彩色多普勒超声检测双侧颈内动脉闭塞患者侧支循环及血流动力学

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声检测双侧颈内动脉闭塞患者颅内动脉侧支循环代偿途径及血流动力学状况的价值.方法 对7例双侧颈内动脉闭塞患者(患者组)和对照组7名健康成人,应用彩色多普勒超声检测双侧眼动脉(OA)及颅内动脉,分别根据患者OA反向血流及大脑后动脉(PCA)P1段峰值血流速度(Vs)大于对照组((-x)+2s)来判断OA、Willis环后交通动脉侧支循环代偿途径,并比较患者组与对照组大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑前动脉(ACA)的平均血流速度(Vm).结果 7例患者均存在双侧OA反向血流,双侧椎动脉、基底动脉Vm明显高于对照组(P均＜0.05);4例左侧PCA P1段和3例右侧PCA P1段Vs大干对照组;MCA、ACA Vm较对照组明显降低(P均＜0.05).结论 双侧ICA闭塞患者存在OA及后交通动脉两种侧支循环代偿途径,但其颅内动脉仍供血不足.彩色多普勒超声能实时评价颅内动脉侧支循环血供和血流动力学变化.     

TCD评估大脑中动脉区脑梗死患者的血流动力学变化

目的采用TCD评估大脑中动脉(MCA)区脑梗死后的血流动力学变化。方法对35例经头颅磁共振证实的MCA区急性脑梗死患者(病例组)和30例健康对照组行TCD检查。结果病例组患侧MCA流速低于健侧,两侧MCA流速比值低于对照组,两组间有显著性差异;病例组患侧与健侧大脑前动脉(ACA)流速比值高于对照组,两组间有显著性差异;病例组双侧大脑后动脉(PCA)流速比值跟对照组相比无显著性差异;所有病例组患侧MCA脉动指数减低(P<0.001)。结论TCD提供的血流动力学参数可以部分反映MCA病变后的侧支循环情况,MCA区脑梗死后侧支循环代偿以ACA为主。     

超声对颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞时颅内侧支循环情况的评价

目的应用经颅彩色双功超声(TCCS)评价颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞时颅内侧支循环的建立情况。方法采用彩色多普勒血流成像筛选单侧颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞的患者,用TCCS检测颅内主要动脉的血流动力学变化。结果①有前交通动脉参与的侧支循环与中风发生呈负相关,而眼动脉(OA)参与的侧支循环与中风发生呈正相关。②无症状组及有症状组颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞的患者患侧大脑中动脉(MCA)的收缩期峰值流速、搏动指数明显低于健侧及对照组。无症状组患侧OA的收缩期峰值流速、搏动指数与健侧及对照组比较无统计学意义,而有症状组OA的收缩期峰值流速、搏动指数明显低于健侧及对照组。结论TCCS检测颅内主要动脉的血流动力学变化,可以方便地评价颅内侧支循环状态,对颈内动脉严重狭窄或闭塞患者治疗和预后的判断具有重要的临床价值。     

TCCD检测大脑中动脉闭塞患者脑血流的临床意义

目的:探讨经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCCD)检测单侧慢性大脑中动脉闭塞(CMCAO)患者脑血流的临床意义。方法:收集2016年7月至2019年8月在我院就诊行TCCD检查诊断为一侧MCAO而对侧MCA正常,并经DSA证实的患者84例。根据CT或MRI结果分为患侧MCA供血区新发脑梗死组(CI)39例,无脑梗死组(NCI)45例。根据DSA显示分为ACA脑膜支代偿组(LAMACA)39例,无ACA脑膜支代偿组(NLAMACA)45例;PCA脑膜支代偿组(LAMPCA)28例,无PCA脑膜支代偿组(NLAMPCA)56例。通过TCCD检测并记录患者患侧(i)与健侧(c)大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑前动脉(ACA)及大脑后动脉(PCA)的收缩期峰值流速(PSV)和平均流速(MV),并计算健侧与患侧MCA、ACA、PCA 的MV比值(MVcMCA/MViMCA、MViACA/MVcACA、MViPCA/MVcPCA)。结果:①NCI组PSViMCA、MViMCA、PSViACA、MViACA、MViACA/MVcACA较CI组均升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②LAMACA组PSViACA、MViACA、MViACA/MVcACA均高于NLAMACA组,LAMPCA组PSViPCA、MViPCA、MViPCA/MVcPCA均高于NLAMPCA组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③PSViMCA、MViMCA、PSViACA、MViACA、MViACA/MVcACA与脑梗死的发生均呈负相关(r=-0.257,P=0.018;r=-0.286,P=0.008;r=-0.392,P=0.000;r=-0.388,P=0.000;r=-0.269,P=0.013)。④PSViACA、MViACA、MViACA/MVcACA与ACA脑膜支代偿均呈正相关(r=0.778,P=0.000;r=0.766,P=0.000;r=0.554,P=0.000),PSViPCA、MViPCA、MViPCA/MVcPCA数与PCA脑膜支代偿均呈正相关(r=0.683,P=0.000;r=0.675,P=0.000;r=0.575,P=0.000)。结论:通过TCCD检测MCA、ACA、PCA血流动力学变化,可以间接评估CMCAO软脑膜支的代偿情况,客观评价CMCAO患者脑组织灌注信息,为其临床治疗方法的选择及疗效的判断提供客观依据。     

彩色多普勒超声对锁骨下动脉窃血综合征颅内外动脉侧支循环的研究

目的探讨中度以上狭窄锁骨下动脉窃血综合征（SSS）颅内外动脉侧支循环方式及血流动力学的变化。方法选择中度以上狭窄SSS患者18例，应用彩色多普勒超声分别观察其颅内外动脉的彩色血流方向，并行频谱形态分析。结果13例患侧颅内外椎动脉双向血流（其中包括6例基底动脉双向血流），5例患侧颅内外椎动脉反向血流（其中包括1例患侧大脑后动脉的P1段和基底动脉反向血流、2例患侧大脑后动脉的P1段双向和基底动脉反向血流）。结论SSS患者具有三种颅内外动脉侧支循环途径，彩色多普勒超声能准确、实时评价SSS血流动力学改变。     

新生儿室管膜下出血早期血流动力学研究

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声检测新生儿早期室管膜下出血（SHE）血流动力学改变的价值.方法 检测早期SHE患儿25例,共35条大脑前动脉（ACA）的血流动力学指标,与25例（50条ACA）无颅内疾患新生儿相应指标进行对比分析,并对15例单侧SHE患儿患侧与健侧ACA血流动力学指标进行对比.结果 SHE组患侧大脑前动脉收缩期最大血流速度（SPV）及舒张期血流速度（DPV）高于正常新生儿SPV及DPV,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;SHE组中单侧SHE患儿的患侧SPV及DPV高于健侧,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 SHE患儿早期颅内血流动力学改变具有一定特征性,彩色多普勒超声检查可对其进行评价,并可协助临床早期诊断SHE及判断预后.     

颈内动脉闭塞时经眼动脉侧支循环的彩色多普勒超声特征

目的 探讨单侧颈内动脉闭塞时经颈外-眼-颈内动脉侧支循环的彩色多普勒超声特征.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声前瞻性检查42例单侧颈内动脉闭塞患者的眼动脉、颈外动脉,并与30例颈内动脉正常的受试者比较,分析侧支循环的超声特征.结果 42条颈内动脉中,40条(95.2％)慢性闭塞由患侧颈外-眼-颈内动脉侧支循环代偿,与健侧和正常组比较,表现为眼动脉逆向血流,峰值后移,峰值血流速度增加,加速时间延长,阻力指数和搏动指数降低(P＜0.01).2条急性栓塞(4.8％)由健侧颈内-患侧颈内动脉侧支循环代偿,表现为眼动脉正向血流,血流速度降低,阻力指数和搏动指数降低.结论 颈内动脉慢性闭塞时患侧颈外-眼-颈内动脉侧支循环参与代偿,急性栓塞仅由健侧颈内-患侧颈内动脉侧支循环代偿.     

头臂动脉型多发性大动脉炎颅内动脉及眼动脉血流动力学的超声研究

目的 应用经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCCS)研究头臂动脉型多发性大动脉炎(TA)患者颅内动脉及眼动脉血流动力学的状况.方法 用TCCS检测21例头臂动脉型TA患者颅内动脉[大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)]和眼动脉(OA)的血流动力学变化.结果 21例头臂动脉型TA患者患侧MCA、 ACA、 PCA、 OA的血流速度、搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)均明显低于对照组(P<0.001).结论 TCCS能较准确地实时评价头臂动脉型TA患者颅内动脉、眼动脉的血流动力学变化,并可以解释头臂动脉型TA患者的头晕、视物模糊等临床症状,对评估治疗疗效和判断预后具有重要的临床价值.     

经颅彩色多普勒血流显像对脑血管显示率及Willis环侧支血流的研究

目的 研究正常成人颅内动脉的显示率，评价Willis环前、后交通动脉循环功能。 方法 256例正常成人按年龄男女均各分3组，采用经颅多普勒血流显像（TCCDFI）、能量多普勒（CDE）及超声造影（ECE）技术，观察颅内动脉走行及血流方向。并通过压迫颈总动脉（CCA），观察大脑前动脉（ACA）、后动脉（PCA）血流方向及血流速度的变化，判断Willis环前、后交通动脉循环功能。 结果 （1）颅内动脉成功显示率男女均随年龄增长而下降。3组女性间有明显差异，老年女性明显低于老年男性（P〈0．05）。Willis环完全未显示的老年组被检者行ECE仍有85％可清晰显示；（2）前交通动脉功能开放率男女分别为87．6％、83．3％，后交通动脉左侧分别为28．9％、34．1％，右侧分别为34．4％、29．2％。 结论 TCCDFI、CDE及ECE能实时观察颅内动脉走行及血流方向，评价前、后交通动脉循环功能，可作为颅内动脉检查的有效方法。     

彩色多普勒超声对锁骨下动脉窃血综合征颅内外动脉侧支循环和血供的研究

目的探讨中度以上狭窄锁骨下动脉窃血综合征（SSS）颅内外动脉血流动力学的变化。 方法选择正常成人及中度以上狭窄的SSS患者各15例，应用彩色多普勒超声分别观察其颅内动脉[椎动脉（VA）、基底动脉（BA）、大脑后动脉（PCA）]和颅外动脉[椎动脉（VA）、肢体桡动脉（RA）]的彩色血流方向，并测量血流动力学参数。 结果（1）10例患侧颅内外VA双向血流（其中包括6例BA双向血流），5例患侧颅内外VA反向血流（其中包括2例PCA的P1段和BA反向血流），15例患者患侧RA均为单相血流（正常舒张早期为负向）；（2）健侧颅内外段VA、RA较患侧平均流速增快且有明显差异（P〈O．05），而与正常人比较流速稍快但无明显差异（P〉O．05）；患侧BA较正常人流速降低且有明显差异（P〈0．05）。 结论彩色多普勒超声能准确、实时评价SSS颅内外动脉的侧支循环方式及血供状况。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。