不同地区铜绿假单胞菌第一类整合子和整合子相关基因盒的分布

目的对石家庄、昆明两地分离的铜绿假单胞菌临床菌株进行第一类整合子的分布及整合子相关基因盒携带率的比较分析，探讨第一类整合子在两地菌株分布的差别。方法采用PCR方法筛选检测64株石家庄、昆明两地临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌第一类整合子和及其所携带的整合子相关基因盒。结果64株铜绿假单胞菌临床菌中共有43株为第一类整合子阳性菌（阳性率67．2％）；其中石家庄菌株和昆明菌株阳性率分别为71．4％和64．3％，两地铜绿假单胞菌第一类整合子阳性率无显著性差异。第一类整合子阳性铜绿假单胞菌中，石家庄菌株和昆明菌株携带一类整合子相关基因盒的阳性率分别为80．0％和38．％，两地第一类整合子阳性菌中整合子相关基因盒的携带率具有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；两地菌株携带的基因盒大小不同。结论第一类整合子在铜绿假单胞菌临床菌株中广泛分布，环境的选择压力影响细菌整合子相关基因盒的分布。     

儿童志贺菌Ⅰ类整合子及与产超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因关系的研究

目的：研究儿童志贺菌Ⅰ类整合子表达及其与产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）基因的相关性。方法：采用PCR方法检测60株产ESBLs志贺菌基因分型以及检测60株产ESBLs与60株非ESBLs志贺菌Ⅰ类整合酶基因,以分析Ⅰ类整合子与细菌耐药性的关系以及与ESBLs基因的关系。结果：儿童临床产ESBLs志贺菌耐药基因分型以CTX-M型最多见（85.0%）,其次为TEM-1型（50.0%）。产ESBL菌株基因分型分布情况以CTX-M型最多见（56.7%）,其次为TEM-1+CTX-M型（20.0%）和TEM-1型（20.0%）。产ESBLs和非产ESBLs菌株中Ⅰ类整合酶扩增阳性例数分别是55例（91.7%）和15例（25.0%）,两组整合子阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,同时Ⅰ类整合子表达与ESBLs具有相关性（R=0.67,P<0.01）;Ⅰ类整合子阳性的菌株耐药性明显高于Ⅰ类整合子阴性的菌株,整合子阳性株对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星以及复方磺胺甲噁唑耐药率较高,依次为84.3%、58.6%和90.0%。结论：儿童产ESBLs志贺菌中Ⅰ类整合子携带率明显高于ESBLs阴性菌株,显示儿童志贺菌Ⅰ类整合子与ESBLs基因之间存在密切相关性。     

第一类整合子整合酶基因intI1的定位分析

目的　整合子 ( integrons)介导的细菌耐药特性已成为研究细菌耐药机制的热点 ,在研究了来自正常人携带沙门氏菌中整合子的分布和特性的基础上 ,进一步探讨整合子的基因定位。方法　从已鉴定的整合子阳性菌株出发 ,分别提取其质粒和染色体 DNA,进行质粒的接合转移试验。对染色体 DNA进行限制性酶切 ,以第一类整合酶基因 int I1( DIG标记 )为探针 ,进行 Southern杂交。结果　 4株整合酶阳性菌株不存在含有第一类整合子的接合性质粒 ,确定 4株整合子阳性菌株的整合酶基因 int I1基因位于染色体上。结论　本文发现的整合子阳性菌株对耐药基因的捕获是通过染色体 DNA介导的。     

产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的整合子介导耐药的研究

目的研究产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株的耐药性、整合子的分布以及ESBLs的基因表型，探讨整合子介导的耐药机制在产ESBLs菌耐药性中的作用。方法对368株产EsBLs肺炎克雷伯菌进行PCR检测，分析其整合子结构基因以及ESBLs基因（blaT旷bla…和6肠CTXM）。结果I类整合子、6肠sH。、6f口T旷6f口cTx_M的检测率分别为54．35％、40．93％、42．75％、44．82％，未检测到II、III类整合子阳性菌；携带6肠。。基因的菌株检测到I类整合子的比例显著高于携带6肠。~NSDbtaCTXM基因的菌株（P〈O．01）；环丙沙星、头孢吡肟、左旋氧氟沙星和哌拉西林外，整合子阳性和整合子阴性产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌株对其他8种抗生素的耐药率不同（P〈O．05）。结论我院产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌中整合子以I类整合子为主，II类和III类整合子较少；我院ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌b／a…．．比例略高；I类整合子参与产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性的形成。     

沈阳地区儿科产超广谱β-内酰胺酶革兰阴性菌的耐药性与基因型研究

目的研究沈阳地区儿科产超广谱p内酰胺酶（extended—spectrum β-lactamases，ESBLs）革兰阴性菌的耐药性及ESBLs基因型分布，初步探讨其多重耐药性传播的分子机制。方法 KB法药敏试验，按照CLSI／NCCLS2005年标准筛选确认ESBLs表型，PCR法进行ESBLs基因型别分析，扩增Ⅰ类整合子全可变区，分析产ESBLs菌株中整合子的存在情况。结果在分离出的180株革兰阴性菌中，有62株经表型确证试验证实为产ESBLs菌株，检出率34．4％。产ESBLs菌株对各种抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株。基因分型结果表明，blaTEM基因阳性48株（77．4％），blasHV阳性32株（51．6％）。blacTX-M9组阳性31株（50％），blacTX-M3组阳性12株（19．4％）。62株ESBLs菌株中26株整合子全可变区PCR扩增阳性，阳性率41．9％。结论沈阳地区儿科革兰阴性菌中ESBLs菌株检出率较高，多数菌株同时携带两种或两种以上不同型别的β-内酰胺酶，且为多重耐药菌株，整合子机制参与其多重耐药性的形成与传播。     

中段尿分离革兰阴性杆菌整合子的分布与分型研究

目的 研究部分中段尿分离革兰阴性杆菌整合子的分布分型及携带率.方法 用1、2、3类三种整合酶基因通用引物扩增184株中段尿中分离革兰阴性杆菌的相应基因;用平板稀释法检测临床菌株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC).结果 1类整合酶基因总阳性率为61.4%(113/184),2类整合酶基因总阳性率为4.3%(8/184),未检出3类整合酶基因阳性菌株.临床分离菌株对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、左氧沙星的平均耐药率超过了50%.结论 1类整合子在革兰阴性杆菌中普遍存在,2类整合子相对较少.     

1994年～2004年杭州地区O139群霍乱弧菌携SXT元件和整合子的特征

目的了解杭州地区O139群霍乱弧菌菌株携带SXT元件和整合子的特征。方法对1994年～2004年杭州地区腹泻患者分离的ctxA阳性霍乱弧菌O139群菌株25株（1994年～2004年）、O1群菌株（1997年～2001年）18株，应用PCR进行SXT元件和Ⅰ类整合子检测，并对Ⅰ类整合子携带的基因盒进行核酸序列测定，同时检测菌株对10种抗生素的耐药谱。结果1994年分离的浙江省首株O139群菌株即开始携带SXT元件。1994年～2004年分离的25株O139群菌株中，SXT元件携带率为96．00％（24／25）；18株O1群菌株（1997年～2001年）均属O139群出现后分离的，SXT元件为83．33％（15／18）。Ⅰ类整合子最早出现于1998年分离的O139群菌株，总阳性率为60．00％（15／25）；在2000年以后检出的O139群菌株中，携带率为81．25％（13／16）；Ⅰ类整合子中的基因盒阵列有两种：一为aadA2，占93．33％（14／15）；另一为dfrAI2＋orfF＋aadA3c，占6．67％（1／15）。18株O1群菌株（1997年～2001年）中未发现有Ⅰ类整合子。结论SXT元件在O139群（1994年～2004年）和O1群（1997年～2001年）霍乱弧菌中有较高的携带率。Ⅰ类整合子在2000年以后检出的O139群菌株中有较高的携带率。携带的基因盒提示，O139群菌株与其他细菌可能通过Ⅰ类整合子途经交换对抗生素耐药基因。     

59株大肠杆菌中整合子的研究

目的:研究59株耐头孢西丁大肠杆菌整合子的分类、结构及其在介导耐药中的作用。方法:利用多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法检测整合酶基因(intI),对其阳性菌株可变区(Int)扩增产物进行测序分析;采用微量稀释法测定22种抗生素对试验菌株的敏感性。结果:59株大肠杆菌中,45株Ⅰ类整合酶基因阳性(76%);所携带的耐药基因盒绝大多数为aadA5和dfr17;仅有2株携带β-内酰胺酶耐药基因盒;整合子阳性组抑菌浓度明显高于阴性组。结论:Ⅰ类整合子广泛地存在于耐头孢西丁大肠杆菌中;耐药基因盒是整合子阳性菌株对氨基糖苷类、磺胺类药物及氯霉素耐药的主要原因,但对介导β-内酰胺类耐药方面,不起主要作用。     

奇异变形菌中整合子分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解院内奇异变形菌中各类整合子的携带分布情况、阳性菌株可变区基因盒类型以及其与宿主菌耐药表型的相关性,从而为临床治疗和院内感染控制提供参考。方法 采用PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳等方法,将本院2016年1月—2018年12月份从临床标本中分离得到的150株奇异变形菌进行第1、2和3类整合子的筛选,并对整合子阳性菌株可变区进行测序分析以及宿主菌的耐药性进行相关性分析。结果 150株奇异变形菌中携带整合子的菌株共有91株,阳性率为60.7%,其中第1类整合子阳性菌株有30株,占20.0%;第2类整合子阳性菌株22株,占14.7%;同时携带第1和2类菌株39株,占26.0%;未筛出第3类整合子;在91株整合子阳性菌株中,86株可变区出现扩增产物条带,其余5株可变区未见扩增产物;第1类整合子阳性菌株可变区携带的耐药基因盒主要为AadA2、DfrA32,第2类整合子阳性菌株可变区携带耐药基因盒主要为DfrA1;可变区携带AadA2的菌株对庆大霉素和妥布霉素的耐药率显著高于整合子阴性菌株(P<0.01),可变区携带DfrA1或DfrA32的菌株对复方磺胺甲噁唑(即甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑)的耐药率也明显高于整合子阴性菌株(P<0.01);91株整合子阳性菌株对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、复方磺胺甲噁唑、环丙沙星、庆大霉素、头孢曲松、妥布霉素和左氧氟沙星的耐药率均显著高于整合子阴性菌株(P<0.01)。结论     

多重耐药临床菌株中整合子结构的检测与分析

目的研究广州暨南大学附属第一医院2004年部分临床菌株样本的整合子及其基因盒的分布特性。方法多重PCR检测与细菌耐药关系密切的1、2、3类整合酶基因,进一步对阳性样本可变区的基因盒序列鉴定分析。结果随机抽取109株临床菌株,整合酶阳性检出率为97.2%(106/109),其中1类整合酶阳性菌100株(91.7%),2类整合酶阳性菌1株(0.92%),此外有5株(4.6%)同时检出1、2类整合酶,没有检测到3类整合酶;基因盒鉴定结果显示,插入基因盒以dfrA(甲氧苄氨嘧啶耐药相关)和aadA(氨基糖苷类耐药相关)基因家族为主,也在少数菌株中发现了aacA4、cmlA1、catB3以及sat1基因盒。其中又以dfrA12、orfF和aadA2组合最为常见,耐药基因盒PCR扩增片段为1913bp(64.6%);此外,还发现了同时存在两种整合子结构的菌株。结论整合子普遍存在于临床菌株中,可通过基因水平转移在不同菌属间传播,提示各医药单位必须加强耐药监测及合理选择抗菌药物,以减少多重耐药细菌的发生和发展。     

Possible role of integrase gene polymerase chain reaction as an epidemiological marker: study of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from nosocomial infections

Eighty-six strains of Acinetobacter baumannii from India and Nepal were investigated for the presence of integrons in relation to multiple drug resistance by integrase gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Integrons were found to be present at a rate of 43.02% (37/86). Integrons were significantly correlated with multidrug resistance to several antibiotics. Class 1 integrons were detected in 81.1% of integron-positive strains, whilst 18.9% were found to be positive for class 2 integrons. The majority of class 2 integrons (71%) were encountered in strains isolated from post-operative wards of both countries. The highest integron carriage in isolates of A. baumannii (63.6%) was observed in 2005. Hence, it is likely that integrons play an important role in antibiotic resistance and possibly indicate epidemic behaviour of A. baumannii. Integrase gene PCR may be used as routine screening and identification for the surveillance of clinical isolates of A. baumannii with epidemic potential.     

Antibiotic resistance, integrons and Salmonella genomic island 1 among non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars in The Netherlands

The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns, integron characteristics and gene cassettes as well as the presence of Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) in non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates from human and animal origin. Epidemiologically unrelated Dutch NTS strains (n=237) originating from food-producing animals and human cases of salmonellosis were tested for their susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents. Resistance to 14 of these antimicrobials, including the third-generation cephalosporins, was detected. Resistance to sulphonamides, ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim and nalidixic acid was common (>/=10% of the strains were resistant). Resistance against three or more antimicrobials was observed in 57 isolates. The same 237 strains were studied for the prevalence of class 1 integrons, their gene cassettes and the presence of SGI1. Thirty-six isolates (15.2%) carried class 1 integrons. These integrons had ten distinct profiles based on the size of the integron and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Integrons were detected for the first time in serovars Indiana and Senftenberg. Multidrug resistance was strongly associated with the presence of class 1 integrons in which the aadA2, aadA1, bla(PSE-1), dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA14 or sat genes were present, as determined by nucleotide sequence determination. The presence of gene cassettes or combinations of gene cassettes not previously found in integrons in Salmonella was observed. SGI1 or its variants (SGI-B, -C and -F) were present in 16 isolates belonging to either serovar Typhimurium, Derby or Albany. Regardless of whether the isolate was of human or animal origin, the same resistance phenotype, integron profile and SGI1 structure could be observed.     

Characterisation of antimicrobial resistance patterns and class 1 integrons among Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis strains isolated from humans and swine in Taiwan

Escherichia coli isolates from humans (n=110) and swine (n=61) and Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis isolates (n=95) from swine in southern Taiwan were characterised for antimicrobial resistance patterns and class 1 integrons. All E. coli isolates and S. Choleraesuis isolates were multidrug resistant and demonstrated high resistance to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, sulfonamides, spectinomycin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid. By polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing, 104 (61%) E. coli isolates and 31 (33%) S. Choleraesuis isolates were found to carry class 1 integrons. The gene cassette array dfrA12-orfF-aadA2 was the most prevalent (24%) among the human and swine E. coli isolates, whilst the gene cassette array dfrA12-orfF-aadA2-sul1 was the most prevalent (24%) among S. Choleraesuis strains. For E. coil isolates, all class 1 integrons were located on conjugated plasmids. Meanwhile, human and swine E. coli isolates carrying identical gene cassettes were genetically unrelated. Our results revealed that multidrug resistance and class 1 integrons were widely present in E. coli and S. Choleraesuis isolates obtained in Taiwan and that class 1 integrons might play an important role in contributing to the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance.     

Novel cassette arrays of integrons in clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae in China

One hundred and forty-two Enterobacteriaceae isolates randomly selected from four general hospitals in Nanjing region of China were investigated for antibiotic susceptibility, the presence of integrons and the characterisation of gene cassettes. Eighty-five (59.9%) Enterobacteriaceae strains contained class 1 integrons, and 17 (65.4%) of 26 Shigella contained class 2 integrons. Class 3 integrons were not detected in this study. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing analysis revealed seven different cassette arrays of class 1 integrons; additionally, four cassette arrays identified in this study were reported for the first time in some species. The genes most commonly found in these class 1 integrons were those for aminoglycoside and trimethoprim resistance. In conclusion, class 1 and 2 integrons were widespread in Enterobacteriaceae and Shigella, respectively, in Nanjing area of China and it was likely that integrons played an important role in antibiotic resistance. Characterisation of cassette arrays of integrons could be a useful epidemiological tool to study the evolution of multidrug resistance and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.     

Antibiotic resistance and class 1 integron patterns of non-typhoidal human Salmonella serotypes isolated in Hungary in 2002 and 2003

The antibiotic resistance profiles of 5178 Salmonella strains representing 19 non-typhoidal serotypes isolated from human salmonellosis cases in Hungary in 2002 and 2003 were analysed for resistance to 10 antibiotic agents. The most frequent resistances were to nalidixic acid (Nx), streptomycin (S), tetracycline (Tc), ampicillin (Amp) and chloramphenicol (Cm) (ranging from 27% to 13%). Forty-five percent of the Salmonella Typhimurium strains were multiple resistant and belonged mainly to the definitive phage types 104 and U302. A prevalence of 83-94% of strains of serotypes S. Infantis, S. Hadar and S. Virchow was observed with the NxSTc resistance pattern, sometimes complemented with other resistances. Multiple resistance was uncommon in S. Enteritidis; nevertheless, 20% of the strains, most of which belonged to phage type 4, were nalidixic acid resistant. One strain of S. Typhimurium was found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin. Four S. Typhimurium strains were resistant to cefotaxime and produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. Selected isolates were screened for the presence of class 1 integrons by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nucleotide sequencing of the PCR products revealed nine different variable regions. One resistance gene was identified in five variable regions (aadA1, aadA2, aadA23, dfrV and pse-1), and four variable regions carried two resistance gene cassettes (aadB-catB3, dhfrI-aadA, dfrA17-aadA5 and oxa-1-aadA1).     

辽宁地区沙门菌整合子与耐药相关性研究

摘要：目的 及时掌握辽宁地区沙门菌整合子的分布以及对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,获取沙门菌整合子与耐药性的相关性,从而为临床用药及治疗提供指导。方法 本文对来源于食品以及病患的149株沙门菌,利用PCR扩增的方法,进行整合子类别的筛选,并将扩增的整合子基因盒进行基因测序,同时通过药敏板测定(耐药性实验)对沙门菌与15种临床常用抗菌药物的耐药相关性进行研究。结果 149株沙门菌中未发现第II类、第III类整合子,检出第I类整合子的菌株50株,I类整合子阳性率为33.6%。50株整合子阳性菌株中25株携带耐药基因盒,片段范围从1500~1800 bp。测序结果表明,其中22株整合子携带dfrA17-aadA5基因盒,2株携带dfrA12-aadA2基因盒,1株首次检出罕见耐药基因盒linG。根据整合子携带情况不同,对15种抗菌药物的耐药率进行对比分析,结果显示整合子阳性菌对9种抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于整合子阴性菌(P<0.01),分别为氨苄西林、四环素、氯霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢唑林、庆大霉素、复方磺胺甲恶唑、阿奇霉素和环丙沙星。辽宁地区沙门菌多重耐药率达50.3%。结论 I类整合子在沙门菌中分布广泛,抗性基因表型与耐药结果相一致,整合子的携带与沙门菌多重耐药率高度相关。沙门菌对亚胺培南和头孢西丁保持高敏感率,可以用于对常规抗菌药物耐药的沙门菌的治疗。     

多重PCR技术检测沙门菌两种四环素耐药基因

应用两对特异性引物同时检测四环素耐药基因tetB和tetC通过对35株沙门菌分离株的四环素耐药性检测，表明所有沙门菌分离株均含tetC基因，与药敏试验结果阳性符合率65．7％，8株同时含有tetB基因，与药敏试验结果阳性符合率100％，tetB基因和tetC基因双阳性的菌株与药敏试验结果阳性符合率也为100％。取其中部分菌株扩增出tetB和tetC基因片段进行序列分析，5株菌的tetB基因扩增产物序列完全相同，与质粒pRT11相应序列同源性达99．7％；14株菌的tetC基因扩增产物与质粒pBR322中的相应序列同源性为100％。证实沙门菌耐药基因普遍存在，且同时含有tetB和tetC基因的菌株表现耐药。多重PCR技术同时检测两种四环素耐药基因，适合大量样本的检测，对开展沙门菌四环素多种耐药基因的分子流行病学监测提供了有效途径。