efficiency of the cationic filter. The annual removal efficiencies of conductivity, turbidity, chloride, and TDS proved the efficiency of the anionic filter for removing the dissolved and suspended ions. All of the recorded values of the pH, conductivity, turbidity, chlorides, hardness, and TDS of the mixed bed effluent indicated that the water at this stage was of high quality for boiler feed. The study recommended adjustment of coagulant and residual chlorine doses as well as contact time, and continuous monitoring and maintenance of the different units.     

饮用矿泉水中绿色沉淀的研究

研究某厂生产的桶装用矿泉水放置１５在后变绿并产生绿色沉淀的原因,方法对生产工艺的各个环节采用分析并做了灭菌,灭藻实验。「结果」矿泉水生产工艺各环节的水样均检出藻类,成品水缸和成品水分别达２２０个／ｍＬ和２４０个／ｍＬ。     

A Green Algae Mixture of Scenedesmus and Schroederiella Attenuates Obesity-Linked Metabolic Syndrome in Rats

This study investigated the responses to a green algae mixture of Scenedesmus dimorphus and Schroederiella apiculata (SC) containing protein (46.1% of dry algae), insoluble fibre (19.6% of dry algae), minerals (3.7% of dry algae) and omega-3 fatty acids (2.8% of dry algae) as a dietary intervention in a high carbohydrate, high fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome model in four groups of male Wistar rats. Two groups were fed with a corn starch diet containing 68% carbohydrates as polysaccharides, while the other two groups were fed a diet high in simple carbohydrates (fructose and sucrose in food, 25% fructose in drinking water, total 68%) and fats (saturated and trans fats from beef tallow, total 24%). High carbohydrate, high fat-fed rats showed visceral obesity with hypertension, insulin resistance, cardiovascular remodelling, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. SC supplementation (5% of food) lowered total body and abdominal fat mass, increased lean mass, and attenuated hypertension, impaired glucose and insulin tolerance, endothelial dysfunction, infiltration of inflammatory cells into heart and liver, fibrosis, increased cardiac stiffness, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the high carbohydrate, high fat diet-fed rats. This study suggests that the insoluble fibre or protein in SC helps reverse diet-induced metabolic syndrome.     

远洋船舶水舱藻类污染调查

探讨远洋船舶水舱里藻与藻类毒素污染的现状,用显微镜作藻类计数分类,用间接ELISA法测藻类毒素.30艘远洋船舶水舱里检出饮水舱微囊藻毒素阳性19份,阳性率63.33%,浓度范围20.4～348.7ng/L;压载舱微囊藻毒素阳性26份,阳性率86.67%,浓度范围32.0～139.8ng/L.饮用水和压舱水都未发现藻类生长.追踪污染来源,来发现毒素污染与饮水或压舱水装载地有关联.结果提示远洋船舶水舱存在藻类毒素污染,可能是长期积累过程,水舱须定期清洗与监测,以免污染环境及影响船员身体健康.     

佛山市顺德区勒流镇原发性肝癌危险因素调查分析

目的探讨顺德区勒流镇肝癌的影响因素，为当地政府和慢性病防治部门制定肝癌防治措施提供科学依据。方法采用1：1配对病例对照研究方法；用EpiData3．1录入数据；使用SAS8．0统计分析软件进行统计，采用条Logistic回归分析资料。结果HBV感染、是否吸烟、戒烟状况和肝癌家族史与肝癌的发生关系密切；饮酒状况、膳食习惯和饮用水源与肝癌的发生无统计学意义。结论当地政府应提高认识，加强领导，加强开展切实有效的科教宣传工作，控制HBV感染和吸烟应成为今后顺德区勒流镇肝癌防治工作的重点。     

饮用天然矿泉水水源淡水藻类分布研究

目的 掌握饮用天然矿泉水水源淡水藻类污染现状。方法 对７４个灌装厂家的７７处饮用天然矿泉水水源采样调查。结果 在７７份样品中有４０份（５１．９５％）检出淡水藻类。蓝藻、绿灌及硅灌发现频率较高另外还有黄藻及裸藻。检出的２５个灌属中,聚球藻、小球藻占优势,绿球藻、栅藻、颤藻、组囊灌和形藻等也较常见。灌类检出与水源菌藻总数、大肠菌群无显著相关性。结论 饮用天然矿泉水水源很可能是灌灶污染瓶装矿泉水的主要原     

绿茶及混合茶抑制二乙基亚硝胺诱发大鼠肝癌前期病变的抗氧化机理研究

用二乙基亚硝胺（ＤＥＮ）诱发Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠肝癌前期病变（Ｓｏｌｔ－Ｆａｒｂｅｒ模型）。实验前６周给大鼠饮用２％绿茶水及０．５％混合茶水，于实验第８周末宰杀动物。结果发现，绿茶组及混合茶组肝ｒ－ＧＴ异常病灶数均明显低于阳性对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。经ＨＰＬＣ法分离肝微粒体脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、乙醛（ＡＣＴ）、戊醛（ＰＰ）、丙酮（ＡＣＯＮ），与阳性对照组相比，绿茶组和混合茶组的各种脂质过氧化产物均有不同程度的降低。此外，对多种抗氧化酶和Ⅱ相代谢酶活性进行检测，其中绿茶组ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＴ、ＱＲ活性明显高于阳性对照组；混合茶组ＣＡＴ、ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＴ、ＱＲ活性明显高于阳性对照组。结果表明，绿茶和混合茶对ＤＥＮ诱发大鼠肝癌的发生均有显著的预防作用。其作用机理可能和诱导抗氧化酶及某些Ⅱ相代谢酶活性，以及抑制脂质过氧化作用有关。     

饮用水藻类和藻毒素污染控制与处理研究进展

系统介绍了近几年国内外饮用水藻类和毒素污染控制及处理方法的研究近况;藻毒素的理化特性和控制标准;提出了一些今后在藻毒素污染控制及处理方面值得进一步研究及需要关注的问题。