咽食管括约肌切开术在喉全切除术后发音重建中的作用

目的　探讨咽食管括约肌切开术对减少咽食管括约肌失弛缓对喉全切除术后安装Blom Singer发音管发音重建的影响。方法　喉全切除术后 ,咽食管括约肌收缩或是痉挛都会不同程度地影响食管的气流并阻碍发音。咽食管括约肌的解剖位置是环咽肌以及其上的下咽缩肌的一部分和颈段食管上段的一部分。手术操作是在喉全切除术中、术后于气管造瘘口外上方切除长 5cm ,宽 1cm的咽食管括约肌。结果　 3 3例喉全切除术的患者进行咽食管括约肌切开术后有 3 2例发音成功 ,发音重建的成功率是 97%。其中包括 12例喉全切除术中I期进行环咽肌切开术 ,2 1例是Ⅱ期进行咽食管括约肌切开术的 ,后者又有 9例是安装Blom Singer发音管后发音不能再行咽食管括约肌切开术的。患者 3年存活 2 5例 ,5年存活 18例。同期行喉全切除术和咽食管括约肌切开术的 12例患者 ,Kaplan Meier法统计 3年生存率 81 82 % ,5年生存率 42 86%。结论　咽食管括约肌切开术能提高Blom Singer发音管发音重建的成功率。     

Blom-Singer发音管在喉全切除术后的临床应用

目的观察喉全切除术后应用Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能的效果。方法回顾性分析1994年9月～2003年8月15例喉全切除术后行Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能患者的临床资料。结果15例患者中12例行Ⅰ期发音管重建术，10例手术成功(10／12，83．33％)；3例行Ⅱ期发音管重建术，其中2例手术成功，两种术式的总成功率为80％(12／15)。Ⅰ期手术失败2例，与气管食管壁分离过多有关；Ⅱ期手术失败1例，系环咽肌切断不完全所致。结论喉全切除术后应用Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能是一种有效的发声重建方法，环咽肌切断及保留气管食管壁的完整是手术成功的美键。     

喉全切除术后气管食管穿刺发声重建的远期效果

目的：探讨气管食管穿刺(TEP)安放Blom-Singer发音管发声重建在喉全切除术后患者中的远期效果。方法：回顾性分析134例资料完整的喉全切除术后TEP安放Blom-Singer发音管发声患者的临床资料。应用多维语音分析系统(MDVP)对其中18例发音管发声患者的声学参数进行检测分析。结果：所有病例均随访2～15年。1986～1989年12例中7例获得满意结果,成功率58．3％。1990年以后的122例中,114例效果满意,成功率93．4％,总成功率90．3％。MDVP检测的发音管发声主要声学参数值都远远偏离正常。常见并发症有瘘口肉芽增生,早期感染,气、食管瘘口过大出现漏液等。结论：TEP安放发音管,操作简单,并发症少,成功率高,质量好,远期效果稳定,是一种目前让无喉患者开口讲话较好的手术方法。咽、食管括约肌切开术能提高BlomSinger发音管发声重建的成功率。     

全喉切除安装Blom－Singer发音管的临床应用

目的：为无喉患者重建发音功能。方法：常规全喉切除后，切开咽缩肌在气管后壁做一长4mm横切口，切透气管食管间膜部，形成一气管瘘道，将Blom-Singer发音管安置在瘘道中，用手指堵压气管造口，即可发音。结果：31例中25例能发音，成功率为80．65％，发音音质好，流畅，时值长，最长者已3年，无需更换发音管。发音仍十分满意。结论：该手术是一种效果令人满意的全喉切除发音重建方法。     

鸭嘴型硅胶发音管全喉切除术后发音重建

１９８６～１９９３年采用食管镜下气管食管间造瘘植入鸭嘴型硅胶发音管的方法为全喉切除术后患者行发音重建４３例，其中二期完成４０例，一期完成３例。１９８６～１９８９年间１２例中７例（５８．３％）获得满意声音。１９９０年以后对部分患者行环咽肌切断术、环状软骨切除术，并以食管吹气发音试验进行术前训练，完成３１例（其中３例全喉切除术同期完成发音重建），２９例（９３．３％）获满意声音。未见严重并发症。     

51例喉全切除术的临床分析

目的：探讨喉全切除术及发音重建术的临床应用价值及疗效。方法：对1988年1月--2001年12月间51例喉癌及喉咽癌施行喉全切除术及部分施行发音重建术的病例进行回顾性分析。结果：51例全部施行喉全切除术，其中17例行气管(环)咽吻合术，发音成功率88．2％(15／17)。6例行新喉再造术，发音成功率100％。3例行食管气管造瘘术，发音成功率66．7％(2／3)。25例行气管皮肤造口术(咽-食管发音)，发音成功率52％(13／25)。手术主要并发症咽瘘的发生率为17．6％(9／51)。5年生存率为64．7％(33／51)。结论：喉全切除术仍不失为治疗各种中、晚期喉癌及喉咽癌最基本、最安全的手术，特别是在喉全切基础上选择施行各种发音重建术，对病人恢复发音功能，提高病人生存质量，具有广泛临床府用价值。     

影响Blom-Singer发音管发声质量的原因分析

目的 了解影响Blom-Singer发音管发声障碍的各种相关因素。方法 回顾性分析1996年4月～2006年10月108例喉全切除术后行Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能患者的临床资料,其中施行Ⅰ期Blom-Singer发声重建术96例,Ⅱ期Blom Singer发声重建术12例,并对其发声效果进行追踪观察。结果 96例行Ⅰ期发音管重建术中,22例发声质量差（22/96,23%）;12例行Ⅱ期发音管重建术中,8例发声质量差（8/12,67%）。两种术式的总失败率为（30/108,28%）。结论 Ⅰ期Blom-Singer发声重建术较Ⅱ期Blom-Singer发声重建术成功率高。术后发声质量的效果与环咽肌的处理、气管食管壁的完整性、气管造瘘口的大小、咽瘘、食管下咽腔狭窄及肺功能等因素密切相关。     

鸭嘴型硅胶发音管全喉切除术后发音重建

１９８６－１９９３年采用食管镜下气管食管间造瘘植入鸭嘴型硅胶发音管的方法为全喉切除术后患者行发音重建４３例，其中二期完成４０例，一期完成３例。１９８６－１９８９年间１２例中７例（５８．３％）获得获得满意声音。１９９０年以后对部分患者行环咽肌切断术、环状软骨切除术，并以食管吹气发音试验进行术前训练，完成３１例（其中３例全喉切除术同期完成发音重建），２９例（９３．３％）获满音声音。未见严重并发症。     

喉全切除术后Blom-Singer发音管的临床应用

目的：分析Blom-Singer发音管在喉全切除术患者中的应用效果。方法：1995－1999年期间为18例因喉癌行喉全切除的患者安装了气管食管发音管，12例行一期发声重建术，6例行二期发声重建术，全部采用Blom-Singer发音管，结果：本组病例均随访3－5年，无死亡，本组成功者14例，成功率为77．8％，带管时间8－19月不等，平均为12月，换管次数最多的为6次。无严重并发症，失败者均为二期手术者，结论：凡喉全切除术者均可行一期发声重建术，二期手术的适应症必须严格控制，应重视术后发声训练，对于食管发声无效的喉全切除患者，气管食管发声重建术是一种有效的补充方法，能提高生活质量。     

食管充气试验在二期发音重建中的作用

目的 尽快恢复无喉者语言功能，减少手术创伤，提高预测二期发音重建手术成功的准确性，客观评价食管充气试验的实际临床意义。方法 对全喉切除术后无喉者行食管充气试验及二期发音重建，特别就食管充气试验阴性患者进行研究分析。结果 ４５例食管充气试验阴性患者行二期发音重建，而不行咽缩肌切断术的发音成功率９４％（３６／３８），阳性患者成功率１００％（７／７）；无论充气试验阴性或阳性患者术后发音效果均好于预测试验     

Functional outcome after surgery for prevention of pharyngospasms in tracheoesophageal speakers. Part I: Speech characteristics

The speech characteristics of 29 patients with primary tracheoesophageal puncture who received either a pharyngeal constrictor myotomy, a unilateral pharyngeal plexus neurectomy, or a unilateral pharyngeal plexus neurectomy with drainage myotomy limited to the cricopharyngeus were studied. All patients used a Blom-Singer low-pressure voice prosthesis. Audio recordings of each patient speaking with both the Blom-Singer tracheostoma valve and manual occlusion of the tracheostoma were recorded at 3 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery. The three surgical variations were equally effective at preventing pharyngospasms; only 1 patient (10%) in each group had some loss of fluency during the 12 month study period. Neurectomized patients produced significantly higher fundamental frequencies during reading than did patients in the other groups. Residual resting tone in the neurectomized pharyngoesophageal segment may contribute to more favorable speaking frequencies in this group.     

Voice rehabilitation with Provox2 voice prosthesis following total laryngectomy for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of the Provox2 voice prosthesis for voice rehabilitation following total laryngectomy. METHODS: From September 2000 to December 2004, the Provox2 voice prosthesis was used for voice rehabilitation in 32 patients following total laryngectomy. The quality of speech with the Provox2 voice prosthesis was analyzed using the HRS rating scale, the maximum phonation time (MPT), incidence of complications and the in situ lifetime. The rate of speech restoration was further analyzed in 129 patients with total laryngectomy from 1996 to 2004. RESULT: Twenty-nine of 32 patients were able to restore speech using the Provox2 voice prosthesis, a speech restoration rate of 90.6%. The maximum phonation time (MPT) was measured in 18 patients using the Provox2 voice prosthesis. The mean MPT was 15.1 s, with a range of 8-28 s. MPT was not influenced by age, concurrent radiotherapy treatment, the location of the primary tumor or use of reconstructive surgery. The average lifetime of the Provox2 in patients with laryngeal carcinoma (12 patients) and hypopharyngeal carcinoma (17 patients) was 27.2 and 16.6 weeks, respectively, which was significantly different (P=0.024, non-parametric Mann-Whitney's U-test). The rate of speech restoration by the use of esophageal speech, and insertion of an artificial larynx was 62.7% for laryngeal carcinoma (59 cases) and 38.6% for hypopharyngeal carcinoma (70 cases), which was also significantly different (P<0.01, chi-square test). CONCLUSION: Provox2 voice prosthesis speech was very useful due to the higher rate of speech restoration, longer phonatory time, and better intelligibility. It was also thought that voice prosthesis speech was useful in conjunction with esophageal speech and an artificial larynx depending on the patient's condition or wishes.     

Postlaryngectomy voice restoration. A prospective study in 83 patients.

From July 1985 until May 1990, 83 patients underwent a total laryngectomy. We prospectively studied voice restoration in 81 of them (two died postoperatively). Esophageal voice was used by 19 patients; a tracheoesophageal procedure (myomucosal shunt, primary or secondary puncture with Blom-Singer prosthesis) by 41; and 21 patients had no voice restoration. Results were assessed according to voice quality and usage. Tracheoesophageal speech had a success rate of 73% (good voice, daily use) after 1 month, while esophageal voice proved to have only a 5% success rate. Thirty patients (37%), however, remained without a substitute voice. The reasons for their exclusion are presented; they include a high rate of refusal.     

Surgical voice restoration with the Blom-Singer prosthesis following laryngopharyngoesophagectomy and pharyngogastric anastomosis

Surgical voice restoration using the Blom-Singer technique is a well-established procedure in patients who have undergone simple laryngectomy. Operations for hypopharyngeal carcinoma are more extensive and require reconstruction using regional skin or myocutaneous flaps, or reanastomosis with colon, jejunum, or stomach. We report the use of the Blom-Singer prosthesis in four patients who had undergone pharyngogastric repair following laryngopharyngoesophagectomy and who had failed to achieve a satisfactory voice. All patients initially developed good speech using the prosthesis. Two patients subsequently had their prostheses removed: one because of recurrent malignant disease and one because the procedure had not significantly altered the quality of the voice. The remaining two patients have continued to use the device at 2 and 5 years after insertion with good voice production.     

Voice restoration with voice prosthesis after total laryngectomy. Assessment of survival time of 378 Provox-1, Provox-2 and Blom-Singer voice prosthesis]

Voice Restoration with Voice Prosthesis after Total Laryngectomy. Assessment of Survival Time of 378 Provox-1, Provox-2 and Blom-Singer Voice Prosthesis. BACKGROUND: Indwelling voice prosthesis are used in Trier for voice restoration after total laryngectomy since 1991. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: To assess the voice prosthesis survival times the patients of the years 1993-1999 are assessed retrospectively. PARTICIPANTS: 58 patients provided with indwelling voice prosthesis were seen regularly at follow-up. 378 prosthesis were changed. Provox 1, Provox 2 and Blom-Singer-Prostheses were used. RESULTS: The average survival lifetime of the prosthesis was 224 days for Provox-1, 96 days for Provox-2 and 107 days for Blom-Singer respectively. There is no significant difference found between Provox-2 and Blom-Singer Prosthesis. The survival times of the Provox-1 Prosthesis is significant longer. CONCLUSION: Using indwelling voice prosthesis for voice restoration after total laryngectomy an average survival time of the prosthesis of three months can be expected. There are relevant individual differences. Provox-1 Prosthesis have a significantly longer survival time, but as they are more difficult to handle they are not suitable for routine use. The indication for the choice between Blom-Singer or Provox-2 Prosthesis should be influenced by the surgeons' experience.     

Delayed diagnosis of tracheoesophageal prosthesis aspiration

In 1980, Singer and Blom published the results of their study on use of the tracheoesophageal puncture prosthesis for restoration of voice after total laryngectomy. Since then, the placement of tracheoesophageal puncture prostheses has been an integral part of rehabilitation after laryngectomy. Complications of this procedure have been recognized and are usually minimal. Inadvertent aspiration of the prosthesis is rare. Usually, patients seek help immediately after the incident. We report a case of unnoticed aspiration of a Blom-Singer prosthesis in a patient with a laryngectomy.     

Finger-free speech following total laryngectomy. Instrumentation and technic of surgical voice rehabilitation

Surgical voice restoration during and after total laryngectomy using Blom-Singer puncture and the glottoplasty techniques provide good results. There is no doubt that the proportion of patients with a good voice is higher after surgical voice restoration than with the use of the esophageal speech or electronic speaking aids. Nevertheless there are problems due to the shunt or the necessary daily changing of the prosthesis with its risks, and failures due to the tracheostomy, the prosthesis and the pharynx. In order to reduce these surgical problems we developed new instruments, a personal surgical procedure for restoration during and after laryngectomy using this set of instruments, a new type of prosthesis and a tracheostoma valve. This technique allows the patient to speak fluently without using his hands, to breathe and to swallow without aspirating.     

Effect of cricopharyngeus myotomy on postlaryngectomy pharyngeal contraction pressures

After total laryngectomy, the cricopharyngeus muscle, when intact, appears to inhibit the free flow of saliva and secretions past the pharyngeal repair into the upper esophagus. The authors hypothesize that cricopharyngeus myotomy reduces sphincteric pressure, thereby diminishing forces against the pharyngeal suture line. Peak pharyngeal pressures were recorded in patients who underwent total laryngectomy with and without cricopharyngeus myotomy. In patients without concurrent myotomy, peak pharyngeal pressures were all greater than 60 mm Hg. With concurrent myotomy, peak pharyngeal pressures averaged less than 40 mm Hg. Concurrent myotomy carries with it the potential for minimizing postoperative fistulization, eliminating dysphagia of cricopharyngeus spasm, and improving the acquisition of alaryngeal speech.