ICU患者的病原菌分布与耐药情况分析

目的了解本地区来源于重症监护病房(ICU)患者病原菌的分布及抗菌药的耐药性,为临床的抗菌治疗提供依据。方法对郴州市第一人民医院2013年1-12月所有来自ICU的细菌检查标本,经培养分离出病原菌以法国梅里埃的ATB系统对细菌进行鉴定及药物敏感试验,使用WHONET5.6软件进行统计分析。结果 ICU共分离出1 407株菌。其中革兰阴性菌945株,占67.16%。革兰阳性菌336株,占23.88%。念珠菌126株,占8.96%。排名前五位的是:鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌。标本来源居前三位的是痰液、血液和尿液,分别占44.92%、10.87%和7.82%。药敏结果显示,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率近82%,未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的葡萄球菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率分别为71.8%和56.1%。肠杆菌科细菌中存在部分耐碳青霉烯类菌株。结论 ICU病区的细菌分布及耐药情况与普通病房差异有统计学意义。病原菌以泛耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌及耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌为主,细菌耐药性严重。另外真菌的检出率也高于普通病房,严重威胁患者生命,应引起高度重视。     

武汉同济医院血液科病房近5年病原菌分布及耐药性监测

目的了解武汉同济医院血液科病房2005-2009年病原菌分布和耐药现状。方法药敏试验采用K-B法,WHONET 5.4软件进行数据分析。结果共分离病原菌667株,革兰阴性菌占54.3%,革兰阳性菌占31.5%,真菌占14.2%;标本主要来源为血液占31.9%,痰液占20.5%和尿液占11.2%,前5位细菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和白色假丝酵母菌,肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性率分别为48.9%和79.5%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分别占73.8%和26.4%。结论血液病房病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,真菌比例上升较快;主要病原菌耐药现象较前加重。     

泌尿系统感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨泌尿系统感染的病原菌分布及其耐药特征,为临床合理选用抗生素、控制医院内尿路感染提供依据. 方法分离129株尿培养阳性的病原菌进行鉴定及药敏,同时对G- 杆菌进行ESBLs的检测,对葡萄球菌属做甲氧西林耐药检测,肠球菌属细菌进行氨基糖苷类高水平耐药(HLAR)的筛选. 结果病原菌分布为大肠埃希菌51.16%、金黄色葡萄球菌10.85%、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌7.75%、肠球菌属占6.20%及假单胞菌属占5.43%; 产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为25.76%、40.00%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCONS)的检出率分别为57.14%、50.00%,高水平耐氨基糖苷类(HLAR)肠球菌检出率为50.00%. 结论重视尿路感染病原菌及其耐药性检测,对控制医院内尿路感染、合理使用抗生素十分重要.     

临床细菌耐药分析及耐药酶的检测

目的监测本地区2000-2006年临床细菌的构成分布及耐药性,并检测其是否产耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRS)、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)。方法MicroSCANAUTOSCAN4半自动鉴定药敏仪对送检标本进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验,琼脂筛选法检测MRS、MRCNS,K-B纸片扩散法检测ESBLs,比较产酶株与非产酶株对抗菌药物的活性。结果8448份临床标本检出各种细菌2436株,检出率为28.84%,种类以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占45.26%,最常检出的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、CNS(-)葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肠球菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌,MRS、MRCNS、ESBLs检出率高,耐药性强,耐药谱广。结论临床分离菌以条件致病菌为主,耐药株分离高,建议临床医生根据药敏试验合理用药,以减少耐药菌株产生。     

血液病房感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解近两年血液病房病原菌临床分布特点与耐药特征,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 菌株鉴定采用VITEK-60全自动细菌分析仪及配套GNI 、GPI、YBC,细菌药敏试验采用K-B法,并用WHONET5.3软件进行分析.结果 从所有送检标本中分离出病原菌共370株,其中革兰阴性菌(G-菌)占59.7%,革兰阳性菌(G 菌)占32.4%,真菌占7.8%;前5位病原菌依次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍氏不动杆菌;大肠埃希菌ESBLs的检出率为59.3%,肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率为24.2%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率为18.2%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率为87.8%.结论 进行病原学监测,了解流行菌株分布和耐药趋势,对合理选择抗菌药物、降低感染发生率和死亡率以及减少耐药菌株产生均有重要价值.     

乌鲁木齐儿童医院常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析儿童医院常见病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法 对医院2009-2011年住院患儿临床分离的病原菌,采用K-B法进行药敏试验,参照CLSI标准判断药敏结果.结果 3年来共分离病原菌8956株,其中革兰阳性菌5143株占57.43％,以肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,分别占37.27％、16.31％、1.81％,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为11.16％和67.28％;革兰阴性菌3813株,占42.57％;以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主,分别占13.03％、12.24％、4.38％,其中产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为74.30％和50.45％.结论 为指导临床合理有效地使用抗菌药物,应加强细菌耐药监测并及时反馈于临床.     

859株临床常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院临床标本常见病原菌的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法用纸片琼脂扩散法（K-B法）对医院2006年1-12月各类感染标本中分离的859株病原菌进行药敏试验,同时进行大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）和耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）检测。结果医院分离的病原菌主要为大肠埃希菌、葡萄球菌属、铜绿假单胞菌、克雷伯菌属、不动杆菌属和肠球菌属;大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属ESBLs检出率分别为32.8%和29.4%,产ESBLs株对抗菌药物的敏感率明显降低;亚胺培南是对革兰阴性杆菌作用最强的一种抗菌药物,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦也有较好的抗菌活性;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为32.6%和40.7%;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素敏感性最好,未检出耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）。结论重视病原菌耐药性,合理使用抗菌药物。     

2014年住院患者临床分离细菌的耐药性研究

目的了解并分析河北医科大学第二医院2014年住院患者临床分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药性,为进一步提高医院抗感染诊疗水平提供参考。方法收集2014年1-12月共6 365株非重复细菌,采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-2Compact全自动细菌鉴定药敏仪进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验检测,使用Whonet5.6软件对数据进行统计分析。结果共分离病原菌6 365株,其中革兰阴性菌4 775株占75.0%,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主,革兰阳性菌1 590株占25.0%,以葡萄球菌属和肠球菌属为主,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、耐甲氧西林人葡萄球菌(MRSHO)、耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)、耐甲氧西林溶血葡萄球菌(MRSHL)的检出率分别为61.7%、83.5%、83.7%、95.8%;葡萄球菌属未发现对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药的菌株;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率均20.0%,头孢菌素中头孢吡肟表现了较好的敏感性。结论细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性在不断变化,需采取有效的医院感染预防控制措施,进一步规范控制抗菌药物使用。     

2009-2010年临床分离细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解医院2009-2010年临床分离细菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 采用珠海迪尔医学细菌测定系统软件,药敏试验采用MIC法,对两年医院临床分离菌株进行回顾性总结分析.结果 2009-2010年共分离出1586株细菌,革兰阴性杆菌占64.9％,其中大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和奇异变形菌产ESBLs检出率平均为69.5％、48.5％和4.5％;革兰阳性球菌占35.1％,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)阳性率平均为58.59和46.6％;分离率排前5位的依次是大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌;革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南最敏感,未发现对万古霉素中介及耐药的葡萄球菌,革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌均存在不同程度的耐药.结论 医院应加强对细菌分布及耐药性的监测,合理使用抗菌药物,减少多药耐药菌及泛耐药菌株的发生及传播.     

湖南省细菌耐药监测网2012—2021年胸、腹腔积液细菌耐药性监测报告

目的 了解湖南省胸、腹腔积液分离细菌的分布及耐药性变迁,为临床正确诊断及合理用药提供参考。方法 收集湖南省细菌耐药监测网2012—2021年各成员单位上报数据,细菌耐药监测方法参照全国细菌耐药监测网(CARSS)技术方案执行,应用WHONET 5.6软件对胸、腹腔积液分离细菌及药敏结果数据进行分析。结果 2012—2021年湖南省细菌耐药监测网成员单位胸、腹腔积液标本共分离细菌28 934株,其中胸腔积液分离菌株5 752株、腹腔积液分离23 182株。胸腔积液分离率居前5位的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌(907株,15.8%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(535株,9.3%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(369株,6.4%)、表皮葡萄球菌(452,7.9%)、溶血葡萄球菌(285株,5.0%)。胸腔积液耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的检出率为24.3%～39.2%,耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率为58.8%～77.1%。腹腔积液分离率居前5位的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌(8 264株,35.6%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(2 074株,9.0%)、屎肠球菌(1 458株,6.3%)、表皮葡萄球菌(1 383...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.