Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: patient selection and perioperative outcomes

PURPOSE: We compared the results of transperitoneal (T) and retroperitoneal (R) approaches to laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) in regard to perioperative outcomes and technical considerations, thereby, identifying patient selection guidelines for each approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The choice of approach was dictated primarily by tumor location, that is TLPN for anterior or lateral lesions and RLPN for posterior or posterolateral lesions. The approaches differed primarily by the hilar control technique. During TLPN en bloc hilar control was achieved with a Satinsky clamp, while during RLPN individual vessel control was obtained with bulldog clamps. RESULTS: In a 3-year period 100 TLPNs and 63 RLPNs were performed for renal tumor. Of posterior tumors 77% were managed by RLPN, whereas 97% of anterior tumors were managed by TLPN. TLPN was associated with significantly larger tumors (3.2 vs 2.5 cm, p <0.001), more caliceal suture repairs (79% vs 57%, p = 0.004), longer ischemia time (31 vs 28 minutes, p = 0.04), longer operative time (3.5 vs 2.9 hours, p <0.001) and longer hospital stay (2.9 vs 2.2 days, p <0.01) than RLPN. Blood loss, perioperative complications, postoperative serum creatinine, analgesic requirements and histological outcomes were comparable between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: We perform TLPN for all anterior or lateral tumors as well as for large or deeply infiltrating posterior tumors that require substantive resection (heminephrectomy). The limited retroperitoneal space makes RLPN technically more challenging but provides superior access to posterior and particularly posteromedial lesions. When feasible, we prefer to perform laparoscopic partial nephrectomy by the transperitoneal approach because of its larger working area and superior instrument angles for intracorporeal renal reconstruction.     

经腹腔与腹膜后行腹腔镜肾癌根治术的比较

目的:比较经腹腔和腹膜后方式行腹腔镜肾癌根治术的优缺点。方法:随机将60例肾癌患者分别经腹腔或腹膜后方式行腹腔镜下肾癌根治术,比较两组术中、术后的情况。结果:与经腹腔方式比较,腹膜后方式处理肾动脉平均时间、处理肾静脉平均时间、总的手术平均时间较短。但经腹膜和腹膜后方式在估计出血量、术后住院时间、术中并发症和术后并发症发生率上无明显差异。结论:腹腔镜下经腹腔或腹膜后方式行肾癌根治术均有效,但后者在处理肾门和总的手术时间方面更快。     

Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy: A comparative study

Objectives:   To compare perioperative outcome of transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches during laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) and to identify selection criteria for each approach.
Methods:   Over a 7-year period, 100 consecutive patients (median age 62 years, range 20–80) underwent LRN for a renal tumor with clinical stage T1a–T3a. The first choice approach was retroperitoneal. The transperitoneal approach was chosen in selected cases based on tumor characteristics. Thirty-three patients underwent the transperitoneal approach, and 67 had the retroperitoneal approach. Perioperative parameters including operative time, blood loss and complications and pathology data were retrospectively analyzed.
Results:   Overall, 33 transperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomies (TLRN) and 67 retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomies (RLRN) were carried out. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of size (5.3 vs 3.0 cm, P  < 0.0001) and clinical T stage (higher in the TLRN group, P  < 0.0001) of the tumors. Intraoperative complications included bradycardia, pneumothorax, renal vein injury, and renal artery injury in the TLRN group, and pneumothorax in the RLRN group. There were no differences in terms of operative time, blood loss and tumor grade between the two groups.
Conclusions:   Retroperitoneal and transperitoneal approaches yielded excellent surgical outcomes. The transperitoneal approach should be chosen based on tumor size and location to minimize vascular injury.     

Interpreting nephrometry scores with three-dimensional virtual modelling for better planning of robotic partial nephrectomy and predicting complications

Objective3D models are increasingly used as additional preoperative tools for renal surgery. We aim to evaluate the impact of 3D renal models in the assessment of PADUA, RENAL, Contact Surface Area (CSA) and Arterial Based Complexity (ABC) for the prediction of complications after Robot assisted Partial Nephrectomy (RAPN).Methods and materialsOverall, 57 patients with T1 and 1 patient with T2 renal mass referred to RAPN, were prospectively enrolled. 3D virtual modelling was obtained from 2D computed tomography (CT). Two radiologists recorded PADUA_2D, RENAL_2D, CSA_2D and ABC_2D by evaluation of 2D images; two bioengineers recorded PADUA_3D, RENAL_3D, CSA_3D and ABC_3D by evaluation of the 3D model, using MeshMixer software. To evaluate the concordance between 2D and 3D nephrometry scores, Cohen's j coefficient was calculated. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to evaluate the accuracy of 3D and 2D nephrometry scores to predict overall complications. Finally, the impact of 3D model on clamping approach during RAPN was compared to 2D imaging.ResultsPADUA_3D, RENAL_3D, CSA_3D and ABC_3D scores had a significant different distribution compared to PADUA_2D, RENAL_2D, CSA_2D and ABC_2D (all p≤0.03). 2D nephrometry scores may be unchanged, reduced or increased after assessment by 3D models: CSA_3D, PADUA_3D, RENAL_3D and ABC_3D were reduced in14%, 26%, 29% and 16% and increased in 16%, 36%, 38% and 29% of cases, respectively. At ROC curve analysis, PADUA_3D, RENAL_3D and ABC_3D showed were significantly better accuracy to predict complications compared to PADUA_2D, RENAL_2D and ABC_2D. PADUA_3D (OR: 1.66), RENAL_3D (OR: 1.69) and ABC_3D (OR: 2.44) revealed a significant correlation with postoperative complications (all P ≤0.03).ConclusionNephrometry scores calculated via 3D models predict complications after RAPN with higher accuracy than conventional 2D imaging.     

Correlation of the RENAL nephrometry score with warm ischemia time after robotic partial nephrectomy

Purpose

The RENAL nephrometry score (RNS) was developed to quantify complexity of renal tumors in a reproducible manner. We aim to determine whether individual categories of the RNS have different impact on the warm ischemia time (WIT) for patients undergoing robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN).

Methods

In a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database, we identified 251 consecutive patients who underwent RPN between January 2007 and June 2010. RNS was determined in 187 with available imaging. Univariable analysis and multivariable linear regression analysis were performed to identify which factors were more significantly associated with WIT.

Results

Overall RNS was of low (4–6), moderate (7–9), and high complexity (10–12) in 84 (45 %), 80 (43 %), and 23 (12 %) patients, respectively. There was no association between gender (p = 0.6), BMI (p = 0.3), or anterior/posterior location (A) (p = 0.8), and WIT. On univariable analysis, longer WIT was associated with size (R) >4 cm (p < 0.0001), entirely endophytic properties (E) (p = 0.005), tumor <4 mm from the collecting system/sinus (N) (p < 0.0001), and location between the polar lines (L) (p = 0.004). Total RNS and WIT were highly correlated (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.54, p < 0.0001). There was a significant trend of higher WIT with increased tumor complexity (p for trend <0.0001). After multivariable analysis, only R (p = 0.0003), E (p = 0.003), and N (p = 0.00002) components of the RNS were significantly associated with WIT.

Conclusions

The A and L subcategories of the RNS have no significant impact on the WIT of patients undergoing RPN. WIT is significantly dependent upon the other subcategories, as well as the overall RNS. These findings can be used to preoperatively predict which tumor characteristics will likely affect WIT and may be useful in preoperative counseling as well as planning of approach.     

Prediction of complications after partial nephrectomy by RENAL nephrometry score

Introduction

Discussing and planning the appropriate management for suspicious renal masses can be challenging. With the development of nephrometry scoring methods, we aimed to evaluate the ability of the RENAL nephrometry score to predict both the incidence of postoperative complications and the change in renal function after a partial nephrectomy.

Methods

This was a retrospective study including 128 consecutive patients who underwent a partial nephrectomy (open and laparoscopic) for renal lesions in a tertiary UK referral centre. Univariate and multivariate ordinal regression models were used to identify associations between Clavien–Dindo classification and explanatory variables. The Kendall rank correlation coefficient was used to examine an association between RENAL nephrometry score and a drop in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) following surgery.

Results

An increase in the RENAL nephrometry score of one point resulted in greater odds of being in a higher Clavien–Dindo classification after controlling for RENAL suffix and type of surgical procedure (odds ratio [OR]: 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–1.64, p=0.043). Furthermore, a patient with the RENAL suffix ‘p’ (ie posterior location of tumour) had increased odds of developing more serious complications (OR: 2.60, 95% CI: 1.07–6.30, p=0.042). A correlation was shown between RENAL nephrometry score and postoperative drop in eGFR (Kendall’s tau coefficient -0.24, p=0.004).

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first study that has shown the predictive ability of the RENAL nephrometry scoring system in a UK cohort both in terms of postoperative complications and change in renal function.     

Robotic retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy

Purpose of review

Robotic-assisted renal surgery is being increasingly utilized; however, the majority of these are performed via a transperitoneal approach. Retroperitoneal robotic surgery is a relatively new technique allowing direct access to the posterolateral surface of the kidney, as well as posterior hilar structures. In this review, we summarize the most recent publications and review our experience of robotic retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy.

Recent findings

The retroperitoneal approach has been successfully applied to robotic partial nephrectomy. The current series find this approach ideal for posterior and lateral renal masses, and technically feasible with the advances in robotic technology. The retroperitoneal approach has been shown to decrease operative times, narcotic need, and permit quicker return of bowel function. Furthermore, there does not appear to be any increase in perioperative complications using this approach. Since 2006, we have treated 68 patients using this approach. The mean age was 58.9 years, and mean preoperative tumor size 2.5 cm (range 1–5 cm). Mean operative and warm ischemia time were 125 min and 20.7 min, respectively. The majority of patients had renal cell carcinoma, with a 4.4 % positive margin rate. The most common complication was an arterial pseudoaneurysm in 3 (4.4 %) patients.

Summary

The limited data using this technique offer an encouraging outlook on robotic retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy. The retroperitoneal approach permits direct access to the renal hilum, no need for bowel mobilization, and excellent visualization for posteriorly located renal masses.     

后腹腔镜下肾肿瘤剜除术的临床疗效观察(附5例报告)

目的：探讨后腹腔镜下肾肿瘤剜除术的操作要点及临床价值。方法：采用后腹腔镜下肾肿瘤剜除术治疗肾肿瘤5例，其中肾癌3例，肾错钩瘤2例，瘤体直径1．5～4．0cm。具体方法是：①暴露瘤体和肾动脉；②采用硅胶管牵拉肾动脉，必要时可暂时阻断肾动脉；③于瘤体1cm正常肾组织处用电钩切除瘤体；④采用生物蛋白胶、止血纱布缝合加压处理创面出血。结果：手术均获成功。手术时间150～210min，术中出血80～350ml。术后1～2天肠道功能恢复并可床上活动，1～4天可下床活动。术后住院5～9天，平均7天。结论：后腹腔镜下肾肿瘤剜除术具有创伤小、康复快、安全、住院时间短等优点；对外生性生长、直径小于4cm瘤体，该法可作为首选手术方法。     

Bilateral robotic single-site partial nephrectomy

We performed bilateral robotic single-site partial nephrectomy on a 51-year-old man with bilateral renal tumors. Left partial nephrectomy without renal arterial clamping and right partial nephrectomy with a warm ischemic time of 29 minutes were performed through a single umbilical port and one additional port. The total operative time was 350 minutes including 238 minutes of robotic console time. There were no operative complications and no open conversions. Follow-up exams over a 12-month period showed no tumor recurrence. Our report shows the technical feasibility of bilateral robotic single-site partial nephrectomy.     

经腹入路和经腹膜后入路机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术的医护配合

目的总结经腹腔入路和经腹膜后入路机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术的护理经验。 方法回顾性分析我院泌尿外科2016年1月至2020年1月的86例经腹入路和128例经腹膜后入路机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术的临床资料。评价两种方式体位安置用时、护理潜在风险事件、装机前准备时间、医师满意度等指标。 结果两组患者手术均顺利完成,无一例中转开放,两组体位安置用时、护理潜在风险事件发生率、肾热缺血时间、医师满意度比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。但装机前准备时间和手术时间经腹膜后入路较经腹入路缩短,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论经腹入路和经腹膜后入路机器人肾部分切除在围术期护理上有共性,也各有其护理特点和关注点。术前应充分评估、了解手术方案,根据手术方案针对性进行体位摆设,做好患者安全监护,术中备物齐全、熟练配合,缩短肾动脉阻断时间,才能保证手术效果。     

RENAL nephrometry score predicts surgical outcomes of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? For small renal tumours, partial nephrectomy provides excellent cancer control and preserves renal function. The RENAL Nephrometry Score is useful for quantifying anatomic features relevant to surgical decision‐making. In patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, this study shows a correlation between RENAL Nephrometry Score and estimated blood loss, warm ischemia time, and length of hospital stay, suggesting that the RENAL Nephrometry Score may be useful for predicting the technical challenge posed by a renal tumour.

OBJECTIVE

? To assess the use of the RENAL Nephrometry Score (RNS), which has been proposed as an anatomical classification system for renal masses, aiming to predict surgical outcomes for patients undergoing laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

? In the present study, 159 consecutive patients who underwent LPN were reviewed and RNS was calculated for 141 patients with solitary renal masses who had complete radiographic data. ? Renal tumours were categorized by RNS as low (nephrometry sum 4–6), intermediate (sum 7–9) and high (sum 10–12).

RESULTS

? Of the 141 patients, there were 43 (30%) low, 91 (65%) intermediate and seven (5%) high score lesions. There was no statistically significant difference in the demographics of the three groups. ? There was a significant difference in warm ischaemia time (16 vs 23 vs 31 min; P < 0.001), estimated blood loss (163 vs 312 vs 317 mL; P= 0.034) and length of hospital stay (1.2 vs 1.9 vs 2.3 days; P < 0.001) between the low, intermediate and high score groups, respectively. There was no difference in overall operative time (P= 0.862), transfusion rate (P= 0.665), complication rate (P= 0.419), preoperative creatinine clearance (P= 0.888) or postoperative creatinine clearance (P= 0.473) between the groups. ? Sixty‐one lesions (43%) were anterior and 80 (57%) were posterior. No difference was found among any intra‐operative, pathological or postoperative outcomes when comparing anterior vs posterior lesions.

CONCLUSIONS

? In patients undergoing LPN, a higher RNS was significantly associated with an increased estimated blood loss, warm ischaemia time and length of hospital stay. ? The RNS may stratify tumours based on the technical difficulty of performing LPN.     

Transperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in the renal tumor treatment

Laparoscopic surgery is a surgical technique the urologist should add to his surgical armamentarium. Its performance tries to mimic the surgical phases of open surgery, and also its indications. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is a sophisticated technique that requires wide experience in the performance of endoscopic strategies. We are submitting our experience with 35 laparoscopic partial transperitoneal nephrectomies with a mean follow-up of 25 months. The mean surgical time was 200 minutes, the mean bleeding 190 cc, and the mean hospitalisation five days. Two postoperative bleedings were identified, there were no conversions, and positive margins were notified in two cases, where upon a conservative attitude was adopted.     

Comparison of retroperitoneal and transperitoneal robotic partial nephrectomy for Pentafecta perioperative and renal functional outcomes

Background

We compared quality outcomes between transperitoneal (TRPN) and retroperitoneal robotic partial nephrectomy (RRPN).

Methods

Two-center retrospective analysis of TRPN and RRPN from 10/2009 to 10/2015. Perioperative/renal function outcomes were analyzed. Primary endpoint was Pentafecta, a composite measure of quality [negative margin, no 30-day complication, ischemia time ≤25 min, return of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to >90% from baseline at last follow-up, and no chronic kidney disease upstaging]. Multivariable analysis (MVA) for factors associated with lack of optimal outcome was performed.

Results

404 patients (TRPN 263, RRPN 141) were analyzed. Comparing TRPN vs. RRPN, mean tumor size (3.1 vs. 2.9 cm, p = 0.122) and RENAL score (7.4 vs. 7.2, p = 0.503) were similar. Most TRPN were anterior (65.0%) and most RRPN posterior (65.3%, p < 0.001). Operative time (p = 0.001) was less for RRPN. No significant differences between TRPN vs. RRPN were noted for ischemia time (23.1 vs. 22.8 min, p = 0.313), blood loss (p = 0.772), positive margins (p = 0.590), complications (p = 0.537), length of stay (p = 0.296), ΔeGFR (p = 0.246), eGFR recovery to >90% (55.9 vs. 57.4%, p = 0.833), and lack of CKD upstaging (84.0 vs. 87.2%, p = 0.464). Pentafecta rates were not significantly different (TRPN 33.9 vs. RRPN 43.3%, p = 0.526). MVA revealed increasing RENAL score (OR 1.5, p < 0.001) and decreasing baseline eGFR (OR 2.4, p = 0.017) as predictive for lack of Pentafecta.

Conclusions

TRPN and RRPN have similar quality outcomes, though RRPN may offer modest benefit for operative time and have utility in posterior tumors. Association of increasing RENAL score and decreased baseline eGFR with lack of Pentafecta suggests dominant role of non-modifiable factors.