常住人口与外来人口肺结核病人耐药性分析

目的 为了解门诊病人中常住入口与外来入口(以下简称“不同人口”)肺结核病人耐药性的异同。方法 采用绝对浓度间接法，应用改良罗氏培养基对分离菌株进行抗结核药耐药性测定。对不同人口肺结核耐药病例分初、复治两组进行分析。结果 不同人口肺结核病人对常用抗结核药耐药率差别不大，复治病例耐药率明显高于初治病例。两者的初治病例均以耐单药为主、复治病例以耐多药为主。外来人口男、女肺结核病人耐药率均高于常住人口，且外来人口耐药病例比常住人口更年青化。结论 常住人口及外来人口肺结核均处于高耐药状态，须加强结核病耐药性监测。外来人口男、女复治肺结核病患者耐药率都比常住人口高，应引起注意。     

广东省东莞地区结核病控制措施与起始耐药状况分析

目的　掌握东莞地区肺结核病人起始耐药特征,评价本地区结核病控制实施效果。方法 采用WHO制定的全球结核病耐药监测方案,使用比例法对东莞地区初治涂阳肺结核病人进行耐药性测定。结果 558例肺结核病人的初始耐药率为18.1%,以耐链霉素(9.9%)及异烟肼(11.6%)为主,50.5%的耐药病人耐1药,耐利福平和异烟肼2药及以上病人的耐药率为5.7%。但初始耐药病人的化疗效果较好。结论 东莞地区肺结核初始耐药水平较高,应进一步加强结核病控制工作。     

浙江省肺结核病人耐药特征

目的 掌握浙江省肺结核病人耐药特征,衡量全省结核病控制实施效果。方法 1997年20个监测点的门诊结核病人进行耐药测定,药敏试验采用绝对浓度间接法。结果 709例肺结核病人的初始耐药率为18.6%,对一药的耐药最高 (10.5%)。初治敏感与耐药病人的化疗效果几乎同样好。复治耐药率为68.5%,以耐RH二药最高 (38.7%)。复治耐药病人的化疗效果较差,治愈率为39.5%。结论 浙江省结核病控制工作规范化起步较晚,今后的工作重点对初治涂阳病例采用合理化疗方案和DOTS管理。     

1996—2001年住院复治肺结核患者结核分枝杆菌耐药性的调查

目的　探讨住院复治肺结核患者的耐药情况。方法 对1996—2001年培养阳性的1385例住院肺结核患者中440例复治肺结核患者的耐药情况按年龄分组进行回顾性分析。结果 总耐药率以青年组最高。耐2药及以上者比例较耐1药比例高,青年组耐R率明显高于老年组;耐2药中,以耐HR占首位。总的耐多药率为49.5%,青年组高达73.9%。结论 复治肺结核患者的高耐药率应引起足够重视,需采取更多措施降低耐药率。     

惠州市外来人口涂阳肺结核患者治疗效果分析

目的　总结外来人口肺结核病的管理及治疗效果。为将外来人口纳入区域结核病控制规划提供科学依据。方法 对门诊登记确诊的外来人口肺结核病人提供免费诊治和实施DOTS管理。结果 2 0 0 1— 2 0 0 2年对 4 5 0例暂住半年以上的外来人口的涂阳肺结核患者进行治疗。初治涂阳治愈率 90 .9% ,复治涂阳治愈率 85 %,接近常住户口肺结核病人的治疗效果。结论 加强外来人口结核病的管治力度 ,进一步完善各项管理措施 ,可取到与常住人口同样的治疗效果。     

浙江、广东省耐药监测项目中耐药肺结核治疗现况研究

目的　探讨耐药监测项目中初始耐药与获得性耐药肺结核病人的耐药情况与在完成规范短程化疗方案时的治疗效果,为初始与获得性耐药肺结核病人的管理与治疗提供参考依据。方法 对浙江和广东两省纳入结核病耐药性监测项目的肺结核病患者以比例法测定耐药情况并在短程督导化疗下观察耐药肺结核病人的治疗结果。分析完成规范短程化疗方案的耐药肺结核病人225例的耐药与治疗情况。结果 初始耐药肺结核病人149例,其中耐单药87例,耐多药62例;获得性耐药肺结核病人76例,其中耐单药者38例,耐多药38例。初始耐单药肺结核病人治愈率94.3%;耐多药肺结核病人治愈率88.7%;获得性耐单药肺结核病人治愈率92.1%,耐多药肺结核病人治愈率63.2%。结论 对耐单药的肺结核病人继续应用原规范短程化疗方案,仍可获得较好的治疗效果,而耐多药肺结核病人特别是获得性耐多药肺结核病人的治疗效果较差。对耐药肺结核病人,应结合胸部X片检查以及结核菌培养等综合判断疗效。建议组织开展全国性的肺结核病耐药性的基线调查;开展耐药结核病,特别是耐多药结核病治疗的进一步研究,组织对耐多药结核病治疗的试点;加强结核病痰细菌学检查和药物敏感性试验的质量控制。     

内蒙古乌兰察布盟结核分枝杆菌耐药性监测研究

目的　掌握乌兰察布盟初始和获得性耐药水平。方法 采用整群抽样方法,由内蒙统一抽样,乌盟的集宁、凉城、化德为监测点。各监测点连续选 26个新发涂阳肺结核病例,期间的复治涂阳病例同时纳入,并对全部培养阳性菌株进行菌型鉴定及SM、INH、RFP、EMB4种抗结核药物的药敏试验。结果 共入选 107例培养阳性病例,总耐药率为 52.3%,其中初始耐药率 35.9%,获得性耐药率 76.7%。初始耐多药率为 7.8%,获得性耐多药率为 53.5%。结论 本地区耐药率均高于全国水平,特别是获得性耐药率高峰发生在 25～34岁青壮年,应引起高度重视。     

复治肺结核耐药性与用药史关系研究

目的了解复治肺结核患者的用药史和耐药情况,为评价复治肺结核标准化疗方案适用性提供依据。方法采用WHO/IUATLD《结核病耐药监测指南》要求的整群抽样方法,在浙江省随机抽取30个监测县,药敏试验采用比例法,详细询问复治涂阳肺结核患者用药史并填写临床资料调查表,对药敏结果和用药史进行相关分析。结果复治肺结核病人耐药率和耐多药率分别为52.9%和29.7%,对4种抗结核药物的耐药率顺位由高到低依次为:H(38.1%)、R(34.8%)、S(29.7%)、E(13.5%);其中复治标准化疗方案治疗失败的患者耐药率和耐多药率最高,分别为77.3%和52.3%,首次复治患者的耐药率和耐多药率分别为45.1%和23.2%;耐药率和耐多药率均随用药时间和种类的增加呈升高趋势。结论不同用药史的肺结核病例耐药率差异悬殊,现行标准复治化疗方案对部分患者可能无效,提示复治病人化疗方案应多元化。     

1996—2006年南京地区结核病耐药状况分析

目的　了解南京地区近年来结核病耐药的发展趋势。方法 对1996—2006年南京市胸科医院肺结核病例采用绝对浓度间接法进行了10种常用抗结核药物的敏感试验并对结果进行分析。结果 各年每种抗结核药物的耐药率在一定范围内上下波动,但是耐多药率却是呈现逐步上升趋势,一线抗结核药物的耐药率明显高于二线抗结核药物的耐药率。结论 耐多药的发展趋势对目前以INH和RFP为主要抗结核药物的治疗方案构成了巨大的威胁,尽快开发新的低毒高效的抗结核药物是解决目前抗结核治疗困境的当务之急。     

肺结核病原体和易感因素及结核分枝杆菌优势耐药谱分析

目的 了解县镇地区肺结核流行现状及其易感因素、结核分枝杆菌耐药谱和优势耐药组合模式方法 采用罗氏培养基和PNB/TCH生长试验,对杭州市周边7个县镇临床诊断为肺结核的2 840例初治和712例复治患者抗酸染色阳性痰标本进行分枝杆菌分离培养和菌种鉴定。采用浓度比例法,检测3 152株结核分枝杆菌对链霉素(SM)、异烟肼(INH)、利福平(RIF)、乙胺丁醇(EMB)、氧氟沙星(OFX)和卡那霉素(KM)的敏感性。采用统计学方法分析结核分枝杆菌优势耐药模式以及肺结核易感因素结果 3 552株分枝杆菌中,88.7%(3 152/3 552)为结核分枝杆菌,11.3%(400/3 552)为非结核分枝杆菌,复治患者非结核分枝杆菌感染率(23.7%)显著高于初治患者(8.1%)(χ²=138.67,P<0.05)。3 152株结核分枝杆菌对6种抗结核药物总耐药率为25.1%,对一线抗结核药物耐药、耐多药和广泛耐药率分别为15.9%、4.6%和0.2%,其中SM(χ²=50.40, P<0.05)和INH耐药率较高(χ²=47.81, P<0.05)。结核分枝杆菌有35种耐药谱,优势耐药组合模式分别为INH+SM(χ²=19.19,P<0.05)、INH+RFP+SM(χ²=24.85,P<0.05)和IHN+RFP+SM+EMB(χ²=20.11,P<0.05)。来自复治患者的结核分枝杆菌总耐药、一线抗结核药物耐药、耐多药和广泛耐药率(38.3%、36.1%、14.0%和0.9%)均显著高于初治患者(22.3%、19.3%、2.7%和0.04%)(P<0.05)。本地户籍60岁以上男性农民肺结核发病率显著较高(χ²=1 435.29,P<0.05)结论 本县镇地区肺结核疫情防控形势依然严峻,老年男性农民是肺结核易感人群,复治肺结核患者非结核分枝杆菌感染率以及结核分枝杆菌耐药性显著高于初治肺结核患者,提示县镇地区肺结核患者抗结核药物规范化治疗有待加强。     

589株结核分枝杆菌对10种药物的耐药性分析

目的了解深圳市第三人民医院结核病患者结核分枝杆菌对10种药物的耐药情况。方法用MB/Bact 240分枝杆菌培养仪和改良罗氏管对患者的多种标本进行分枝杆菌分离培养鉴定,对分离到的结核分枝杆菌采用绝对浓度法对10种抗结核药物,利福平（RFP）、异烟肼（INH）、乙胺丁醇（EMB）、链霉素（SM）,利福喷丁（RFT）、丙硫异烟肼（TH）、氧氟沙星（OFL）、卷曲霉素（CPM）、卡那霉素（KM）和对氨基水扬酸（PAS）进行药敏试验。结果 1722例患者的标本结核分枝杆菌培养阳性589株,阳性率为34.2%（589/1722）,589株结核分枝杆菌对10种药总耐药率38%（224/589）,单耐药率最高为SM（17.1%）,最低为PAS（3.4%）;55株MDR-TB对另外8种药物耐药率最高为RFT（94.5%）,最低为KM（20%）和PAS（20%）,对10种药物全耐者有3株（0.5%）。结论结核菌耐药情况仍然十分严重,应加强抗结核药物的耐药性监测;根据药敏试验结果选择科学有效的化疗方案。     

应用BACTEC MGIT 960分析临床结核菌株耐药性分析

目的研究我院结核病患者的抗结核药物耐药特点。方法我院就医的结核病患者抗结核药物的敏感性试验结果,分析临床抗结核药物的耐药现状。结果 2008～2010年,耐药菌株为4825株(耐药率为66.68%,4825/7236,MDR为1142株,XDR为105株)。XDR-TB比例2008、2009、2010年分别为1.73%(30/1732)、1.33%(34/2548)、1.39%(41/2956)。结论结核病患者的抗结核药物的耐药形势依然严峻,加强抗结核药物的耐药性监测,合理使用药物非常必要。     

A subset of clinical status of pulmonary tuberculosis in Southern Taiwan

The aims of this study were to present the clinical status of pulmonary tuberculosis in Southern Taiwan and to analyze the reasons for failure of antituberculosis treatment in order to achieve a higher rate of success after treatment. Two hundred and senventeen adult patients, aged 15 to 90 years old who presented to the Chest Division, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital from 1999 to 2002 with a diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis, were retrospectively studied. We compared the rate of recurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis by dividing the cases into 2 groups: those who completed treatment and those who did not. We also determined the age distributions for when initial diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was made among these 217 cases. In 90 culture proven cases, antituberculosis drug susceptibility was tested to determine the rate of drug resistance. We also assessed the reasons for failure of treatment. Age distribution analysis showed that initial infection began at a young age, was widely spread, and occurred regardless of age. There were 116 cases that completed antituberculosis treatment and 101 cases that did not. Of the 116 cases, only 16 relapsed, whereas 79 of the 101 cases relapsed. In cases where completely treated patients relapsed, the period before recurrence was indefinite. Most of the cases of incompletely treated patients relapsed earlier. In the 90 culture proven cases in which antituberculosis drug susceptibility was tested, 39 patients showed resistance to at least one drug, 9 patients were resistant to only one drug, 9 patients were resistant to two drugs and 21 patients were resistant to more than 3 drugs. The common reasons for failure of treatments were: 1) poor patient compliance to medication: 50 cases, 2) multiple drug resistance: 30 cases, 3) delayed treatment: 19 cases. Some cases included a combination of the above.     

Sparfloxacin in the treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis or intolerance of first line therapy.

Patients with multiresistant tuberculosis (TB) and patients with intolerance of first line antituberculosis drugs present a major treatment problem. Sparfloxacin is highly active against mycobacteria, but the use is restricted by side effects and the contribution to antituberculosis therapy is unclear. A prospective study has therefore been performed to analyse the efficacy and tolerability of sparfloxacin in cases of resistant TB or intolerance of first line therapy. Between April 1993 and April 1999, 30 TB patients (28 with pulmonary TB and two with lymph node TB) were treated with combinations of sparfloxacin and at least two other drugs at the Chest Hospital Heckeshorn, Berlin. Sixteen patients were infected by resistant mycobacteria (one single drug resistance (SDR), one polyresistance, and 14 multidrug resistances (MDR); 14 males (age range 23-53 yrs), 2 females (68-74 yrs)). Twelve patients (11 males, one female, 27-80 yrs) had not tolerated first line antituberculosis drugs. Two additional male patients had continuous proof of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum without resistance during therapy The duration of sparfloxacin therapy during hospitalization ranged 2.5-4 months. Twenty-five patients completed therapy and were cured according to this study's definition. Although sparfloxacin was generally well tolerated, five mild phototoxic reactions and six moderate prolongations of the electrocardiographic QT-interval (30-40 ms compared to baseline < or = 450 ms) were registered without clinical symptoms in the patient group. In summary, sparfloxacin proved an effective and safe alternative antituberculosis drug for complicated tuberculosis.     

广东省肇庆地区结核病初始耐药发展趋势

目的　本文对肇庆地区1 996～2 0 0 4年新发初治菌阳肺结核病人1 2 4 2例的初始耐药情况进行分析。结果　发现初始耐药率由2 8.4%下降至1 9.4%。耐多药率有上升趋势,由8.9% ,上升为1 2 .7%。结论　提示初治病人需开展药敏试验,以制定最佳的化疗方案,避免耐多药菌的产生和传播。     

多种耐药肺结核27例耐药原因和疗效分析

目的分析多种耐药结核病（ＭＤＲ－ＴＢ）的成因并观察氟嗪酸和其它二线抗结核药物治疗的近、远期效果。方法用３ＫＰＴＨＯＸ／ＰＴＨＯＸ（Ｘ为保留用药，根据用药史和药敏情况选用Ｅ或Ｚ）方案治疗，观察痰菌、Ｘ线病变、空洞改变及药物副作用。结果ＭＤＲ患者６７％由不规则治疗所致，１５％系初始耐药，１８％与医务人员处理不当有关。满疗程痰菌阴转率８９％，停药２年痰菌复发率８％。结论加强宣教，严格管理，合理使用短程化疗，保证初治患者治疗必须彻底是防止ＭＤＲ的关键。对ＭＤＲ－ＴＢ采用氟嗪酸和其它二线药物治疗在临床上是可行和安全的。     

Management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: current status and future prospects

Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis arises from man-made selection of genetic mutants that result from spontaneous chromosomal alterations. Thus, drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is generally due to inappropriate treatment regimen, poor drug quality, erratic drug supply and poor patient adherence to treatment, reflecting failure in the implementation of an effective TB control programme. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) usually denotes bacillary resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. Proper implementation of the directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy should achieve a high cure rate for disease and curtail the development of drug resistance. Innovations in reinforcement of this strategy should further facilitate its delivery and enhance its effectiveness. However, established MDR-TB is notoriously difficult to treat, and necessitates the use of alternative specific antituberculosis chemotherapy regimens. These regimens comprise combination use of second-line antituberculosis drugs, that are generally more costly and toxic, and have to be given for longer durations. The fluoroquinolones, better tolerated by patients, have a pivotal role in MDR-TB treatment. Optimal delivery of these treatment regimens mandates a programmatic basis which is now included under the Stop-TB Drug-Resistance Programme(s). The key components embrace political commitment, quality-assured drug susceptibility testing, reliable supply of quality drugs, delivery of chemotherapy under directly observed settings, and a sound recording and reporting system to monitor the individual treatment outcome of patient and overall performance of the TB control programme. Adjunctive surgery in selected MDR-TB patients help to improve their treatment success. Further exploration is required regarding the use of immunotherapy. The recent emergence of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), representing MDR-TB with additional bacillary resistance to fluoroquinlones and one or more of the second-line injectable drugs -kanamycin, amikacin and capreomycin, threatens the global control of TB. Given the escalating size of the problem of MDR-TB and XDR-TB worldwide, gigantic instillation of resources is required for control of this formidable challenge, largely through more accurate and rapid drug susceptibility testing (especially for rifampicin and fluoroquinolone), regular drug-resistance surveillance, development of new antituberculosis drugs and other therapeutic modalities, intensive infection control, especially in HIV care settings, as well as strengthening of currently functioning DOTS and Drug-Resistance Programmes.     

安徽省420株结核分枝杆菌对一线和二线抗结核药物药敏结果分析

目的研究并分析安徽地区420例结核分枝杆菌对一线、二线抗结核药物菌耐药情况，为结核病临床治疗和结核病控制提供科学依据。方法采用绝对浓度法对420例结核分枝杆菌临床分离株进行一线、二线抗结核药物敏感试验。结果对一线抗结核药物总耐药率和耐多药率分别是29．05％和14．52％；其中初治耐药率和耐多药率分别是15．93％、6．79％，复治耐药率和耐多药率分别是52．86％、30．0％；RIF、INH、SM、EMB耐药率分别是22．14％、20．0％、17．38％和0．95％。抗二线结核药物总耐药率为22．62％，其中左氧氟沙星和丙硫乙烟胺的耐药率较高，分别为13．33％（56／420）和12．86％（54／420），年龄段41～60岁耐药率均显著高于其他年龄段（P〈0．05）；男性和女性病例组间均无统计学显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论安徽地区结核菌耐药情况仍然十分严重，应加强抗结核药物的耐药性监测，同时根据药敏试验结果选择科学有效的化疗方案。     

新密市DOTS执行下耐多药结核病监测分析

目的 了解DOTS执行下河南省新密市耐药结核病流行状态。方法 根据《全国结核病耐药性基线调查实施手册》的患者纳入原则,自2007年3月1日至2010年2月28日在新密市连续纳入初、复治涂阳肺结核患者333例（每年分别为100例、135例和98例）,其中初治涂阳患者295例,复治涂阳患者38例。按照《全国结核病耐药性基线调查质量保证手册》的标准,对纳入患者的痰标本进行分离培养和菌型鉴定,剔除污染、未生长和非结核分枝杆菌的标本,共获得296株Mtb菌株用于抗结核药物敏感性试验（其中261株来自初治患者,35株来自复治患者）,对收集的菌株进行4种一线抗结核药物（INH、RFP、EMB和S）的耐药监测。结果 3年涂阳肺结核患者总耐药率和耐多药率分别为28.57%（26/91）、30.43%（35/115）、27.78%（25/90）和5.49%（5/91）、7.83%（9/115）、4.44%（4/90）。涂阳肺结核患者分离的86株耐药Mtb中仅耐1种药物（单耐）47株（15.88%,47/296）,耐2种药物（双耐）20株（6.76%,20/296）,耐3种药物（三耐）12株（4.05%,12/296）,耐4种药物（全耐）7株（2.36%,7/296）;同时耐RFP和INH的耐多药菌株18株（6.08%,18/296）。结论 新密市总体耐药水平低于全国平均水平,但3年的耐药水平基本保持一致,需实施更加有效的耐药结核病患者发现和治疗措施,以降低现有的耐药率。     

Primary resistance to antituberculosis drugs: a national survey conducted in C?te d'Ivoire in 1995-1996. Ivoirian Study Group on Tuberculosis Resistance.

SETTING: A national survey of resistance to the antituberculosis drugs used in C?te d'Ivoire was conducted in 1995-1996. OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of primary resistance to antituberculosis drugs. METHODS: Consecutive new tuberculous patients with positive smear were recruited from tuberculosis centres and rural health centres. Drug susceptibility testing was performed according to the proportion method. Positive cultures were tested against streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol. All resistant strains and 10% of all randomly sampled cultures were sent to an external laboratory for quality control. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tests were performed for consenting patients at the tuberculosis centres. RESULTS: Among the 430 samples, 320 were available for analysis. Primary resistance to antituberculosis drugs was observed for 13.4% of the patients (43/320); multidrug resistance (to at least isoniazid and rifampicin) was observed for 5.3% of the patients; 14.2% of HIV-negative and 16.2% of HIV-positive patients were resistant to at least one antituberculosis drug (P = 0.70). CONCLUSION: This study is representative of antituberculosis drug resistance in C?te d'Ivoire. The rate of primary resistance is high and emphasises the need for a sentinel survey of tuberculous resistance. The National Tuberculosis Control Programme needs to make improvements in its management of tuberculosis cases.