Curettage and aspiration in splenic hilar lymph node dissection for spleen-preserving radical D2 gastrectomy

D2 radical gastrectomy is the standard procedure for gastric cancer in the middle or upper part of the stomach. According to the latest Japanese treatment guidelines for gastric cancer, dissection of the splenic hilar lymph nodes is required during the radical treatment for this condition. This study reports a D2 radical total gastrectomy employing the curettage and dissection techniques, in which the resection of the anterior lobe of transverse mesocolon, vascular denudation and splenic hilar lymph node dissection were successfully completed.Key Words: Gastric cancer, gastrectomy, lymph node dissection, curettage and dissection     

胃癌D2根治术后大出血的临床分析

目的总结分析胃癌D2根治术后发生大出血的原因及治疗方法并探讨其对生存预后的影响。方法回顾性分析广东省中医院2012年1月至2016年3月258例行胃癌D2根治术患者的临床资料,根据术后是否发生大出血分为出血组和非出血组。结果14例患者(5.4%)术后发生大出血;吻合口出血、十二指肠残端瘘或破裂是出血的主要原因;二次手术和胃镜止血是主要治疗措施。两组的短期总生存期有统计学意义(1年:P=0.017,3年:P=0.011)。结论吻合口出血、十二指肠残端瘘或破裂是胃癌D2根治术后出血的主要原因,及时诊断和治疗能有效降低病死率。胃癌D2根治术后大出血会降低患者的短期总生存期。     

Laparoscopic gastrectomy with lymph node dissection for gastric cancer

Since 1991, laparoscopic surgery has been adopted for the treatment of gastric cancer, and it has been performed worldwide, especially in Japan and Korea. We reviewed the English-language literature to clarify the current status of and problems associated with laparoscopic gastrectomy with lymph node dissection as treatment for gastric cancer. In Japan, early-stage gastric cancer (T1/T2, N0) is considered the only indication for laparoscopic gastrectomy. As yet, there is little high-level evidence based on long-term outcome supporting laparoscopic gastrectomy for cancer, but reports have provided level 3 evidence that the procedure is technically safe, and that it yields better short-term outcomes than open surgery; that is, recovery is faster, hospital stay is shorter, there is less pain, and cosmesis is better. However, investigation into the oncological outcome of laparoscopic gastrectomy as treatment for cancer is lacking. To establish laparoscopic surgery as a standard treatment for gastric cancer, multicenter randomized controlled trials to compare the short- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery are necessary.     

Laparoscopic gastrectomy with regional lymph node dissection for upper gastric cancer

Recently, a minimally invasive operation for gastric malignancies has been developed, and this laparoscopic operation is seen as a technique that will raise quality of life for patients. Previously, we reported this technique, as well as the results of a distal gastrectomy with regional lymph node dissection using hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) for gastric cancer located in the middle or lower third of the stomach. This paper describes total or proximal gastrectomy with regional lymph node dissection by HALS on 28 cases of gastric cancer located in the upper portion of the stomach. After the mobilization of stomach and lymph node dissection via HALS, an anastomosis of the esophagus was performed intracorporeally with a conventional circular stapling device (PCEEA), whereas jejunojejunostomy and jejunogastrostomy were carried out extracorporeally with a conventional hand-sewn procedure through a HALS wound. The operation time and the amount of blood loss in all the patients were considered to be satisfactory, and the average number of dissected lymph nodes per patient was similar to that in open surgery. The patients had minimal morbidity and quick recovery after their operation. This technique was thought to be not only less invasive, but also similarly curative compared with open gastrectomy. Received: May 2, 2002 / Accepted: September 12, 2002 Offprint requests to: S. Tanimura     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术中围脾门区域淋巴结的清扫优势

目的 比较进展期胃中上部癌行腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术与开腹根治性全胃切除术时对围脾门区域淋巴结的清扫情况.方法 选取2008年9月至2011年1月进展期胃中上部癌患者312例,按手术方式分为腹腔镜辅助全胃切除术(腹腔镜组)及开腹根治性全胃切除术(开腹组),每组156例,观察比较两组的围脾门区域淋巴结清扫情况.结果 腹腔镜组和开腹组清扫的淋巴结数目分别为( 29.57±9.62)枚和(29.38±11.22)枚,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.875).腹腔镜组和开腹组围脾门区域(第10、11d组)清扫淋巴结数目分别为(2.01±1.34)枚和(1.33±1.11)枚,两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.000).腹腔镜组和开腹组围腹腔干区域(第7、8、9、11p及12a2组)清扫淋巴结数目分别为(7.90±3.41)枚和(7.22±2.65)枚,差异无统计学意义(p=0.050).两组患者在贲门区域(第1、2组)、幽门区域(第5、6组)和大小网膜区域(第3、4组)清扫淋巴结数目的差异均无统计学意义(P=0.605,P=0.248,P=0.262).结论 在进展期胃癌中,腹腔镜下行根治性全胃切除术在围脾门区域淋巴结清扫方面较开腹手术更具优势.     

Single-incision laparoscopic total gastrectomy with D1+beta lymph node dissection for proximal early gastric cancer

Single-incision laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer has recently been reported by a few centers in Korea and Japan. In this technical report, we describe the world’s first pure single-incision laparoscopic total gastrectomy with D1+beta lymph node dissection for proximal early gastric cancer.     

乳腺癌改良根治术中腋窝淋巴结清扫方法的改进

腋窝淋巴结清扫是乳腺癌改良根治术的一个重要步骤,以往并发症的发生率相对较高,如何减少术后并发症的发生,仍是需要不断探索的问题.我院自2008年7月起改进了乳腺癌改良根治术中腋窝淋巴结清扫的手术方法,向腋窝注射脂肪溶解液后用超声剪进行淋巴结清扫,取得了明显效果,现将结果报告如下.     

全腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术治疗高龄胃癌患者的安全性及生存分析

目的:评价全腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术治疗高龄胃癌患者的安全性及对患者生存的分析。方法:采用回顾性病例对照研究的方法,纳入2012年10月到2016年9月在空军军医大学附属唐都医院胃肠外科行手术治疗的70岁以上胃癌患者108例,根据手术方式差异分为腹腔镜组(n=54)和开腹组(n=54)。收集并分析两组患者的临床病理学资料和术后30天内并发症发生情况及生存状况。结果:两组术前一般特征及术后病理学特征比较未见统计学差异(P>0.05)。与开腹组相比,腹腔镜组术中出血量、围手术期输血更少(69.6±44.6 vs 234.1±110.5,P=0.000;27.8% vs 53.7%,P=0.006),术后首次通气时间早(3.0±1.1 vs 3.8±1.1,P=0.000),且术后住院时间短(7.4±3.4 vs 9.3±4.0,P=0.011)。开腹组术后30天内非腹部并发症发生率更高(29.6% vs 9.3%,P=0.007),但两组腹部并发症(18.5% vs 11.1%,P=0.302)和严重并发症比较(7.4% vs 1.9%,P=0.206)未见统计学差异。腹腔镜组1年、2年及3年累计生存率分别为87.6%、80.1%及58.6%,开腹组1年、2年及3年累计生存率分别为84.8%、68.9%和54.3%,组间比较未见统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:全腹腔镜D2根治术治疗高龄胃癌患者安全可行,且具有术中出血少、术后首次通气时间早、术后住院时间短的优势,患者术后远期生存情况与传统开腹手术相当。     

乳腺癌改良根治术中腋窝淋巴结清扫方法的改进

腋窝淋巴结清扫是乳腺癌改良根治术的一个重要步骤,以往并发症的发生率相对较高,如何减少术后并发症的发生,仍是需要不断探索的问题.我院自2008年7月起改进了乳腺癌改良根治术中腋窝淋巴结清扫的手术方法,向腋窝注射脂肪溶解液后用超声剪进行淋巴结清扫,取得了明显效果,现将结果报告如下.     

乳腺癌改良根治术中腋窝淋巴结清扫方法的改进

腋窝淋巴结清扫是乳腺癌改良根治术的一个重要步骤,以往并发症的发生率相对较高,如何减少术后并发症的发生,仍是需要不断探索的问题.我院自2008年7月起改进了乳腺癌改良根治术中腋窝淋巴结清扫的手术方法,向腋窝注射脂肪溶解液后用超声剪进行淋巴结清扫,取得了明显效果,现将结果报告如下.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a useful way of assessing axillary status and obviating axillary dissection in patients with node-negative breast cancer. A combination of dye- and gamma probe-guided methods can identify SLN more accurately and easily than either of these techniques alone. On the other hand, SLN biopsy is highly accurate and sensitive in patients with small tumors, and no false-negative SLN biopsy has been reported for a breast cancer < 1.0-1.5 cm. Moreover, extensive intraoperative examination of SLNs using frozen sections can attain a sensitivity comparable to that obtained by histologic examination on the permanent sections. In practice, therefore, axillary dissection can be avoided in patients with small tumors in whom the SLNs are negative.     

术前应用纳米活性炭对腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗效果及淋巴结清扫的影响

目的 探讨术前应用纳米活性炭对腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗效果及淋巴结清扫的影响.方法 选择88例胃癌患者,根据随机数字表法分为两组,每组44例.所有患者均接受腹腔镜胃癌根治术联合D2淋巴结清扫术治疗,研究组术前应用纳米活性炭混悬液注射,对照组不应用纳米活性炭混悬液.比较两组淋巴结清扫情况、术后肿瘤复发率、淋巴结转移率、死亡率和并发症发生率.结果 对照组共清扫1257枚淋巴结,研究组共清除1730枚淋巴结,其中1007枚黑染淋巴结,黑染率为58.21％.研究组清扫平均淋巴结数和平均微小淋巴结数均明显多于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);对照组平均淋巴结转移数目为(3.47±3.41)枚,研究组平均淋巴结转移数目为(7.52±4.93)枚,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);对照组淋巴结转移率为14.88％(187/1257),研究组淋巴结转移率为19.13％(331/1730),黑染淋巴结转移率为23.14％(233/1007),研究组淋巴结转移率与黑染淋巴结转移率均明显高于对照组淋巴结转移率,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);两组患者肿瘤复发率与死亡率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).研究组中未出现与纳米活性炭相关的不良反应;对照组和研究组术后肺部感染、切口感染、肠梗阻、胃瘫并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 对行腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者术前应用纳米活性炭安全性较高,能有效提高总淋巴结、微小淋巴结以及转移淋巴结清扫数目,降低腹腔镜胃癌根治术中淋巴结的清除难度,利于改善患者预后及生活质量.     

Evaluation of lymph node counts in primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection

BACKGROUND:

Lymph node counts are a measure of quality assurance and are associated with prognosis for numerous malignancies. To date, investigations of lymph node counts in testis cancer are lacking.

METHODS:

By using the Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Testis Cancer database, the authors identified 255 patients who underwent primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) between 1999 and 2008. Features that were associated with lymph node counts, positive lymph nodes, the number of positive lymph nodes, and the risk of positive contralateral lymph nodes were evaluated with regression models.

RESULTS:

The median (interquartile range [IQR]) total lymph node count was 38 lymph nodes (IQR, 27‐53 total lymph nodes), and it was 48 (IQR, 34‐61 total lymph nodes) during the most recent 5 years. Features that were associated with higher lymph node count on multivariate analysis included high‐volume surgeon (P = .034), clinical stage (P = .036), and more recent year of surgery (P < .001); whereas pathologist was not associated significantly with lymph node count (P = .3). Clinical stage (P < .001) and total lymph node count (P = .045) were associated significantly with finding positive lymph nodes on multivariate analysis. The probability of finding positive lymph nodes was 23%, 23%, 31%, and 48% if the total lymph node count was <21, 21 to 40, 41 to 60, and >60, respectively. With a median follow‐up of 3 years, all patients remained alive, and 16 patients developed recurrent disease, although no patients developed recurrent disease in the paracaval, interaortocaval, para‐aortic, or iliac regions.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results suggested that >40 lymph nodes removed at RPLND improve the diagnostic efficacy of the operation. The authors believe that these results will be useful for future trials comparing RPLNDs, especially when assessing the adequacy of lymph node dissection. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

Surgical outcome of laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy with extraperigastric lymph node dissection for gastric cancer.

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy (LAG) with extraperigastric lymph node dissection for gastric cancer. METHODS: The authors attempted LAG with extraperigastric lymph node dissection in 117 consecutive gastric cancer patients between May 1998 and January 2004. The clinico-pathologic characteristics, operative outcomes, post-operative morbidities and mortalities, and follow-up findings of patients with advanced gastric cancer were evaluated. RESULTS: LAG with extraperigastric lymph node dissection were successfully performed in 114 of 117 patients (success rate, 97%). Of these 114 successful cases, 100 cases were early gastric cancers and 14 cases were advanced gastric cancers. The mean operation time for the 114 cases was 259 (range 150-415) min, and the mean number of retrieved lymph nodes was 23 (range 6-66). Operative mortality, hospital death, and overall post-operative complication rates were 0, 1.7 and 14.7%, respectively. Follow-up was available in 110 of the 112 patients (two post-operative hospital deaths were excluded from the 114). Follow-up ranged from 6 to 74 months (median: 19). 108 patients remain alive without recurrence or port-site metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: LAG with extraperigastric lymph node dissection is a technically feasible and acceptable method for the surgical treatment of gastric cancer.     

不同浆膜反应类型胃癌淋巴结转移特点及其对实施合理根治术的指导意义

目的 分析不同浆膜反应类型胃癌淋巴结转移的特点,探讨其对实施合理根治术的指导意义.方法 收集73例因胃癌行全胃切除术患者的临床病理资料,按照浆膜反应类型分为正常型和反应型、结节型、腱状型和多彩弥漫型3组.比较3组间的淋巴结转移情况.结果 73例患者中,有61例出现淋巴结转移,转移率为83.6%.全组共切除2137枚淋巴结,其中有癌转移的淋巴结762枚,转移度为35.7%.正常型和反应型转移度为5.3%,结节型转移度为37.1%,腱状型和多彩弥漫型转移度为50.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).按照淋巴结分组分层,绝大多数淋巴结分组中不同浆膜反应类型患者淋巴结转移率差异也有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 在胃癌浆膜分型中,正常型和反应型淋巴结转移度最低,结节型居中,腱状型和多彩弥漫型转移度最高.行胃癌切除术时,可根据浆膜反应类型判断淋巴结的转移程度,选择合理的术式.     

Extended lymph node dissection in gastrointestinal cancer

We reviewed the literature concerning the effect of extended lymph node dissection on survival in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Most retrospective and/or prospective nonrandomized comparative studies have claimed that extended lymph node dissection significantly improves survival rate in patients with esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. However, it is difficult to interpret these results since specialized care provided in trials may itself improve survival. In gastric cancer, several prospective randomized trials have failed to demonstrate a survival advantage of extended dissection, while there are few well-done prospective randomized trials in esophageal or colorectal cancer. Therefore, the therapeutic value of extended lymph node dissection remains to be determined in gastrointestinal cancer. Randomized prospective studies within the bounds of the ethical treatment of patients can and should be done. J. Surg. Oncol. 1997;65:57-65. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in testicular cancer

With long-term survival in excess of 90% across all stages, testicular cancer has come to represent the model for successful multidisciplinary cancer care. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) remains an integral component of testis cancer management strategies for both early- and advanced-stage disease. Commensurate with improvements made in clinical staging and in our understanding of the natural history of testis cancer, lymphatic spread, and neuroanatomy, considerable modifications in the technique and template of RPLND have taken place. The morbidity of primary RPLND and postchemotherapy RPLND is low when performed by experienced surgeons. This article reviews the evolution, role, and technique of RPLND in contemporary practice.