动态三维超声心动图诊断左心瓣膜疾病的价值研究

【目的】探讨动态三维超声心动图诊断左心系统瓣膜疾病的临床应用价值。【方法】应用动态三维（3D）重建技术研究60例有左心系统瓣膜疾病的患者。全部病例经胸壁二维超声（TTE）、经食道超声（TEE）检查及3D重建，形成动态三维超声心动图，观察瓣膜的形态、结构及活动情况。对49例行手术患者观察术中瓣膜情况并与二维及3D图像进行对比。对行主动脉瓣置换术者将TTE、TEE及3D状态下的主动脉瓣环最大径测值与人工瓣之间进行线性相关分析并建立回归方程。【结果】3D重建能显示瓣膜的整体结构；3D所诊断的瓣膜局部解剖信息全部被手术所证实，在部分病变的显示中，3D超声能补充纠正TTE的诊断：TEE、3D的主动脉瓣环最大径测值与人工瓣大小有良好的相关性（P〈0．05），较TTE更为密切（P〈0．05）。【结论】动态三维超声心动图像较经胸二维超声全面清晰，可为左心瓣膜病变提供更准确的诊断信息；动态三维超声能较准确地测量主动脉瓣环最大径，在换瓣手术中能为人工瓣大小的选择提供参考。     

二维及三维超声心动图对主动脉瓣环径测量的相关性研究

目的 探讨二维及三维超声心动图测量主动脉瓣环径(AAD)的相关性,以期为临床提供一种简单、准确的主动脉瓣环径计算方法。 方法 52例因主动脉瓣狭窄行主动脉瓣置换术患者,常规经胸及经食管二维超声测量主动脉瓣环径,分别记为TTE-AAD、TEE-AAD;经食管三维超声(RT 3D TEE)采集主动脉根部全容积图像,利用QLAB定量软件获得主动脉瓣环相关参数:瓣环高度(H)、瓣环在投影平面内的面积(A_2D)、投影平面中二维视图周长(C_2D),并计算主动脉瓣环径(3D-AAD);将三维主动脉瓣环相关参数与二维超声测值进行对比和相关性分析。 结果 主动脉瓣环各参数收缩期及舒张期测值间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其收缩期测值大于舒张期。TTE-AAD与TEE-AAD同一时相测值相比差异无统计学意义;二者与3D-AAD同一时相比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001),相对于3D-AAD,二维主动脉瓣环径测值偏小,但TEE-AAD和3D-AAD相关性较好(收缩期和舒张期r值分别为0.775和0.765)。通过直线回归分析,得出主动脉瓣环径的推演公式为3D-AADs=0.531×TEE-AADs+19.897(mm)。 结论 RT 3D TEE及其定量分析软件可用于重建主动脉瓣环三维形态并计算瓣环相关参数,经食管二维超声测量的主动脉瓣环径与经食管三维超声计算的主动脉瓣环径相关性较好。     

经食道超声心动图在心脏瓣膜置换术中的临床应用价值

目的分析经食道超声心动图在心脏瓣膜置换术(HVR)中的应用价值。方法选取2018年8月至2020年8月在三门峡市中心医院接受心脏瓣膜置换术的116例患者作为研究对象。所有患者术后均进行病理检查,并于术前、术后实施经食道超声心动图检查。检查结果由一名资深医生予以记录,包括钙化斑块及主动脉瓣环内径等情况。对比患者术前、术后心功能及术后瓣膜情况。结果患者二维(25.86%)、三维(30.17%)经食道超声心动图(TEE)检查所得钙化斑块检出率均略低于手术病理结果检出率(37.07%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);二维、三维TEE检查所得主动脉瓣环内径均低于手术病理结果,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。患者术后有效瓣口面积指数、左心室射血分数水平均高于术前(P<0.05),术后主动脉瓣平均跨瓣压差水平低于术前(P<0.05)。116例患者均完成HVR,其中7例(6.03%)患者主动脉瓣环径于术中变大,应用大号人工瓣膜实施手术;4例(3.45%)发生钙化瓣分裂,应用人工瓣膜进行固定,116例患者术后复查结果显示瓣膜开启正常。结论心脏瓣膜置换术中应用经食道超声心动图检查能明确心脏瓣膜病变情况,便于评价患者心功能,为术前人工瓣膜选择提供参考,有效提升手术成功率。     

重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者瓣环径多种方法测量前后的护理

目的通过有效的护理干预,使多排螺旋CT成像质量达到优,比较不同的方法对重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者瓣环径测值的差别,探讨最优测量手段。方法64例重度主动脉辩狭窄患者,分别行二雏经胸超声心动图（TTE）、二雏经食管超声心动图（TEE）、多排螺旋CT（MSCT）及三维成像测量主动脉瓣环径。结果64例患者通过护理干预,61例患者行多排螺旋CT（MSCT）,一次成功,图像的质量优良,3例失败,1周后重做成功,图像的质量良。MSCT显示主动脉瓣环为椭圆形结构,TTE及TEE方法仅提供一个瓣环值。结论主动脉瓣环为椭圆形形态,瓣环径的测量应采用三维MSCT方法。MSCT检查前、检查中、检查后的护理是保证检查的成功,保证图像的质量的清晰度,确保测量的精确度。     

经食道超声心动图诊断先天性二叶式主动脉瓣

目的:评价经食道超声超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)诊断先天性二叶式主动脉瓣(aor-ticdual valve,ADV)的价值。方法:对经胸超声心动图(transthorax echocardiography,TTE)诊断为ADV的60例患者进行经食道超声检查,观察主动脉瓣叶的数目、形态、瓣膜回声、启闭状态及血流动力学特点。结果:TTE诊断的60例ADV有41例经TEE及导管介入检查确诊,其中25例经手术证实,其余19例中5例为四叶瓣畸形,14例为三叶瓣。结论:TEE结合TTE检查可为先天性二叶式主动脉瓣的诊治提供直观的临床数据。     

经食管超声心动图多切面扫查对感染性心内膜炎的诊断价值研究

目的:探究经食管超声心动图(TEE)多切面扫查对感染性心内膜炎(IE)的诊断价值。方法:纳入IE患者147例,先天性心脏病(CHD)95例,风湿性心脏病(RHD)52例,均进行经胸超声心动图(TTE)和TEE检查。以手术结果为金标准,比较TTE和TEE对IE患者赘生物瓣膜累及的诊断敏感度、特异度、准确率。比较TTE和TEE对CHD、RHD患者不同瓣膜累及部位赘生物的检出率。比较TTE和TEE对IE患者并发症的检出率。结果:TEE对IE合并RHD诊断灵敏度、准确率,以及对IE总体的诊断灵敏度、特异度和准确率均高于TTE,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。TTE和TEE对IE合并CHD患者主动脉瓣、二尖瓣、主动脉瓣+二尖瓣、三尖瓣和肺动脉瓣的检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。TEE对IE合并RHD患者二尖瓣赘生物的检出率高于TTE,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TEE对IE患者瓣周脓肿、瓣膜穿孔、瓣膜脱垂、瓣周漏的检出率均高于TTE,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:与TTE相比,TEE多切面扫查在IE患者赘生物、并发症诊断中具有较...     

超声心动图在主动脉瓣测量和置换术中的作用

目的探讨利用超声心动图(心超)测量主动脉瓣环内径,为患者在人工机械主动脉瓣置换术前选择一个大小型号合适的人工机械瓣膜.方法对291例顺序施行人工机械主动脉瓣置换术患者在术前作经胸壁超声心动图检查并测量主动脉瓣环内径,将测值与手术中实际采用的人工机械主动脉瓣的型号大小进行比较对照和相关性分析.结果术前经心超在胸骨旁左室长轴切面观所测量的主动脉瓣开放最大时间的主动脉瓣环内径的测值与手术中实际采用的人工机械主动脉瓣大小呈显著性相关性(r=0.830,P<0.05,n=291).同时推算出利用术前心超的主动脉瓣环的测值减去2或3 mm(进口人工机械瓣)或减去5或6个单位(国产人工机械瓣)所得到的数值即为手术所选的人工机械瓣的大小.结论利用心超测量主动脉瓣环内径的测值可作为临床手术医师术前选择合适的人工机械瓣膜的有用的参考数据.     

二维、三维经食管超声心动图及术中心血管造影在左心耳封堵器型号选择中的价值

目的 比较经食管二维超声心动图（two dimensional transesophageal echocardiography，2D–TEE）、经食管实时三维超声心动图（real–time threedimensional transesophageal echocardiography，RT–3D–TEE）及术中心血管造影（angiocardiography，CAG）3种影像学方法在指导左心耳封堵器型号选择中的价值。方法 选取2020年1月至2021年12月在南昌市第一医院行左心耳封堵术的非瓣膜病心房颤动患者31例。所有受试患者均行2D–TEE、RT–3D–TEE及CAG检查，分别测量左心耳锚定区最大径、最小径及左心耳深度，并比较三者之间的差异。以左心耳口锚定区最大径作为依据，选择适当封堵器型号并记录。比较3种方法测量的左心耳锚定区最大径与左心耳封堵器型号之间的相关性及3种测量方法与封堵器型号的一致性。结果 31例患者均成功植入Watchman封堵器，3种方法测得的左心耳锚定区开口最大径比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.01），2D–TEE测得的左心耳锚定区最大径显著小于RT–3D–TEE，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），RT–3D–TEE测得的左心耳锚定区最大径小于CAG，但差异比较无统计学意义（P>0.05）。3种检查方法测得的左心耳锚定区开口最小径和左心耳深度比较，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2D–TEE、RT–3D–TEE及CAG 3种方法测得的左心耳最大径与封堵器尺寸大小均呈正相关（r=0.725、0.867、0.921，P<0.001）。采用Bland–Altman分析3种测量方法测得的左心耳口锚定区最大径与封堵器大小之间的一致性显示，RT–3D–TEE及CAG两种方法测量值的平均差值更小、一致性界限更窄。结论 RT–3D–TEE及CAG在左心耳封堵器型号的选择中具有重要的指导意义。     

经食管实时三维超声心动图对主动脉瓣环形态的可视化定量研究

目的应用经食管实时三维超声心动图(RT 3DTEE)及其定量分析软件对主动脉瓣环进行可视化三维重建和定量分析,以期为主动脉疾病的外科及介入治疗提供更加客观、准确的依据。方法 70例行RT 3DTEE检查的患者,采集主动脉根部实时三维全容积图像,应用QLAB 7.0瓣环定量分析软件对收缩末期及舒张末期主动脉瓣环进行三维可视化重建,并测量主动脉瓣环相关参数,包括主动脉瓣环高度(H)、三维环周长(C3D)、投影平面中二维环周长(C2D)、瓣环在投影平面内的面积(A2D)以及二维环周长与三维环周长之比(C2D/C3D)。结果主动脉瓣环的三维形态与患者的瓣叶数目相关,三叶式主动脉瓣环呈三叉皇冠状,二叶式和四叶式主动脉瓣其瓣环分别呈二叉、四叉皇冠状;主动脉瓣环投影形态呈多态性,可呈椭圆形、类三角形和不规则形。主动脉瓣环参数收缩期和舒张期测值差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 RT 3DTEE及瓣环定量分析软件能真实重建主动脉瓣环立体解剖形态,并实现瓣环定量描述。     

超声心动图在主动脉瓣测量和置换术中的作用

目的探讨利用超声心动图(心超)测量主动脉瓣环内径,为患者在人工机械主动脉瓣置换术前选择一个大小型号合适的人工机械瓣膜.方法对291例顺序施行人工机械主动脉瓣置换术患者在术前作经胸壁超声心动图检查并测量主动脉瓣环内径,将测值与手术中实际采用的人工机械主动脉瓣的型号大小进行比较对照和相关性分析.结果术前经心超在胸骨旁左室长轴切面观所测量的主动脉瓣开放最大时间的主动脉瓣环内径的测值与手术中实际采用的人工机械主动脉瓣大小呈显著性相关性(r=0.830,P<0.05,n=291).同时推算出利用术前心超的主动脉瓣环的测值减去2或3 mm(进口人工机械瓣)或减去5或6个单位(国产人工机械瓣)所得到的数值即为手术所选的人工机械瓣的大小.结论利用心超测量主动脉瓣环内径的测值可作为临床手术医师术前选择合适的人工机械瓣膜的有用的参考数据.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.