婴幼儿胃食管反流病61例

胃食管反流（GER）是指胃内容物反流入食管,病理性反流伴有症状时称为胃食管反流病（GERD）。由于解剖生理特点,婴幼儿发病较多,现将我院收治的门例婴儿GERD报告如下。临床资料一、对象：系我院1995年6月～1998年6月的住院病人。年龄＜6mo35人,＜la6人,＜Zall人,＜3a9人。男46例,女15例。二、临床表现：呕吐32例（52％）,咽下困难、喘鸣各1例门．6％）,反复呼吸道感染36例（59％）,哮喘6例（9．8％）,反复窒息2例（3．2％）,营养不良门例（13％）。三、辅助检查1．动态24h食管PH监测：用便携式24hPH自动记录仪（Digitrap…     

胃食管双pH监测小儿十二指肠胃食管返流

采用胃、食管双ｐＨ电极对２１例１～１２个月小儿进行２４ｈｐＨ值监测。７例无返流小儿为对照组，１４例有返流的小儿中９例为酸性返流（６４％），５例（３６％）为碱性返流即十二指肠胃食管返流（其中４例合并酸性返流）。碱性返流可引起严重的食管病变。传统的单一食管下端ｐＨ监测难以作出准确诊断，增加胃底ｐＨ监测为准确判定返流，特别是十二指肠胃食管返流提供重要根据，对于提高胃食管返流诊断率和指导临床对不同类型的返流进行有效治疗具有重要意义。     

24小时食管动态pH-阻抗联合监测评估小儿胃食管反流性咳嗽的临床特征

目的 探讨24 h食管动态pH-阻抗联合监测对以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的胃食管反流病（GERD）患儿的临床表现及反流特征的评估价值。方法 对2012年2月至2013年7月40例南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院门诊及住院的可疑胃食管反流性咳嗽（RERC）患儿,利用24 h食管pH-阻抗联合监测GERD患者的各项指标。结果 40例慢性咳嗽患儿中,单纯用24 h食管pH监测符合GERD的患儿有23例（57.5%）,利用24 h食管动态pH-阻抗联合监测符合GERD的患儿有34例（85.0%）,明显高于单纯用24 h食管pH监测的结果。且在小儿慢性咳嗽中主要是在直立时弱酸反流和酸反流为主（P＜0.05）,同时发生频率最高的在直立状态下的混合反流（P＜0.05）,而食团清除时间在直立与仰卧时差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,近端反流是以仰卧位为主（P＜0.05）。总反流次数与症状指数（SI）呈正相关（r = 0.818,P＜0.05）。结论 利用24 h食管动态pH-阻抗联合监测技术可以检出酸反流、弱酸反流和非酸反流,使GERD的诊断更精确,对以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的GERD有着重要的诊断价值,具有较好的临床应用前景。     

小儿胃食管反流病24小时食管pH监测1160例体会

为探讨24h 小时pH监测在小儿胃食管反流病（GERD）诊治中的作用,本院应用例携式24hpH自动记录仪对临床疑诊GERD患儿1160例进行1252次监测,报告如下。     

胃食管双PH监测小儿十二脂肠胃食管返流

采用胃、食管双ＰＨ电极对２１例１～１２个月个月小儿进行２４ｈｐＨ值监测。７例无返流小儿为对照组，１４例有返流的小儿中９例为酸性返流（６４％），５例（３６％）为碱性返流即十二指肠胃食管返流（其中４例合并酸性返流）。碱性返流可引起严重的食管病变。传统的单一食管下端ＰＨ监测难以作出准确诊断，增加胃底ＰＨ监测为准确羊定返流，特别是十二脂肠胃食管返流提供重要根据，对于提高胃食管返流诊断率和指导临床对不同类型     

小儿胃食管反流病104例分析

目的　探讨小儿胃食管反流病 (GERD)的临床特点与诊断。方法　对 10 4例GERD患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　小儿GERD以新生儿期和婴幼儿发病较多 ,<3岁者占 75 0 % (78/ 10 4)。临床表现除有呕吐、溢乳等反流症状外 ,80 8%具呼吸道症状表现。部分患儿仅表现呼吸道症状 ,反流症状反而不明显。 91例监测 2 4h食管 pH ,89例异常 ,检出率 97 8%。卧位时各项反流指标均大于立位时。 2 8例行食管钡剂造影阳性2 3例 ,诊断阳性率 82 1%。 10例食管内镜检查 3例有食管炎 ,其中 1例食管溃疡伴Barrett食管。结论　小儿胃食管反流临床表现复杂 ,缺乏特异性 ;2 4h食管 pH监测是首选的诊断方法 ,不仅可以发现反流 ,还可以了解反流程度 ;食管X线检查仍可作为小儿GER常用的诊断方法 ;内镜检查和食管粘膜病理检查有助于尽早发现食管病变 ,增加食管炎的检出率     

放射性核素闪烁显像在小儿胃食管返流诊断中的应用

对１４例胃食管反流（ＧＥＲ）患儿行放射性核素胃食管显像（ＧＥＳ），１１例发现异常征象，诊断的特异性为７８．５％。着重对检查方法、检测指标及诊断标准进行讨论，认为ＧＥＳ具有符合生理、简便无创、动态观测、定量分析及诊断率较高的特点，是诊断胃食管返流的重要手段。     

小儿胃食管反流病诊断进展

小儿胃食管反流病（GERD）临床表现多样,有典型症状、非典型症状和消化道外症状之分。在基层医院诊断一般依赖病史、典型症状和体格检查。反流诊断问卷可用于初筛。食管胃钡餐造影能显示胃肠道的解剖结构异常。食管pH监测、Bravo胶囊无线pH监测、Bilitec2000胆红素监测、阻抗结合pH测定等可证实有无反流。胃镜检查和食管黏膜活检常作为诊断反流性食管炎和Barrett食管的首选方法。食管动力功能检查有助于了解GER的病理生理基础和发病机制。胃食管B型超声和食管核素测定可用于评价胃排空,而核素扫描还可确认有无肺部吸入。临床上必须根据需要选择适当的检查方法和诊断程序,提高诊断水平。     

肥厚性幽门狭窄手术前后胃食管pH动态改变

目的：采用24h pH动态监测技术观察肥厚性幽门狭窄患儿手术前后胃食管pH变化规律。方法：对28例肥厚性幽门狭窄患儿及21例正常儿行胃食管24h pH动态监测。结果：患儿组术前酸性胃食管反流指标较对照组明显增高，占57．1％，术后3，7d复检时，酸性反流指标明显降低，十二指肠胃反流指标增高，64．2％，术后显示十二指肠胃反流和混合性胃食管反流，术后1个月复检时胃食管反流指标明显降低。结论：肥厚性幽门狭窄术前以酸性胃食管反流为主，术后则以十二指肠胃反流和混合性反流为主，随着术后幽门管组织结构和功能的恢复，反流可逐渐改善。     

酸和胆汁反流在胃食管反流病中的作用

目的探讨酸和胆汁反流在小儿胃食管反流病(GERD)中的作用及这两种反流的临床意义。方法应用便携式pH监测仪及胆汁监测仪同步监测12例GERD患儿及11例健康儿童的食管内24 h pH变化和胆汁反流情况。结果GERD组食管酸暴露时间(pH<4)较对照组显著增加(P<0.05);食管胆汁反流采用胆红素吸收值≥0.14的时间百分比表示,GERD组较对照组明显增高(P<0.05),且85%GERD患儿存在酸和胆汁混合反流。结论胆汁反流和酸反流同样常见于GERD患儿,在小儿GERD发病中起重要作用,同步监测食管内pH及胆汁变化对小儿GERD的诊断具有重要意义。     

Significance of gastroesophageal refluxate in relation to physical, chemical, and spatiotemporal characteristics in symptomatic intensive care unit neonates

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a frequent consideration in intensive care unit neonates. We tested the hypothesis that symptoms in GERD are dependent on the spatiotemporal and physicochemical characteristics of reflux events by evaluating the symptom sensitivity index (SSI) and symptom index (SI) in relation to the refluxate characteristics. Thirty symptomatic neonates (30.7 ± 0.8 wk gestation) were evaluated using manometry and pH-impedance methods. During 704.3 h of recordings, 2063 gastroesophageal reflux (GER) were observed; 54% of the GER were associated with symptoms. Defined by physical characteristics, there were 51.3% liquid, 29.1% gas, and 19.6% mixed GER. Defined by chemical characteristics, there were 48.5% acid and 51.5% nonacid GER. Defined by most proximal extent, 79.2% were supra-UES (upper esophageal sphincter) and 20.8% were infra-UES. Higher SSI was noted with pH-only events (p < 0.0001 versus pH-impedance events). Higher SI was noted with movement symptoms (versus sensory, p = 0.04). In a subset analysis, the frequencies of GER events, acid clearance time, and SSI were all greater in chronic lung disease versus none (p < 0.001). In conclusion, clinical significance of symptoms as measured by SSI and SI and characterization of spatial-temporal-physical-chemical nature of GER events as defined by pH-impedance methods clarifies the definition of GERD.     

小儿胃食管反流病的治疗

胃食管反流（gastroesophageal reflux,GER）是指胃内容物包括从十二指肠流入胃的胆盐和胰酶反流入食管,可分为病理性和生理性,生理性反流可发生在正常的儿童,空腹或睡眠的情况下不发生反流;病理性反流是发作频繁或持续,导致了食管炎、食管不适的症状或呼吸道疾病等。胃食管反流的治疗是一个较长的过程,包括改变生活方式、内科药物治疗和外科手术治疗。要根据对患儿生活质量（尤其与健康相关的生活质量）的影响和治疗的经济性来选择治疗方式和药物。儿童大多数病理性反流经保守治疗,能获得满意的效果。     

Results of the gastroesophageal reflux assessment in wheezy children

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is implicated in the pathogenesis of respiratory symptoms in childhood. It should be taken into account especially in the differential diagnosis of children presenting with wheezing. Although, oesophageal pH monitorisation has been reported to be the best technique in the evaluation of GER, radionuclide studies have also been shown to be very sensitive recently. In this study, 82 children presenting with recurrent wheezing (n=74) and/or vomiting (n=28) (mean age 17.4 months; range 3–48 months) were evaluated. GER scintigraphy was performed to determine the frequency of GER. GER was determined in 18 of the 82 cases (21.9%). The GER was found in 21.1% of children with recurrent wheezing and in 16.6% of children suffering from recurrent vomiting. GER scintigraphy should be kept in mind in the evaluation of children with the complaint of recurrent wheezing since it is a noninvasive and easily applicable method.     

Childhood gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in adult patients

OBJECTIVES: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and its esophageal (esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus) and extraesophageal (asthma, laryngeal disease) disease manifestations (GERD) are increasing common problems in children and adults. There are virtually no published longitudinal outcome studies that describe the natural history of childhood-onset GER throughout a person's lifetime. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of recalled childhood reflux symptoms in adult patients currently with and without GER symptoms. METHODS: Four hundred adult patients were classified as refluxers (225 patients; 57%), nonrefluxers (154 patients; 38%), and those who claimed to not know if they had reflux (21 patients; 5%; excluded from analysis). Subjects were given a questionnaire asking them to recall childhood symptoms attributed to GER. Of the 225 refluxers, 141 (63%) recalled at least one childhood symptom, compared with 54 of the 154 nonrefluxers (35%) ( < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Adult refluxers were more likely to recall having developed GER symptoms at an earlier age, beginning at infancy and developing statistically significant GER compared with nonrefluxers after age 11. Adults suffering from GER were far more likely than nonrefluxers to recall having experienced GER symptoms during childhood. Well-designed, population-based epidemiologic studies are needed to more accurately assess the extent of GER in the overall population and the extent of its impact on health care in the United States.     

Delayed gastric emptying in gastroesophageal reflux disease: the role of malrotation

The association between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and intestinal malrotation (IM) has been well described. Delayed or impaired gastric emptying in IM is thought to be a contributing factor in the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The current study assessed the role of malrotation in delayed gastric emptying in children with GERD. We also evaluated the interactions between GERD, malrotation, gastric pH abnormalities, and gastric dysmotility. Sixty-seven patients between 1 and 5 years of age (mean 3.08±1.2) and with symptoms of GER, such as emesis, reactive or recurrent lung disease, and/or growth retardation, were studied in 2001–2005. Upper and lower gastrointestinal contrast studies were performed for the diagnosis of malrotation. Gastric motility was evaluated with a liquid gastric emptying protocol. GER was documented by upper gastrointestinal studies, scintigraphy, and/or 24-h pH monitoring. In our series of 44 children with GERD, there was an unexpectedly high incidence of IM: 54.5% (24/44). IM has previously been known to occur in 25% of patients with GERD. GERD was found in 24 (82.7%) of 29 patients with IM. Mean nuclear gastric emptying (MNGE) was 51.6±8.04 min in patients with isolated GERD and 96.6±20.5 min in children with IM and GERD. There was a statistically significant difference in MNGE time (p<0.05) between children with primary GERD and in those with GERD and IM. Esophageal pH monitoring showed that mean fraction time below pH 4 was 7.06±1.1% in patients with isolated GERD and 14.7±4.1% in patients with IM and GERD. GERD is common in children between 1 and 5 years old. Using gastric emptying studies and esophageal pH monitoring, we have shown that gastric dysmotility and esophageal pH abnormalities are highly prevalent, especially in children with malrotation compared with children with isolated GERD. These findings suggest that malrotation is an important factor responsible for delayed gastric emptying in GERD. Hence, we recommend that all infants and children with GERD and delayed gastric emptying undergo careful evaluation for malrotation.     

Gastroesophageal reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux is common in infants and generally resolves spontaneously within the first year of life as the lower esophageal sphincter mechanism matures. The reflux is only considered a "disease" (GERD) when it becomes symptomatic or causes pathological consequences. GERD is commonly associated with esophageal atresia and there is a high incidence in neurologically impaired children; in both groups conservative treatment is notoriously ineffective. The diagnosis of GER is made on upper gastrointestinal contrast studies, endoscopy and pH monitoring. Medical management comprises antacids, reduction of gastric acid production and prokinetic agents. The indications for antireflux surgery include an established esophageal stricture, associated anatomical defect and failure of medical therapy. Apnoeic episodes secondary to documented GER in the infant, constitute an absolute indication for early surgery.     

婴儿牛奶蛋白过敏与胃食管反流关系的研究进展

胃食管反流 （GER）与牛奶蛋白过敏 （CMA）都是婴儿期常见的疾病。近年来,关于两者之间关系的研究逐渐增多,有报道认为1岁以内婴儿的GER,约50%可能与CMA有关,因此全面认识CMA在婴儿GER发生和发展中的作用,对于提高临床诊疗水平具有重要意义。该综述试图阐述婴儿CMA与GER相关的研究进展,包括流行病学、发病机制、临床表现、诊断和治疗。     

肺泡内吞噬脂肪的巨噬细胞对新生儿胃食管反流所致吸入综合征的诊断意义

目的　探讨肺泡内吞噬脂肪的巨噬细胞 (LLAM)在诊断新生儿胃食管反流 (GER)和肺部吸入综合征中的价值。方法　将 90例需机械通气的新生儿行食管 pH值 2 4h动态检测分析或钡剂食道造影 ,根据是否有GER将患儿分成两组 ,A组 :49例 ,有GER ;B组 :41例 ,无GER。将气管吸出物离心涂片用油红O染色检测LLAM。结果　A组共有 42例LLAM阳性 ,阳性率为 85 7% ;B组仅有 7例LLAM阳性 ,阳性率为 17 1% ,两组间差别有显著意义 (P <0 0 1)。LLAM对GER的诊断敏感性为 85 7% ,特异性为 82 9% ,假阳性率为 17 1%。结论　气管吸出物检测LLAM对新生儿GER和肺部吸入综合征的诊断具有重要意义 ,该方法敏感性和特异性较高 ,且简便、快捷、经济 ,值得推广应用     

24 h食管pH监测在婴儿难治性肺炎中的临床应用研究

目的探讨24h食管pH监测在婴儿难治性肺炎中的临床应用及其意义。方法对57例难治性肺炎患儿进行24h食管pH监测,监测指标包括食管pH〈4.0的次数、反流时间≥5min的次数、最长反流时间、卧位pH值〈4的时间占总监测时间的百分比和Biox-Ochoa评分。结果57例中存在胃食管反流（GER）28例（占49.1%）;有呕吐与无呕吐症状患儿各项反流指标比较差异有统计学意义;伴有胃食管反流患儿经促动力剂治疗者,肺部罗音消失时间和咳嗽持续时间均较未用促动力剂治疗者短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论难治性肺炎患儿经正规抗炎治疗效果不佳者,应考虑是否合并胃食管反流,进行24h食管pH监测,以确定病因并指导治疗。     

动态24小时食管pH值监测小儿胃食管返流

为了解２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测在小儿胃食管返流（ＧＥＲ）诊治中的作用，研究小儿病理性ＧＥＲ的特点及其诊断标准，对５０例经钡餐造影诊为ＧＥＲ的患儿进行动态２４小时食管内ｐＨ值监测，３０例健康小儿为对照组，复查１３例病理性ＧＥＲ患儿治疗后（９例为手术治疗）的食管ｐＨ值。结果表明，ＧＥＲ组各项返流指标显著高于对照组。对照组中１例为病理性ＧＥＲ，ＧＥＲ组３１例为病理性，另１９例则为生理性。１３例食管裂孔疝（ＨＨ）患儿均有明显的病理性返流，其各项返流指标除ｐＨ值＜４次数外均显著高于单纯病理性ＧＥＲ；ＨＨ组卧位时返流≥５分钟次数、最长返流时间、总ｐＨ值＜４的时间占总观察时间的百分比和平均返流周期均显著大于立位时；单纯病理性ＧＥＲ组卧位时返流≥５分钟次数、最长返流时间和平均返流周期显著大于立位时，而返流次数则小于立位时。提示小儿病理性ＧＥＲ以卧位时明显，伴有食管裂孔疝者返流更为严重。动态２４小时食管内ｐＨ值监测可用于小儿ＧＥＲ的诊断、分析和疗效评定。