上海市浦东新区2002至2010年胰腺癌发病、死亡及生存情况分析

目的 分析上海市浦东新区胰腺癌发病、死亡及生存情况.方法 利用2002年至2010年浦东新区居民胰腺癌的登记资料,分性别组和年龄组计算发病率、死亡率.用世界标准人口计算标化率,采用对数直线回归法估算发病率及死亡率的年度百分比变化（APC）,应用Kaplan-Meier法和COX多元回归模型计算患者1～5年生存率,分析不同TNM分期和是否手术的胰腺癌患者的生存情况.结果 2002年至2010年上海市浦东新区胰腺癌新发患者3089例,其中男性1707例,女性1382例,平均发病年龄分别为（69±12）岁和（73±12）岁;合计粗发病率为13.32/10万,其中男性粗发病率为14.71/10万,高于女性的11.93/10万,男女性标化发病率之比为1.57：1.胰腺癌患者死亡2963例,其中男性1627例,女性1336例,合计粗死亡率为12.78/10万,其中男性为14.02/10万,高于女性的11.53/10万,男女性标化死亡率之比为1.55：1.男性在35岁、女性在40岁以后发病率和死亡率均明显升高,男性80岁以上、女性85岁以上发病率和死亡率达到高峰.胰腺癌患者1～5年生存率分别为16.59％、7.31％、5.23％、4.33％和3.87％.手术治疗组1～5年生存率均高于非手术组,差异有统计学意义（P值均＜0.05）.TNM分期为0～Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期患者的中位生存时间分别为（250.00±33.37）、（224.00±15.82）、（86.00±4.52）d.Ⅳ期患者与0～Ⅱ期及Ⅲ期患者生存时间的差异均有统计学意义（X2值分别为72.41、104.40,P值均＜0.001）.结论 上海市浦东新区男性胰腺癌发病率和死亡率均高于女性.患者的生存时间与确诊时的TNM分期及是否手术切除肿瘤有关.     

Pre-vaccination incidence of genital warts in 15-23-year-old women and men attending youth clinics in Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines were introduced to the market in 2006 and 2007. The present pilot study was designed to examine the incidence of genital warts in the population up to 23 y of age in the county of Stockholm before the start of mass HPV vaccination. Methods: Data from the electronic health records of 9 youth clinics in the county of Stockholm were collected retrospectively for the y 2006-2008. Results: In total, 49,985 patients visited the study youth clinics during 2006-2008. Of these, 1817 were denoted genital warts patients. An extrapolation of the study data was done in an attempt to estimate the annual number of genital warts cases in the full Stockholm County population aged 15-23 y. Results showed that there were approximately 1792 genital warts patients in the age group 15-23 y each year in Stockholm County. Female cases represented approximately 62% of all cases in the age group 15-23 y. The peak incidence was at around 20 y of age for females, while males had a more flattened peak incidence around 19-23 y of age. Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates that, compared to other reported data, genital warts are at least as common in Sweden as in other countries among 15-23 y old females and males.     

2006-2010年北京市梅毒流行病学分析

目的了解2006-2010年北京市梅毒流行病学特点,为制定防治策略提供科学依据。方法应用描述性流行病学方法,对中国疾病预防控制信息系统中北京市上报的梅毒数据进行分析。结果2006-2010年,北京市共报告梅毒病例20839例,年报告发病率分别为26.08／l0万、27.03／10万、24.09／10万、24.45／l0万、25.50／10万。男性病例多于女性病例,病例主要集中在20～49岁间。报告病例数居前3位的区县是朝阳区、海淀区和丰台区。结论青壮年和男男性行为人群是梅毒重点防治人群,要加强孕期妇女的梅毒筛查,减少胎传梅毒的发生;应继续开展有效的干预措施控制梅毒和其他性病的流行。     

2004-2010年珠海市梅毒流行病学分析

目的了解珠海市2004-2010年梅毒的流行特点和发病趋势,为制订梅毒预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法通过国家疾病预防控制信息系统,收集并分析珠海市19个性病哨点医院2004-2010年上报的梅毒病例信息。结果 2004-2010年珠海市共上报梅毒病例3 591例,发病率从2004年的22.80/10万上升到2010年的61.85/10万,年均递增18.10%;梅毒发病以隐性梅毒为主,占总发病数45.28%,且构成比有逐年增长趋势;女性患者多于男性,男女之比为0.94∶1;年龄分布以20～44岁性活跃人群为主;高发地区为香洲区,高发职业为工人、家务待业者和商业服务者。结论近年珠海市梅毒疫情呈不断上升趋势,应根据珠海市流行特征开展更具针对性的防治工作,控制梅毒的流行。     

南京市2005-2010年法定报告的淋病和梅毒流行病学特征

目的了解近年来南京市淋病、梅毒发病的流行趋势及特点,为制定有效的防制对策提供科学依据。方法对南京市2005—2010年全国疾病监测信息报告管理系统中,淋病、梅毒的疫情资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果近6年来,南京市淋病发病率逐年下降,从2005年的59.45/10万下降至2010年的14.63/10万;梅毒发病率逐年增长,从2005年的25.35/10万增长到2010年的37.83/10万。梅毒分期中,以早期(一、二期)显性梅毒为主,占73.27%;各年度梅毒病例的分期差异有统计学意义(P<0.0001)。淋病、梅毒的发病年龄均集中在20～49岁,分别占83.25%和72.37%。淋病各年龄组均是男性多于女性;梅毒小年龄组女性多于男性,大年龄组则是男性多于女性,差异有统计学意义。职业分布中两者均以工人、家务及待业和农民为主。结论应根据南京市淋病、梅毒的流行病学特征,采取针对性的预防措施,控制淋病、梅毒的发病率。由于梅毒与艾滋病之间的密切关系,使得控制梅毒的发病率对于控制艾滋病的流行具有重要意义。     

Changing Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile Infection Following the Introduction of a National Ribotyping-Based Surveillance Scheme in England

Background.?Marked increases in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) incidence, driven by epidemic strain spread, is a global phenomenon. Methods.?The Clostridium difficile Ribotyping Network (CDRN) was established in 2007 as part of enhanced CDI surveillance in England, to facilitate the recognition and control of epidemic strains. We report on changes in CDI epidemiology in England in the first 3 years of CDRN. Results.?CDRN received 12?603 fecal specimens, comprising significantly (P?相似文献   

Serum antibody response following genital {alpha}9 human papillomavirus infection in young men

Background.?Although the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) genital infection is similarly high in males and females, seroprevalence is lower in males. This study assessed rates and determinants of seroconversion after detection of genital HPV infection in young men. Methods.?We investigated HPV type-specific seroconversion in a cohort of heterosexual male university students who had an α9 HPV type (HPV-16, -31, -33, -35, -52, -58, or -67) detected in the genital tract (n = 156). HPV DNA and antibodies were detected and typed using liquid bead-based multiplex assays. We calculated seroconversion using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Cox proportional hazards models with generalized estimating equations were used to examine associations with seroconversion. Results.?Within 24 months of detecting genital HPV infection, type-specific seroconversion ranged from 4% for HPV-52 to 36% for HPV-31. HPV-16 seroconversion at 24 months was 13% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7%-25%). Among incident HPV infections, ever cigarette smoking and infection site(s) (shaft/scrotum and glans/urine vs shaft/scrotum or glans/urine only) were positively associated with type-specific seroconversion. Conclusions.?For each of the α9 HPV types, type-specific seroconversion within 24 months was observed in 36% or less of infected men. Seroconversion might be related to cigarette smoking and genital site(s) infected.     

Recent trends in the HIV epidemic among injecting drug users in Northern Italy, 1993-1999.

OBJECTIVE: To monitor and describe the time trends of the HIV epidemic among intravenous drug users (IDU) attending drug dependence treatment centres (DDTC) in Northern Italy. DESIGN: A cohort of all seronegative IDU attending DDTC in Lombardy between 1993 and 1999; all had been tested for HIV at least twice. Periodic sample interview surveys were done to assess risk behaviours. METHODS: The incidence rates of HIV infection were calculated using the person-year (PY) method and expressed as the number of cases per 1000 PY at risk. Background HIV prevalence was calculated by dividing the number of positive cases by the total number of IDU tested at all DDTC in Lombardy. RESULTS: Between 1993 and 1999, 135 seroconversions occurred in 7945 subjects followed for 19 671 PY, yielding an incidence rate of 6.9/1000 PY. Ninety seroconversions occurred among the 6563 males and 45 seroconversions among 1382 females (incidence rates 5.5 and 14.0, respectively). Among the males, the incidence of HIV was 4.5 in those aged less than 25 years and 5.8 in those aged 25 years or more. Among the females, the corresponding figures were 21.1 and 10.3. HIV prevalence decreased over time, and it was higher among females. Sexual behaviours at risk were more common among females. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of HIV infection among IDU in Northern Italy was stable between 1993 and 1999. The higher incidence and prevalence among females and the different prevalence of risk behaviours between genders suggest an increasing role of heterosexual transmission.     

Epidemiology of hepatitis A before and after the introduction of a universal vaccination programme in Catalonia, Spain

Summary.  A universal vaccination program for preadolescents, aged 12 years, with the hepatitis A + B vaccine was introduced in 1998 in Catalonia (Spain) with the aim of protecting the whole population against hepatitis A. The hepatitis A + B vaccine program replaced the hepatitis B vaccination program for preadolescent started in 1991. The impact of the hepatitis A + B vaccination program was studied by assessment of the trend of reported cases of hepatitis A. All cases of viral hepatitis reported from 1992 to 2006 were included in the study. To evaluate changes in the epidemiology of hepatitis A, two periods were considered: a prevaccination period (1992–1998) and a post-vaccination period (2001–2006). The ratios of the rates were calculated according to age and sex. The comparison of rates and proportions was made by calculation of the normal z statistic. A total of 7536 cases of viral hepatitis were reported, of which 4109 (54.52%) were hepatitis A. The incidence rate of hepatitis A fell from 5.44 per 100 000 person-years in the prevaccination period to 3.02 in the post-vaccination period. In males, the rate fell from 6.85 to 3.89 and in females from 4.10 to 2.18. The male-female ratio of incidence rates was lower in the post-vaccination period. In males the global decline of incidence rate was 43.26% and in females 46.96%. The greatest decline occurred in the 15 to 19 years age group in both sexes (79.1% in men and 78.34% in women) but declines in the 10–14 years age group were also very important (69.21% and 67.88%, respectively). In conclusion, hepatitis A incidence fell in Catalonia in the post-vaccination period in vaccinated adolescents and also in other unvaccinated groups who have benefited from the indirect effects of the vaccination program.     

Human papillomavirus (HPV) 6, 11, 16, and 18 prevalence among females in the United States--National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2006: opportunity to measure HPV vaccine impact?

The 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were used to assess human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, and 18 DNA detection from females aged 14-59 years who self-collected cervicovaginal swab specimens. Prevalence was 8.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.8%-10.0%) and was highest among women aged 20-24 years (18.5%; 95% CI, 14.9%-22.8%). Age group, education, marital status, and sexual behavior were associated with detection. These data provide baseline information before HPV vaccine introduction. Early impact of vaccine in the United States may be determined by a reduction in the prevalence of HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 infection among young women.     

Incidence and aetiology of heart failure; a population-based study.

AIMS: To determine the incidence and aetiology of heart failure in the general population. METHODS AND RESULTS: New cases of heart failure were identified from a population of 151 000 served by 82 general practitioners in Hillingdon, West London through surveillance of acute hospital admissions and through a rapid access clinic to which general practitioners referred all new cases of suspected heart failure. On the basis of clinical assessment, electrocardiography, chest radiography and transthoracic echocardiography, a panel of three cardiologists decided that 220 patients met the case definition of new heart failure over a 20 month period (crude incidence rate of 1.3 cases per 1000 population per year for those aged 25 years or over). The incidence rate increased from 0.02 cases per 1000 population per year in those aged 25-34 years to 11.6 in those aged 85 years and over. The incidence was higher in males than females (age-adjusted incidence ratio 1.75 [95% confidence interval 1.34-2.29, P<0.0001]). The median age at presentation was 76 years. The primary aetiologies were coronary heart disease (36%), unknown (34%), hypertension (14%), valve disease (7%), atrial fibrillation alone (5%), and other (5%). CONCLUSIONS: Within the general population, new cases of heart failure largely occur in the elderly, and the incidence is higher in men than women. The single most common aetiology is coronary heart disease, but in a third of cases the aetiology cannot be determined on the basis of non-invasive investigation alone. To be relevant to clinical practice, future clinical trials in heart failure should not exclude the elderly.     

Prevalence and incidence of NIDDM in Iceland: evidence for stable incidence among males and females 1967–1991— the Reykjavik Study

This is the first large survey carried out in Iceland to estimate the prevalence and incidence of known and unknown non-insulin-dependent (Type 2) diabetes (NIDDM) among males and females, aged 34–79. The population in this survey was 9128 males and 9759 females born between 1907 and 1935 and examined in the prospective Reykjavik Study 1967–1991. Participants were invited from one to five times during the 24 years. The overall age-standardized prevalence (95 % confidence limits) was 2.9 % (2.5 to 3.3) for males and 2.1 % (1.8 to 2.5) for females, aged 30–79, according to the European standard population. The overall annual age-standardized incidence rate per 100 000 was 377 (303 to 457) for males and 266 (212 to 320) for females, aged 35–74, standardized to the European population. Our study indicates that the prevalence of NIDDM is relatively low compared to other Nordic and western countries, and has not been increasing over the past 20 years. Furthermore, the incidence of NIDDM has not been changing during the past 20 years of follow-up among Icelandic males and females aged 34–79. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prevalence of Brugada sign in a Greek tertiary hospital population.

AIMS: The purpose of the present study was to determine for the first time the prevalence of Brugada-type electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern (Brugada sign) in unselected individuals served by an urban Greek tertiary hospital during a 4-year time period. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 11,488 individuals (6640 males, 4848 females), 25 (23 males, 2 females, aged 36.8 +/- 19.2 years) were found to display the Brugada sign (0.22%). Two cases exhibited the diagnostic type 1 ECG pattern (0.02%) and 23 subjects fulfilled the ECG criteria for type 2 or 3 patterns (0.2%). The incidence of Brugada sign was higher among men (0.34%) than in women (0.04%). Structural heart disease was established in four cases (one of them exhibiting a type 1 ECG pattern). Twenty-one individuals (19 males, 2 females, aged 29.7 +/- 10.7 years) without structural heart disease displaying Brugada-type ECG features (4 cases with spontaneous or procainamide-induced type 1 ECG pattern) were subsequently selected and closely followed up for 24 +/- 12 months. No mortality or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias were recorded during this period. CONCLUSION: The Brugada-type ECG pattern is infrequently seen in a Greek hospital-based population. All subjects with Brugada sign and structurally normal hearts displayed a benign clinical course without arrhythmic events during a relatively long follow-up period.     

Changing epidemiology of anorectal melanoma

PURPOSE: We reviewed 117 cases of anorectal melanoma to better define epidemiologic and survival characteristics of this rare neoplasm. METHODS: The National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database covering the period 1973 through 1992 was used. This represents 9.5 percent of the United States population. Melanoma arising in the anorectum was identified using International Classification of Diseases for Oncology codes. Two-tailed Student's t-test, chi-squared, and Wilcoxon's tests were used for comparisons of means, proportions, and actuarial survival rates, respectively. RESULTS: One hundred seventeen cases of anorectal melanoma were identified, representing 0.048 percent of all colorectal malignancies in the database. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.72. The mean age was 66 +/- 16 years. Mean age by gender, however, was lower for males (57 years) then for females (71 years; P < 0.001). The age difference represents an increased incidence of anorectal melanoma in males younger than the age of 45 years. Furthermore, the incidence of anorectal melanoma in young males ages between 25 to 44 years tripled in the San Francisco area when compared with all other locations (14.4 vs. 4.8 per 10 million population; P = 0.06). Males have a survival advantage over females (62.8 percent vs. 51.4 percent 1-year and 40.6 percent vs. 27.7 percent 2-year; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence of anorectal melanoma continues to rise and survival rates remain poor. A new trend toward bimodal age distribution was observed. There is indirect evidence that implicates human immunodeficiency virus infection as a risk factor. Survival rate is better in young patients aged 25 to 44 years.     

Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Young Healthy Women in Costa Rica

Background.?Anal cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), yet little is known about anal HPV infection among healthy young women. Methods.?A total of 2017 sexually active women in the control arm of an HPV-16/18 vaccine trial had a single anal specimen collected by a clinician at the 4-year study visit. Samples were tested for HPV by SPF(10) PCR/DEIA/LiPA(25), version 1. Results.?A total of 4% of women had HPV-16, 22% had oncogenic HPV, and 31% had any HPV detected in an anal specimen. The prevalence of anal HPV was higher among women who reported anal intercourse, compared with those who did not (43.4% vs 28.4%; P?相似文献   

Age- and sex-associated trends in bloodstream infection: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota

BACKGROUND: Despite increasing concerns about antimicrobial resistance and emerging pathogens among blood culture isolates, contemporary population-based data on the age- and sex-specific incidence of bloodstream infections (BSIs) are limited. METHODS: Retrospective, population-based, cohort study of all residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, with a BSI between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2005. The medical record linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project and microbiology records were used to identify incident cases. RESULTS: A total of 1051 unique patients with positive blood culture results were identified; 401 (38.2%) were classified as contaminated. Of 650 patients with cultures deemed clinically relevant, the mean +/- SD age was 63.1 +/- 23.1 years, and 52.5% were male. The most common organisms identified were Escherichia coli (in 163 patients with BSIs [25.1%]) and Staphylococcus aureus (in 108 patients with BSIs [16.6%]). Nosocomial BSIs were more common in males than females (23.8% vs 13.9%; P = .002). The age-adjusted incidence rate of BSI was 156 per 100 000 person-years for females and 237 per 100 000 person-years for males (P<.001), with an age- and sex-adjusted rate of 189 per 100 000 person-years. Rates of BSI due to gram-positive cocci were 64 per 100 000 person-years for females and 133 per 100 000 person-years for males (P<.001); gram-negative bacillus BSI rates (85/100 000 person-years for females and 79/100 000 person-years for males) were not significantly different between sexes (P = .79). The rate of S aureus BSI was 23 per 100 000 person-years for females and 46 per 100 000 person-years for males (P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences in the age and sex distribution of organisms among patients with BSIs. The incidence of BSI increases sharply with increasing age and is significantly higher in males, mainly because of nosocomial organisms, including S aureus.     

无症状膝骨关节炎(附110例调查报告)

110名无膝关节症状正常人调查结果,≤30岁,31岁～40岁,41岁～50岁,51岁～60岁,>60岁无症状膝骨关节炎(OA)(或称X线OA),X线OA的检出率各为18％,38％,57％,63％和61％,28％X线有骨质疏松(OP)表现,女性高于男性(32％对25％),60岁以上男、女OP检出率各为50％和61％。本组人群X线OA检出率高于北京报告(53％对25％),但60岁以后X线OA检出率低于北京(54％对67％),原因尚待讨论。本组和北京30岁以下无症状膝骨关节炎检出,提示OA的发生,可能在青年时期已经开始。     

The incidence of Type I diabetes has not increased but shifted to a younger age at diagnosis in the 0-34 years group in Sweden 1983-1998

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: To analyse the incidence of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in the 0-34 years age group in Sweden 1983-1998. METHODS: Incidence and cumulative incidence per 100 000 and Poisson regression analysis of age-period effects was carried out using 11 751 cases from two nation-wide prospective registers. RESULTS: Incidence (95%-CI) was 21.4 (20.8-21.9) in men and 17.1 (16.6-17.5) in women between 0 and 34 years of age. In boys aged 0-14 and girls aged 0-12 years the incidence increased over time, but it tended to decrease at older age groups, especially in men. Average cumulative incidence at 35 years was 748 in men and 598 in women. Cumulative incidence in men was rather stable during four 4-year periods (736, 732, 762, 756), while in women it varied more (592, 542, 617, 631). In males aged 0-34 years, the incidence did not vary between the 4-year periods ( p=0.63), but time changes among the 3-year age groups differed ( p<0.001). In females the incidence between the periods varied ( p<0.001), being lower in 1987-1990 compared to 1983-1986, but time changes in the age groups did not differ ( p=0.08). For both sexes median age at diagnosis was higher in 1983-1986 than in 1995-1998 ( p<0.001) (15.0 and 12.5 years in males; 11.9 and 10.4 in females, respectively). CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: During a 16-year period the incidence of Type I diabetes did not increase in the 0-34 years age group in Sweden, while median age at diagnosis decreased. A shift to younger age at diagnosis seems to explain the increasing incidence of childhood Type I diabetes.     

Australia’s national trends in the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in 0–14‐year‐olds, 2000–2006

Aims To determine the national incidence of Type 1 diabetes in children aged 0–14 years and examine trends in incidence between 2000 and 2006 by age, sex and calendar year. Methods Case ascertainment was from the Australian National Diabetes Register, a prospective population‐based incidence register established in 1999, with two sources of ascertainment: the National Diabetes Services Scheme and the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group’s state‐based registers. Denominator data were from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Results There were 6350 new cases of Type 1 diabetes (3323 boys and 3027 girls). Case ascertainment was 97.1% complete using the capture–recapture method. The mean adjusted incidence rate for 2000–2006 was 21.6 per 100 000 person‐years [95% confidence interval (CI) 21.0, 22.1], and increased from 19.8 in 2000 to 23.4 per 100 000 in 2006, an average increase of 2.8% (95% CI 1.5, 4.1) per year. Mean incidence for the 7‐year period increased with age, and was significantly higher in boys aged 0–4 years and 10–14 years than in girls of the same age. Conclusions The incidence of Type 1 diabetes among 0–14‐year‐olds in Australia is very high compared with available data from many other countries. The rate of increase observed globally in the last decade has continued well into this decade in Australia. The rising incidence cannot be explained by changes in genetic susceptibility; there is an urgent need to examine the environmental factors that have contributed to this increase. The findings of this study also have important implications for resource planning.     

Age standardization in mapping adult overweight and obesity trends in the WHO European Region

This study aims to improve comparability of available data within the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region taking into account differences related to the aging of the population. Surveys were included if they were conducted on adults aged 25-64 years between 1985 and 2010 in the WHO European Region. Overweight/obesity prevalences were adjusted to the European standard population aged 25-64. Data were entered for each of the 5-year categories between 1981 and 2010. Measured height and weight data were available for males in 16 and females in 24 of the 53 countries. The 50-64-year-olds had higher prevalence of overweight and obesity as compared to the 25-49-year-olds. This pattern occurs in every country, by male and female, in almost all surveys. Age-standardized overweight prevalence was higher among males than females in all countries. Trend data showed increases in most countries. Age-standardized maps were based on self-reported data because of insufficient availability of measured data. Results showed more countries with available data as well as the higher category of obesity in the later surveys. Measured values are needed and age adjustment is important in documenting emerging overweight and obesity trends, independent of demographic changes, in the WHO European Region.