乙状窦后-颌下入路治疗颈静脉孔区哑铃型神经鞘瘤

目的 探讨颈静脉孔区哑铃型神经鞘瘤的临床特点、手术入路及治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析采用枕下乙状窦后-颌下联合入路显微切除5例颈静脉孔区哑铃型神经鞘瘤的临床资料、手术入路及术后随访情况.结果 术中证实,术后病理确诊颈静脉孔区哑铃型神经鞘瘤.5例肿瘤中,全切除4例,次全切除1例.术后患者临床症状均较术前明显改善.结论 经枕下乙状窦后-颌下联合入路能良好显露、安全切除颈静脉孔区哑铃型神经鞘瘤,手术治疗效果良好.     

应用枕下经颈静脉突入路显微手术切除颈静脉孔区肿瘤

目的回顾应用枕下经颈静脉突（STJP）入路手术切除的颈静脉孔（JF）肿瘤病例，探讨该入路的临床价值及适用范围。方法回顾总结自2000年1月以来STJP入路14例和枕下一颞下窝联合入路1例切除的JF肿瘤病人的临床资料、手术入路及术后随访情况。结果本组14例JF肿瘤中，1例肿瘤局限于JF区；5例肿瘤完全向颅内发展；8例肿瘤主体位于颅内，其中2例部分瘤体向下跨枕大孔进入颈椎管上部，6例部分瘤体经JF向外口处发展，呈哑铃型，后者中有2例向前累及颈动脉鞘。手术全切除10例；近全切除1例；次全切除3例。术后无1例发生脑脊液漏。13例（92．9％）患者未新增颅神经损害症状，1例术后出现短期患侧眼外展麻痹和面神经不全损害（HBⅢ级）。术后随访3-60个月（失访1例），病人术前颅神经损害均逐渐恢复或代偿，随访时无1例存在吞咽困难。1例肿瘤颅外部分发展至颞下窝咽旁间隙采用枕下-颞下窝联合入路的患者术后出现后组颅神经损害表现，伴短期切口脑脊液漏。鼻饲4个月时因水、电解质紊乱合并肺部感染死亡。结论STJP入路操作简便易行，无需磨除岩骨及轮廓化面神经管，不破坏迷路，对颅底骨质破坏较少，显露范围较广泛，适用于主体在JF区和向颅内发展的JF肿瘤切除。     

巨大型颈静脉球瘤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨巨大型颈静脉球瘤的诊断和治疗经验。方法对７例病人行临床影像学检查和手术治疗，３例术后辅以放疗和／或γ刀治疗。结果颈静脉球瘤病人症状多不典型。肿瘤全切除４例，次全或大部切除３例，死亡１例。６例随访１～３５年，预后良好。结论要重视本病发病隐蔽的特点，及时进行影像学检查。扩大的后外侧枕下入路利于全切除肿瘤及提高疗效     

颈静脉孔区颅内外沟通型肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的探讨颈静脉孔区颅内外沟通型肿瘤的临床特点、诊断和治疗。方法对6例颈静脉孔区颅内外沟通型肿瘤进行临床分析,6例均采用手术治疗,其中4例经颈-乳突入路,2例经改良颈静脉孔入路。结果6例肿瘤中5例全切,1例次全切。其中神经鞘瘤4例,颈静脉球瘤1例,脑膜瘤1例。恢复满意5例,死亡1例。结论颈静脉孔区颅内外沟通型肿瘤以神经鞘瘤常见,其次为脑膜瘤和颈静脉球瘤,显微技术和面神经监测的应用,可达到的良好手术效果。     

颈静脉孔区颅内-外沟通瘤的手术治疗

目的:总结、探讨远外侧经颈静脉孔入路治疗颈静脉孔区颅内-外沟通瘤的手术方法和注意事项。方法:对17例颈静脉孔区颅内-外沟通瘤患者采用远外侧颈静脉孔入路切除肿瘤。结果:患者肿瘤全切除13例,近全切除3例,次全切除1例。术后患者功能障碍大多明显改善。10例患者获临床和MRI随访3~42个月,未见肿瘤残留和复发。结论:采用远外侧经颈静脉孔入路可以充分暴露颈静脉孔区,利于手术同时切除颅内-外肿瘤。采用从颈静脉孔上、下两端分离肿瘤的手术方法,可保持肿瘤包膜完整,是减少颈静脉(球)和神经损伤、防止肿瘤残留的关键。根据DSA或MRV显示,结合术中判断乙状窦闭塞的情况切开乙状窦。手术结束时须严密缝合硬脑膜。     

枕下极外侧髁上入路处理颈静脉孔区肿瘤

目的探讨枕下极外侧髁上入路手术切除颈静脉孔区肿瘤的临床价值及适用范围。方法分析75例枕下极外侧髁上入路手术的颈静脉孔区肿瘤患者的资料。其中神经鞘瘤28例,副神经节瘤25例,脑膜瘤11例,脊索瘤7例,软骨肉瘤4例。根据肿瘤的生长方向和大小范围,使用拐杖形切口者42例,围绕耳廓下颌角的弧形切口者33例。每例患者在枕骨髁上方磨开颈静脉孔,切除孔内外的肿瘤。结果肿瘤手术全切除51例;近全切除17例;次全切除7例。术后5例患者发生脑脊液漏。术中脑神经功能监测有利于后组脑神经的解剖保留。33例患者未新增脑神经损害症状。术后随访3~24个月,16例患者存在轻度饮水呛咳、声音嘶哑但无吞咽困难;无永久带气管插管或胃管的患者。结论该入路显露充分,无需过多磨除岩骨及轮廓化面神经管,对寰枕关节的稳定性影响较小,适于切除主体在颈静脉孔区和向颅内及颅颈交界部扩展的肿瘤。     

枕下经颈-颈静脉突入路切除颈静脉孔肿瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨枕下经颈-颈静脉突入路切除颈静脉孔区肿瘤手术的疗效及并发症处理。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第一医院神经外科2015年4月—2019年5月,行枕下经颈-颈静脉突入路手术治疗的13例颈静脉孔区肿瘤患者的临床资料。主要分析影像学检查、手术效果、术后并发症及其处理和预后。结果 本组患者中,11例患者达到肿瘤全切除,2例患者次全切除。术后,7例患者症状缓解; 3例患者出现脑脊液漏; 5例患者出现后组颅神经麻痹症状加重,其中3例患者行气管切开; 1例患者发生脑梗死。结论 枕下经颈-颈静脉突入路是切除颈静脉孔区肿瘤的有效术式。     

颈静脉孔区颅内外沟通型神经鞘瘤的外科治疗

目的总结颈静脉孔区颅内外沟通型神经鞘瘤的手术经验。方法回顾性分析10例颈静脉孔区颅内外沟通型神经鞘瘤的临床资料。肿瘤均由神经外科和头颈外科联合经颅-颈入路一期切除。结果 肿瘤全切除9例,次全切除1例。术后新出现面瘫1例;脑脊液鼻漏3例,再次手术修补1例;术前神经功能障碍加重3例。无手术死亡病例。随访18~60个月,神经功能障碍均明显好转,无肿瘤复发。结论神经外科和头颈外科联合经颅-颈入路手术切除是治疗颈静脉孔区颅内外沟通型神经鞘瘤,尤其是伴有明显的颈部扩展者的理想方法 。     

颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤的诊断及显微外科治疗

目的探讨颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤的诊断及显微手术治疗方法。方法回顾分析我院2003年至2008年5例诊断为颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤的患者临床资料。结果术后病理均证实为神经鞘瘤。全切肿瘤3例,次全切2例。术后3例有声音嘶哑伴吞咽困难,1例面部感觉麻木伴面瘫,随访中逐渐好转,1例听力丧失,余术后面神经和听神经功能均有所改善。结论根据临床症状和CT、MRI相结合可以进行正确诊断和肿瘤的分型。选择最佳手术入路,达到以最小的创伤而获得最佳的手术效果。     

颈静脉孔神经鞘瘤

颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤较为罕见,且常与颈静脉球瘤、听神经鞘瘤发生误诊,影像学诊断技术的进步增强了对该部位病变的鉴别能力,更利于选择准确的手术入路。现复习近年有关文献,对本病的诊断与治疗予以综述。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。