腱膜性上睑下垂的治疗

腱膜性上睑下垂 (ａｐｏｎｅｕｒｏｔｉｃｐｔｏｓｉｓ)是指除先天性外 ,各种原因引起的上睑提肌腱膜缺损所造成的上睑下垂[1,2 ] 。其典型体征为 :⑴轻度上睑下垂 ;⑵上睑提肌肌功能正常或接近正常 ,下垂睑能抬高 8ｍｍ或以上 ,可认为上睑提肌肌力尚好 ;⑶上睑皱襞高或皱襞不明显 ;⑷上睑皮肤变薄 ,上眶区凹陷。常见原因 :⑴重睑术后 :由于切开术中过度分离睑板前组织 ,或取眶脂时损伤上睑提肌腱膜 ,以及埋线重睑术位置过高 ,缝线的切割作用损伤上睑提肌腱膜 ,使其与部分或全部从睑板表面断离。⑵眼部手术 :术中对眼睑的牵拉 ,术后眼睑水肿…     

眶隔筋膜瓣及提上睑肌与额肌瓣吻合悬吊矫正重度上睑下垂

目的：研究利用眶隔筋膜瓣、提上睑肌腱膜联合额肌瓣悬吊矫正重度上睑下垂的临床效果。方法：术中切开眶隔,形成蒂在睑板上缘的眶隔筋膜瓣,在眉部分离形成额肌瓣,将这两瓣与提上睑肌腱膜重叠缝合固定,建立与额肌的连接,悬吊上睑并矫正下垂畸形。结果：采用此方法对27例35侧重度上睑下垂的眼睑进行了治疗,随访3～6个月,其中31侧眼睑取得了满意的效果,额肌收缩时患睑睁大两侧眼裂大小对称,睑缘位置正常,外形自然,睑缘弧度及重睑外形满意。矫正不足4侧,后行二次手术而修复。结论：利用眶隔筋膜瓣、提上睑肌腱膜联合额肌瓣重叠吻合悬吊矫正重度上睑下垂,上睑悬吊牢固,不易复发,保持了眼睑的原有结构,睑缘和重睑线弧度及外观满意,畸形矫正效果良好,优于传统的上睑提肌腱膜瓣悬吊和单纯额肌悬吊的方法。     

异体巩膜移植替代睑板重建眼睑

目的 探讨异体巩膜移植替代睑板重建眼睑的临床效果。方法 1986年5月～2001年1月对45例部分眼睑缺损患者，采用异体巩膜替代睑板行眼睑重建。其中男31例，女14例，上睑18例，下睑27例；累及上或下眼睑内眦都9例，外眦都7例，眼外伤22例，眼睑肿瘤23例。眼睑缺损不超过眼睑总长度的1／2。术后观察重建眼睑的外观、功能及并发症。结果 45例移植异体巩膜行眼睑重建均获成功。术后随访11～38个月，平均19．7个月。重建的眼睑完整，双侧眼睑长度及高度差值均小于2mm。眼睑开闭及上提功能基本正常，对视功能无影响。结论 异体巩膜是替代睑板行眼睑重建的理想材料。     

上睑联合筋膜鞘(CFS)治疗复发性中重度上睑下垂

目的:探讨一种矫正中重度上睑下垂术后复发的稳定可靠的手术方法。方法:2016年1月-2017年12月,共治疗复发性重度上睑下垂16例,其中双眼10例,单眼6例,共26只眼,局麻下首先剥离出睑板组织,仔细分离前次手术瘢痕粘连组织,解剖出变性额肌组织或提上睑肌,于结膜与上睑提肌腱膜下向后上分离至上睑结膜穹窿处,见白色增厚联合腱膜鞘,6-0尼龙线将睑板悬挂缝合于联合腱膜上,再将提肌腱膜向前下方牵拉缝合于睑板上。术中调整缝挂联合腱膜及上睑提肌的位置,将上睑缘调整至合适的高度及睑缘曲率流畅。结果:随访6个月～1年,满意25只眼,1只欠满意,无明显严重并发症,轻度闭合不全在3个月内基本恢复,无角膜暴露。结论:上睑联合腱膜鞘(CFS)及上睑提肌腱膜前徒手术可以稳定有效矫正复发性中重度上睑下垂,术后闭合不全发生率低,美容效果好,复发率低。     

提上睑肌腱膜瓣联合额肌瓣悬吊治疗先天性上睑下垂畸形

目的：研究改良的提上睑肌腱膜瓣联合额肌悬吊治疗重度先天性上睑下垂的，临床治疗效果。方法：自2005年8月～2008年3月，笔者采用该方法矫治重度先天性上睑下垂患者20例，年龄6～27岁，单侧8例，双侧12例。手术形成蒂在睑板上缘的的提上睑肌腱膜瓣，并与额肌建立连接，模拟提上睑肌上提眼睑的功能。结果：本组患者20名，术后随访6个月，15例矫正效果良好，4例好转，1例无效，部分患者出现不同程度的眼睑闭合不全，术后2-3月恢复。无明显并发症发生，效果良好。结论：与单纯的额肌悬吊不同，该术式形成的上提眼睑系统更符合生理结构，并且具备动态矫正效果，手术后外形满意、功能良好。     

保留睑板前眼轮匝肌在切开法重睑成形术中的应用

目的 探讨在重睑成形术中剥离睑板前眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣并将其肌肉上缘缝合至上睑提肌腱膜的手术方法,模拟先天性重睑中上睑提肌腱膜发出纤维附着于上睑皮肤的机制.方法 于睑板前剥离形成眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣,自睑板上缘开始于眶隔后壁与上睑提肌腱膜之间向上剥离至上睑提肌肌肉部.将眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣的肌肉上缘缝合至上睑提肌腱膜,间断缝合切口下缘皮肤-眶隔下缘-切口上缘皮肤.伴有内眦赘皮者同时行内眦赘皮矫正术.结果 治疗68例136只眼睛,9例术后随访1个月,53例术后随访3个月,失访6例,受术者重睑线形态自然,均对手术效果满意.结论 该手术方法重睑效果好,符合先天性重睑形成的生理机制,并可避免重睑线消失与睑上三重皱褶的发生.     

上睑提肌腱膜后层折叠术矫正先天性轻度上睑下垂

目的 探讨应用上睑提肌腱膜后层折叠术矫正先天性轻度上睑下垂的效果.方法 2017年5月至2020年5月,应用上睑提肌腱膜后层折叠术矫正轻度上睑下垂患者103例.结果 术后随访6～24个月.89例患者重睑形成良好,上睑缘高度在角膜上缘下1 mm处,无睑裂闭合不全;9例术后矫正不足,后经原手术切口切开修复后眼睑位置恢复正常...     

眶隔释放前置重睑术的临床应用

目的：探讨一种具有上睑提升作用且不改变上睑提肌解剖形态的重睑成形方法。方法：采用重睑切口设计,去除切口下唇适量眼轮匝肌,离断眶隔与提上睑肌腱膜的融合,眶隔释放,离断眶隔脂肪与提上睑肌腱膜间束带连接,去除疝出的眶脂,眶隔膜断端下缘折叠、前置缝合于提上睑肌腱膜在睑板融合处,勾带提上睑肌腱膜缝合皮缘切口。结果：采用该法在形成自然重睑弧的同时,获得不同程度的上睑提升效果。结论：该方法未改变提上睑肌解剖形态,解除了眶隔膜与提上睑肌腱膜的融合、眶脂与提上睑肌腱膜间束带连接并将眶隔膜前置缝合,从而减轻了提上睑肌腱膜的上提阻力,加固和增强了提上睑肌腱膜-睑板的上提联动,获得了上睑提升的效果,增加了角膜暴露率,从而加强了重睑的效果。     

提上睑肌腱膜瓣与额肌腱膜瓣悬吊在重度上睑下垂中的应用

目的：为了保持了提上睑肌的原位附着，使矫治后的上眼睑弧度自然、更接近生理要求.方法：在患侧上睑分离制作提上睑肌腱膜瓣和额肌腱膜瓣，将二瓣重叠缝合.结果：对34例（48只）重度上睑下垂进行矫治.其中，对26例患者，30只眼随访，除4例矫治不足，其余均可达到睁眼时双眼基本对称，睑缘弧度正常.结论：本方法保持了提上睑肌在睑板上的原有附着结构和生理功能，悬吊牢固，睑缘和重睑弧度满意.省去眉上切口，简化步骤，美容效果明显。     

轻度上睑下垂误行单纯重睑术后的修复

目的 探讨轻度上睑下垂误行单纯重睑术的原因及其修复的方法 .方法 对12例16侧轻度上睑下垂误行单纯重睑术者,采用提上睑肌腱膜折叠缩短和/或提上睑肌腱膜修补术进行修复.结果 修复术后1～2个月,患者双上睑睑缘高度轻度不对称,重睑侧较对侧宽,睑裂闭合不全,但在2个月内恢复正常.随访10例患者2～24个月,9例患者双上睑对称,重睑线自然流畅.1例患者修复术后18个月,患侧上睑缘仍较对侧高.结论 术前判断失误是轻度上睑下垂误行单纯重睑术的主要原因.提上睑肌腱膜折叠缩短和/或提上睑肌腱膜修补术,是轻度上睑下垂误行单纯重睑术后再修复的简单、有效的方法 .     

Pathogenesis and surgical correction of dynamic lower scleral show as a sign of disinsertion of the levator aponeurosis from the tarsus.

The purpose of this study was to confirm whether lower scleral show is caused by the disinsertion of the levator aponeurosis from the tarsus. Aponeurotic advancement by vascular clips or by surgery involving the orbital septum significantly lowered the global position in the orbit and significantly diminished the degree of retraction of the lower eyelid, resulting in satisfactory improvement of lower scleral show in 100 patients with various aponeurotic blepharoptosis. Therefore, we propose the pathogenesis of lower scleral show as follows: additional contraction of the levator muscle to compensate for the disinsertion of the levator aponeurosis from the tarsus for maintenance of an adequate visual field is accompanied by additional contraction of the superior rectus muscle through the strong intermuscular fascia, resulting in upward rotation of the globe. To maintain the horizontal visual axis and foveation without inclination of the head in the primary gaze position, additional contraction of the inferior rectus muscle is induced, which pulls upon the inferior suspensory ligament of Lockwood and the capsulopalpebral fascia. The former displaces the globe upwards and the latter retracts the lower eyelid, resulting in dynamic lower scleral show as a sign of disinsertion of the levator aponeurosis from the tarsus, which can be surgically corrected.     

Alternative etiology and surgical correction of acquired lower-eyelid entropion

When increased contraction of the levator muscle accompanied by the superior rectus muscle compensates for aponeurotic blepharoptosis, increased contraction of the inferior rectus muscle for foveation retracts the lower eyelid through the capsulopalpebral fascia, showing the lower sclera. We hypothesized that in patients with aponeurotic blepharoptosis, the capsulopalpebral fascia excessively retracts the posterior lamella of the lower eyelid alone while keeping the anterior lamella unretracted, especially in patients with both weak extension of the capsulopalpebral fascia to the pretarsal anterior lamella and increased contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle, resulting in entropion. Aponeurotic reinsertion to the tarsus for the upper eyelid improved entropion in 15 younger patients. Surgical disinsertion of the capsulopalpebral fascia from the tarsus and creation of a cicatricial connection between the pretarsal skin and the tarsus for the lower eyelid corrected entropion in 15 elderly patients. Both procedures also corrected the lower scleral show.     

Combined procedure for senile entropion

Entropion of the lower eyelid was corrected in 26 eyelids of 21 patients. All patients were found to have a disinsertion of the capsulopalpebral fascia, but not Muller's muscle layer, of the lower eyelid retractors. All cases were repaired by reattaching the anterior edge of the capsulopalpebral fascia to the inferior edge of the lower tarsus combined with A horizontal eyelid tightening procedure performed at the lateral canthus. With follow-up of six to 32 months, no cases of entropion have recurred. We have found a combined procedure of horizontal eyelid tightening and repair of the capsulopalpebral fascia gives best long-term results.     

Correction of postoperative eyelid retraction with a simplified levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle recession: analysis of a 10-year experience

A simplified levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle recession was performed to correct eyelid retraction in 56 eyelids of 48 patients. Improvement of preoperative keratopathy and cosmetically acceptable results were achieved in 93% of the eyelids. Based on preoperative surgical intervention, eyelids were divided into four groups: levator resection, levator aponeurosis advancement, surgery associated with dysthyroid ophthalmopathy, and miscellaneous reconstructive eyelid procedures. For each group the mean preoperative and postoperative eyelid levels, the mean change in eyelid level following surgery, and the mean amount of surgery performed were analyzed statistically with the two-tailed student's t-test. Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between the change in eyelid level and the amount of levator recession performed. No significant relationship was demonstrated between eyelid retraction and dysthyroid ophthalmopathy or reconstructive eyelid surgery. However, a significant relationship was demonstrated between the amount of recession and the eyelid level change for eyelids retracted following levator resection (P less than .01) and levator aponeurosis surgery (P less than .05). This may indicate that the change in eyelid level following a simplified LPS recession in these two groups is predictable. However, additional prospective studies are required to further assess the clinical applicability and use of this finding.     

The aponeurotic approach to congenital ptosis

Using a surgical technique directed at the levator aponeurosis, we successfully corrected 228 cases of congenital ptosis. The advantages of this approach are: normal anatomic planes and structures of the eyelid are maintained; basic and reflex tear secretion, goblet cells, or meibomian glands remain undisturbed, allowing maintenance of the three-layered tear film; any aponeurotic defects may be explored and repaired relatively easily; all elevating structures are preserved (aponeurosis rather than muscular levator is removed, Mueller's muscle is left intact, Whitnall's ligament is not violated); posterior sutures, which may irritate the cornea, are avoided; no tarsus or conjunctiva are removed.     

The anterior layer of the levator aponeurosis in blepharoptosis correction

Background: Conventional aponeurotic surgery for blepharoptosis has many advantages, but there is a potential for recurrence and lagophthalmos. The anatomy of the levator palpebrae muscle is relatively well studied, but the relationship of levator aponeurosis with surrounding layers is still controversial. This study aims to prove the presence of an anterior layer of the levator aponeurosis in clinical cases and to describe a technique involving its use for obtaining predictable outcomes in blepharoptosis correction.Methods: Between January 2014 and October 2018, 173 patients with blepharoptosis underwent correction surgery that involved relocating the anterior layer of the levator aponeurosis. During this procedure, after retracting the preaponeurotic fat pad, we could identify the misinserted anterior layer of the levator aponeurosis on the floor of the fat pad. The anterior layer was divided and advanced with posterior layers to 2 mm below the upper margin of the tarsus. After surgery, patients were followed up for 1 year, and surgical outcomes were evaluated.Results: After 1 year of follow-up, 95.4% of the examined patients showed good long-term outcomes. Moreover, although 4% showed moderate outcomes and lost the double eyelid skin crease, there was no ptosis recurrence in these patients and no lagophthalmos occurred in any of the 173 patients.Conclusions: The authors found the misinserted anterior layer of the levator aponeurosis at the floor of preaponeurotic fat pad in blepharoptosis patients. Relocation of the anterior layer can provide predictable outcomes without lagophthalmos in blepharoptosis correction.     

Surgical anatomy of the upper eyelid fascia

There is a network of fascia in the upper eyelid that serves to transmit and distribute the motor power of the levator palpebrae muscle to the superficial tissues. The architecture of this network was studied intraoperatively. The results demonstrate that there is a superficial fascia under the orbicularis muscle which fuses with the levator aponeurosis at the level of the lid fold. Below the fold, these fascia remain fused or "conjoined." Thus, the fold in the upper eyelid reflects the union of fascia occurring internally and dose not result simply from the levator aponeurosis inserting into the skin. This article describes the anatomy and surgical identification of the upper eyelid fascia. I contend that the fascia constitutes an important internal framework for the upper eyelid, shaping the lid fold while elevating the tarsal plate in perfect synchrony. For the surgeon, visualizing the fascial architecture is a great aid in the correction of a variety of difficult eyelid deformities.     

翼状韧带悬吊矫正先天性重度上睑下垂

目的 探讨翼状韧带悬吊矫正重度先天性上睑下垂的临床效果.方法 2010年1～11月,应用翼状韧带悬吊法治疗先天性重度上睑下垂患者15例15只眼,按照切开重睑术术式,打开眶隔,在距睑板上缘5 mm处剪断上睑提肌腱膜进入到上睑提肌下层,向结膜上穹窿分离,在上直肌前1/3和上睑提肌之间找到翼状韧带,用3-0丝线同上睑提肌缝合于睑板上缘,悬吊矫正上睑下垂,缝合形成重睑.结果 经过3～11个月随访,15只眼矫正良好,眼裂均在15～30 d基本闭合,无其他并发症发生,重睑弧度形态自然,外观满意.结论 翼状韧带悬吊治疗重度先天性上睑下垂疗效可靠,用翼状韧带代替上睑提肌,生理运动方向一致,术后眼睑外形动态与静态均较自然.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical result of check ligament suspension for correction of congenital severe blepharoptosis. Methods Since Jan. 2010 to Nov. 2010, 15 eyes in 15 cases with congenital severe blepharoptosis were treated with the check ligament suspension. Palpebralis aponeurosis was exposured by opening fascia palpebralis during blepharoplasty. Palpebralis aponeurosis was cut off about 5 mm above the tarsus. The check ligament was seen in the intermuscular space between the segment of levator and the anterior one third of superior rectus attached to the conjunctival fornix. Congenital blepharoptosis could be corrected by suturing the check ligament and levator palpebrae superior to the upper margin of tarsal plate with 3-0 silk thread. Double eyelid plasty was carried out in the end. Results The follow-up period was 3-11 months with good cosmetic result. All the cases could close their eyes in 15 to 30 days with no complication. Conclusions In conclusion, this technique is quite successful in raising the level of the upper eyelid in severe congenital blepharoptosis. The check ligament moves in a similar direction as the natural movement of levator muscle, so both the postoperative static and dynamic appearance of the upper lid is more natural.