穴位埋线及其联合二甲双胍对糖代谢异常肥胖患者胰岛素抵抗和糖脂代谢的影响

目的探讨穴位埋线及其联合二甲双胍对糖代谢异常肥胖患者胰岛素抵抗和糖脂代谢的影响。方法将90例糖代谢异常肥胖患者分成二甲双胍组和穴位埋线组、观察组各30例,三组均在常规治疗基础上,二甲双胍组予二甲双胍口服治疗,穴位埋线组给予穴位埋线,观察组予穴位埋线联合二甲双胍口服,然后比较治疗前后空腹血糖、血脂、体质量指数(BMI)、腰围、胰岛素抵抗指数(insulin resistance index,IRI)等的变化。结果三组治疗前后腰围均与IRI呈正相关(P0.01);三组治疗前后血糖、血脂、BMI、腰围、IRI,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组治疗后1、3月各指标均优于二甲双胍组和穴位埋线组(P0.05)。结论糖代谢异常肥胖患者的腰围与胰岛素抵抗密切相关,穴位埋线联合二甲双胍治疗能明显改善纠正糖脂代谢紊乱,减低体重,改善胰岛素抵抗,且作用更加持久,值得临床应用推广。     

吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝的观察

116例经CT确诊的NAFL合并(T2DM)患者,随机分成三组:PGT组予吡格列酮15mg,日一次;二甲双胍(Met)组予二甲双胍0.5g,日三次;对照(Con)组予以除二甲双胍及噻唑烷二酮类以外的其他降糖药物治疗,共6个月。结果治疗后PGT组肝脾CT比值、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)和脂肪肝消失率最高,MeT组次之,Con组最低。PGT组胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)最低,Met组次之,Con组最高。PGT组和Met组的空腹胰岛素(Fins)明显低于Con组。结论PGT能够治疗NAFL,增加胰岛素敏感性,改善胰岛素抵抗,疗效优于二甲双胍,对肝功能无明显损害。     

二甲双胍对高脂饲养大鼠肝脏脂肪变的干预作用

目的:探讨胰岛素抵抗在非酒精性脂肪性肝发病中的作用及机制,观察二甲双胍对高脂饲养大鼠肝脏脂肪变的干预效果.方法:21只(?) Wistar大鼠分为3组,每组7只,普通饮食组(SD),高脂饮食组(HF),二甲双胍组(HF- Met)在高脂饮食的同时给予二甲双胍,共8wk.8 wk末处死大鼠,称量附睾脂肪,计算肝指数,生化方法测定ALT、AST、TG、TC、FFA、SOD和MDA.放免法测定空腹胰岛素,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和ELISA法检测肝脏TNF-αmRNA和蛋白的表达,用葡萄糖输注率(GIR)来评价胰岛素敏感性,并观察肝组织病理变化.结果:与HF相比,HF-Met肝细胞脂肪变和小叶炎症明显减轻,肝指数、胰岛素、AST、ALT、TG、FFA显著下降(3.25±0.26 vs 4.29±0.12,33.37±8.34 vs 46.73±5.24,17.29±5.34 vs 43.48±6.21,4.10±2.47 vs 12.05±4.05,P<0.01;106.0±31.04 vs 141.37±24.87,48.31±16.11 vs 88.34±21.94,P<0.05)TNF-α的表达也显著下降,GIR增加(7.58±1.05 vs 6.31±1.28,P<0.05).结论:二甲双胍干预能明显改善高脂饲养大鼠的胰岛素抵抗,降低肝脏TG、FFA和TNF-α的表达,减轻肝脏脂肪变的程度,提示胰岛素增敏治疗可能是NAFLD防治的一种积极策略.     

罗格列酮治疗2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝的随机对照研究

目的 观察罗格列酮(RGZ)治疗非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)的疗效. 方法 95例经CT确诊的NAFL同时合并新诊断的2型糖尿病患者随机分成三组:RGZ组予罗格列酮4mg,日一次;二甲双胍(Met)组予二甲双胍0.5g,日三次;对照(Con)组予以除二甲双胍及噻唑烷二酮类以外的其他降糖药物治疗,共6个月.结果 治疗后RGZ组肝脾CT比值、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)和脂肪肝消失率最高,Met组次之,Con组最低.RGZ组胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)最低,Met组次之,Con组最高.RGZ组和Met组FIns明显低于Con组.结论 RGZ能够治疗NAFL,增加胰岛素敏感性,改善胰岛素抵抗,疗效优于二甲双胍,对肝功能无明显损害.     

二甲双胍对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的研究二甲双胍对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能的影响。方法 93例血糖控制不满意的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者随机分为二甲双胍组(500 mg,3次/d)及吡格列酮组(15 mg,1次/d),疗程12个月。观察血管内皮功能的变化。结果与治疗前相比,治疗12个月后两组患者的血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)均显著下降,空腹及餐后胰岛素水平、胰岛素功能均显著升高(均P0.05)。治疗12个月后两组患者血糖、IRI、胰岛素水平、胰岛素功能比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05);但治疗12个月后二甲双胍组的体质指数(BMI)低于吡格列酮组(P0.05)。与治疗前相比,治疗12个月后两组患者的血管内皮功能均显著改善(均P0.05),但治疗12个月后二甲双胍组的血管内皮功能改善优于吡格列酮组(P0.05)。结论二甲双胍与吡格列酮两种药物对T2DM患者均具有明显的降糖、改善胰岛素功能、降低胰岛素抵抗(IR)及改善血管内皮功能的作用。在降低BMI及改善血管内皮功能方面,二甲双胍优于吡格列酮。     

格列美脲对于2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者胰岛素抵抗及胰岛β细胞的影响

目的研究格列美脲联合二甲双胍对于2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者胰岛素抵抗及胰岛β细胞的影响。方法选取2015年1—12月间该院收治的46例2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患者作为该次研究对象,将全部患者随机均分为对照组与观察组,每组23例;对照组给予格列吡嗪控释片联合二甲双胍治疗,观察组给予格列美脲联合二甲双胍进行治疗,均以3个月为1个疗程,分别于治疗前、1个疗程结束后对比两组患者的糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数、肝脏胰岛素抵抗指数、Matsuda指数及胰岛β细胞功能各项指标。结果两组治疗前各项观察指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后两组患者的Hb A1c检测结果差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组HOMA-IR、HRI、MSI及HOMA-βF均显著优于对照组(P0.05)。结论格列美脲联合二甲双胍可有效提高T2DM合并NAFLD患者的胰岛β细胞功能,改善胰岛素抵抗与肝脏胰岛素抵抗症状,可于该病的药物治疗中推广应用。     

Caspase-3在胰岛素抵抗及其干预组大鼠肾组织中的表达及意义

目的 建立胰岛素抵抗模型并药物干预,观察Caspase-3在肾组织的表达,以探讨其表达与胰岛素抵抗程度的关系.方法 出生当日Wistar大鼠,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素STZ (100 mg/kg)复制胰岛素抵抗模型.设立正常对照组、胰岛素抵抗组、二甲双胍治疗组及川芎嗪+氨基胍干预组(联合治疗组).8周、32周末采血,测空腹血糖、空腹血浆胰岛素,计算胰岛素抵抗指数;32周末取一侧肾组织用4%多聚甲醛固定24 h,石蜡包埋,制作5 μm切片,另一侧肾组织液氮速冻后,-80℃冰箱保存备用.免疫组织化学测定Caspase-3在各组大鼠肾组织中的表达,免疫印迹实验测定肾组织中Caspase-3含量.结果 (1)胰岛素抵抗指数变化,胰岛素抵抗组明显高于对照组(P<0.01),二甲双胍组与联合治疗组均明显低于胰岛素抵抗组(P<0.01),且联合治疗组低于二甲双胍组(P<0.05)(2)Caspase-3变化,胰岛素抵抗组明显高于对照组(P<0.01),二甲双胍组、联合治疗组均明显低于胰岛素抵抗组(P<0.01),且联合治疗组低于二甲双胍组(P<0.05).结论 链脲佐菌素可诱导当日出生的Wistar大鼠产生胰岛素抵抗;该模型肾组织Caspase-3表达增强,且其表达强度与胰岛素抵抗程度正相关;二甲双胍及川芎嗪+氨基胍均有缓解胰岛素抵抗作用,其作用机制与下调Caspase-3表达有关,且川芎嗪+氨基胍的效果优于二甲双胍.     

厄贝沙坦联合二甲双胍治疗高血压病伴胰岛素抵抗的疗效观察

目的观察厄贝沙坦联合二甲双胍治疗高血压伴胰岛素抵抗(IR)病人的降压疗效和对胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法将78例高血压伴IR的病人分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组给予厄贝沙坦和二甲双胍治疗,对照组单给予厄贝沙坦治疗,疗程均为4个月。观察两组治疗前后血压、血糖、胰岛素敏感指数的变化及不良反应。结果治疗组服药后空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及餐后2h血糖均下降,胰岛素敏感指数升高,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。两组服药后收缩压和舒张压均下降,但治疗组收缩压下降幅度较对照组明显。两组在治疗期间均未出现明显的不良反应。结论采用厄贝沙坦和二甲双胍联合治疗高血压伴IR病人,可明显改善病人的胰岛素抵抗,有利于提高降压疗效。     

六味地黄丸联合二甲双胍片治疗2型糖尿病的临床分析

目的探讨六味地黄丸联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的临床效果。方法回顾性分析于2015年4月—2017年4月吉林工商学院校医院治疗的80例2型糖尿病患者,按照治疗方法将其分为观察组(六味地黄丸联合二甲双胍)与参考组(二甲双胍)各40例,观察两组治疗前、后血糖指标、胰岛素分泌指数、胰岛素抵抗指数、尿微量蛋白变化;记录两组治疗效果。结果治疗后,两组血糖指标与治疗前比较均出现下降改善且观察组各项指标改善程度显著大于参考组(P﹤0.05);治疗后,两组胰岛素分泌指数、胰岛素抵抗指数、尿微量蛋白均出现明显改善(P﹤0.05),观察组改善程度明显大于参考组(P﹤0.05);观察组治疗总有效率显著大于参考组(P﹤0.05)。结论六味地黄丸联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病控制血糖效果确切,能够改善胰岛素抵抗,安全有效。     

沙格列汀联合二甲双胍治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者的疗效

目的探讨沙格列汀联合二甲双胍治疗初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的疗效。方法选取120例初诊的T2DM患者,随机分为治疗组(二甲双胍组、沙格列汀组、沙格列汀+二甲双胍组)及对照组(格列美脲组)。治疗12 w,治疗前后分别记录空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、空腹胰岛素(FIN)、胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa-IR)等变化。结果治疗后,4组的FPG、2 h PG、HbA1c及HOMA-IR均明显下降(均P<0.05),沙格列汀+二甲双胍组的FIN水平较二甲双胍组、沙格列汀组明显增加(P<0.05);治疗后沙格列汀+二甲双胍组与格列美脲组FPG、2 h PG、HbA1c水平比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论沙格列汀联合二甲双胍对初诊T2DM患者的治疗疗效显著。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.