颈僵硬畸形的强直性脊柱炎患者并颈椎骨折脱位的手术入路选择

目的：探讨颈椎已僵硬畸形的强直性脊柱炎患者合并外伤性颈椎骨折脱位的合理手术入路.方法：回顾分析2000年3月至2004年3月收治的12例颈椎强直性脊柱炎合并外伤性颈椎骨折脱位患者的临床资料.10例合并不完全性瘫痪,1例完全性瘫痪.3例行前路手术未能纠正脱位而行椎体次全切除减压植骨融合钢板内固定;2例先行前路手术,发现无法复位而立即改为后路手术完成复位、固定后再经前路减压、融合;另7例均先经后路完成脱位复位、侧块固定融合,然后再经前路行减压融合.结果：3例仅行前路内固定者于术后第3～7天发现钢板松动移位,行后路翻修术,通过后路完成了复位固定;9例先行后路手术再行前路融合者均顺利完成脱位复位及固定融合.随访3个月～4年,10例不完全性瘫痪患者2例恢复到伤前水平,8例恢复部分功能;1例完全性瘫痪者术后半年无改善,死于并发症.结论：对于颈椎已发生僵硬畸形的强直性脊柱炎患者发生外伤性骨折脱位时应先经后路复位固定融合,然后再一期行前路减压和植骨融合.     

强直性脊柱炎胸腰椎骨折的损伤特点和治疗

目的分析强直性脊柱炎胸腰椎骨折的损伤特点,探讨治疗方法。方法强直性脊柱炎胸腰椎骨折11例,保守治疗1例(L1压缩性骨折者);手术治疗10例,其中前路手术减压内固定3例,后路椎弓根螺钉系统复位内固定、植骨7例。结果切口无感染,无脑脊液漏。1例T12L1骨折行后路椎弓根螺钉系统复位内固定并植骨术(未行椎管探查或减压),麻醉苏醒后发现脊髓神经症状由术前的C级加重为B级;1例L3～5骨折伴马尾神经损伤行前路手术后第2天出现内固定松动、骨折椎再次移位,脊髓神经症状加重,再次行前路内固定取出和后路长节段椎弓根螺钉系统固定植骨术。患者均获得随访,时间10个月～5年,平均(32±4.8)个月,手术患者中8例植骨于6个月获得融合,2例不能明确是否融合。后期未出现内固定松动或断裂现象。脊髓神经损伤者除1例A级无改变、1例C级加重为B级(末次随访时为C级)、1例D级加重为A级外,其余3例有Ⅰ～Ⅱ级的恢复。9例无腰背痛,2例遗留轻度腰背部酸痛。结论强直性脊柱炎胸腰椎骨折患者宜行后路椎弓根螺钉固定、植骨治疗。     

强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折的手术治疗

目的研究强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折或骨折脱位手术治疗的疗效、融合率及相关问题。方法回顾性研究1986年4月～2004年4月手术治疗的12例累及颈椎的强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎骨折或骨折脱位患者。采用美国脊柱损伤学会(ASIA)神经功能障碍评分进行神经功能评价,应用图形分析软件(Image-Pro Plus5．1)分别测量屈曲和仰伸位融合节段上下椎成角,计算两个角度的差值(作为椎间的运动参数,α角),按照美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)对脊柱融合的定义,α角≥4°认为假关节形成(不融合)。对与手术有关的其它问题采用描述性研究。结果12例患者获得21～124个月(平均67．5个月)随访。9例神经损伤患者ASIA评分平均改善1．3级,除1例前路手术未行内固定外,所有融合手术均行内固定。前路融合术6例,α角为0°；后路融合术2例,α角为0～2．5°；联合前后路融合术1例,随访时均获骨性融合。3例拟行椎板成形术者,2例因“门轴”侧骨折被迫行椎板切除术。术后并发症：气胸、肺不张1例,经胸腔闭式引流5 d治愈；伤口延迟愈合1例；前路伤口内积血1例,经切开引流治愈。无死亡及严重并发症发生。结论强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折或骨折脱位行手术治疗可以改善神经功能；对不稳定损伤,融合手术应行内固定,可以达到骨性融合；术前由于合并症多导致手术耐受性差,术后并发症多发。     

前后路联合内固定治疗强直性脊柱炎并颈椎骨折脱位

目的探讨前后路联合内固定治疗强直性脊柱炎并颈椎骨折脱位的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-10—2017-10诊治的9例强直性脊柱炎并颈椎骨折脱位,均行前路骨折椎间自体髂骨植骨钢板螺钉内固定、后路长节段双侧椎弓根钉内固定,必要时行责任节段椎板开窗减压。结果 9例均获得随访,随访时间(36.0±5.7)个月。术后2例无脊髓损伤者出现C5神经根麻痹,经对症治疗6个月后症状消失。随访期间影像学检查显示颈椎骨折愈合良好,植骨融合,未见内固定失效。末次随访时脊髓神经功能Frankel分级恢复情况:1例B级恢复至D级,另1例B级无明显改善;2例C级恢复至D级;3例D级中2例恢复至E级,1例无明显改善。结论颈椎前后路联合手术治疗强直性脊柱炎并颈椎骨折脱位对颈髓前后方压迫均可有效解除,脊髓减压更彻底,并且可提供良好的三柱稳定效果,减少单纯前路或后路手术带来的并发症,最大程度改善患者术后生活质量。     

经椎板关节突螺钉固定治疗下腰椎不稳

目的探讨关节突螺钉固定在下腰椎退行性不稳定患者手术中应用的临床效果。方法对19例退行性腰椎不稳患者采用后路椎板开窗减压，椎间植骨融合，经椎板关节突螺钉固定。结果19例随访6—36个月（平均21个月），椎间植骨融合率6个月时为86％，1年时为93％，临床症状消失，满意率92％。未出现断钉。结论采用后路椎板减压，经椎板关节突螺钉固定加椎间植骨能提高椎间融合率，使小关节稳定，解除临床症状。     

后路截骨矫形固定融合治疗强直性脊柱炎假关节并脊柱后凸畸形

目的:探讨后路截骨矫形固定融合术治疗强直性脊柱炎(ankylosingspondylitis,AS)假关节并后凸畸形的可行性。方法:30例AS患者,年龄29￣55岁,平均41.7岁,行后路张开式楔形截骨矫正后凸畸形及内固定,平均随访4.7年(2.2￣9.1年),根据影像学资料、临床结果与并发症情况评估治疗效果。结果:3例术前有神经压迫症状患者术后均得到改善。脊柱后凸Cobb角从平均45.5°(37°￣68°)矫正到7.5°(0°￣4°),平均矫正38°。随访时假关节处均已融合,矫正无明显丢失,亦无严重并发症发生。结论:后路张开式楔形截骨矫形内固定融合是治疗AS并假关节和脊柱后凸畸形的有效方法,不需施行前路骨融合手术即可达到假关节处的骨融合。     

强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤

目的 总结强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤的临床特征、诊断和手术治疗。方法 1986～2004年，笔者手术治疗累及颈椎的强直性脊柱炎合并无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤27例。结果 本组27例中椎管内韧带骨化18例，脊髓损伤的原因依次为韧带骨化所致的椎管狭窄，椎间盘损伤和椎体后骨刺及椎间不稳定。术前均为不完全性损伤，非手术治疗不提高脊髓功能。术后脊髓ASIA分级平均改善1级。后路手术椎板切除率、出血量、手术时间、术后引流量明显高于不合并强直性脊柱炎的患者。前路手术可达到骨性融合。结论 强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤一般为不完全性损伤，损伤的内因依次为椎管内韧带骨化所致的椎管狭窄、椎间盘损伤、椎间骨赘和椎间不稳定。适当的手术可改善脊髓功能。手术难度大，风险高。     

侧入路微创椎间融合结合后路短节段固定治疗胸腰段骨折的初步临床疗效

【摘要】 目的：探讨侧入路微创椎间融合结合后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗累及三柱的胸腰段骨折的初步临床疗效。方法：2009年10月～2012年9月,采用后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定结合二期侧入路微创椎间融合技术治疗符合入选标准的累及三柱的胸腰段骨折患者12例,包括男10例,女2例,平均年龄33±9.4岁（21～47岁）。所有患者首先接受后路短节段椎弓根钉内固定,2周后接受侧入路微创椎间融合重建脊柱前中柱稳定性。侧入路微创椎间融合采用自行设计的工作通道,融合节段包括T11/12 4例,T12/L1节段5例,L1/2节段3例。分别记录前后路手术的手术时间、手术出血量及手术相关并发症情况。在术前、术后以及末次随访时分别采用ASIA 2011标准以及Cobb角评价患者神经功能情况以及矫正维持情况。末次随访时采用Suk标准评价植骨融合情况。结果：后路手术时间平均125.8±29.0min,手术出血量平均460.5±88.1ml;侧入路微创椎间融合手术时间平均127.1±21.7min,手术出血量平均185.8±62.3ml。侧入路椎间融合相关手术并发症包括术后穿刺侧血胸1例,穿刺侧神经根损伤1例。随访时间平均12.75±4.6个月。患者术前平均Cobb角31°±8.7°,侧入路椎间融合术后平均Cobb角5.1°±3.5°,随访过程中平均矫正丢失4.3°±2.1°。末次随访时骨性融合8例（66.7%）,可疑融合4例（33.3%）,无植骨不融合及假关节病例;术前不完全损伤者中有5例出现至少1个级别的神经功能提高,其他患者神经功能无改善;无内固定失败病例。结论：侧入路微创椎间融合结合后路短节段固定治疗累及三柱的胸腰段骨折可取得满意的治疗效果,是否可作为传统前后路开放手术的替代或补充有待更多病例更长时间观察。     

采用前路钢板或椎弓根螺钉固定的前路腰椎椎间融合：体外生物力学比较研究

当施行腰椎前路椎间融合术时，常用后路椎弓根螺钉固定系统来加强脊柱的稳定性，其代价是增加手术切口及置入螺钉，增大了手术手术并发症发生的风险。如果前路椎间融合同时行前路钢板固定与行后路椎弓根螺钉固定，其生物力学强度相当，则可在保证脊柱稳定性重建的情况下避免增加后路手术。     

前-后路联合手术治疗外伤性颈椎滑脱伴关节突交锁

目的 探讨外伤性颈椎滑脱伴关节突交锁的手术方法 及效果.方法 收治外伤性颈椎滑脱伴关节突交锁22例,均行早期后路复位、Apofix或Vertex系统固定加植骨融合,同时一期行前路减压、自体骨植人融合加钛板内固定治疗.结果 术后随访22例,时间6-48个月,平均24个月.患者全部获得椎间融合,无植骨块及钛板、螺钉松动,术后颈椎椎间高度、生理曲度无丢失.除全瘫者无神经功能恢复外,不全瘫者均有不同程度的恢复.结论 外伤性颈椎滑脱伴关节突交锁患者早期施行前后路联合手术治疗,可获得满意疗效.     

The surgical treatment of Andersson lesions associated with ankylosing spondylitis

Eight men with Andersson lesions associated with ankylosing spondylitis who underwent surgical treatment were reviewed for this study. Eight Andersson lesions were found in the 8 patients, and all presented as pseudoarthrosis. Including a patient with obvious vertebral body destruction, no obvious local kyphosis was observed. Spinal cord compression and neural deficit were observed in 1 patient. Without established instructions for the surgical treatment of Andersson lesions, we alternated the surgical technique for each patient. Therefore, 5 patients, including the patient with obvious anterior destruction requiring reconstruction, underwent surgical treatment with lesion curettage and anterior bone graft and fusion; 3 other patients underwent surgical treatment without lesion curettage and anterior bone graft. All surgeries were performed from a posterior approach. Posterolateral autograft was supplemented to posterior instrumentation with or without anterior bone graft.All 8 patients experienced pain relief immediately postoperatively. No evidence of non-union was observed on radiographs at the level of pseudoarthrosis at final follow-up, and no neural and infectious complications were observed. Based on these results, surgical treatment with only posterior instrumentation supplemented by posterolateral autograft was effective for patients with Andersson lesions without obvious vertebral body destruction requiring reconstruction. Anterior lesion curettage and bone graft were not necessary. Solid immobilization, achieved by posterior instrumentation, should be the focus of the treatment of Andersson lesions with ankylosing spondylitis.     

强直性脊柱炎脊柱骨折的治疗

目的 了解强且性脊柱炎(AS)脊柱骨折治疗的特点及注意事项。方法对19例AS脊柱骨折病例进行回顾性分析硬随访,19例中颈椎骨折11例,9例发生在C5-7间;胸腰椎骨折8例,7例为应力骨折,均发生存T10-L2间。二柱骨折16例。9例并发脊髓损伤,其中8例为颈椎骨折。所有19例患者均接受了手术治疗。颈椎骨折或脱位采用了4种手术方式,其中9例做了前路间盘切除或椎体次全切除、椎间值骨加钢板内固定术。胸腰椎骨折也做了4种术式,其中5例的术式为后路长节段固定加前、后联合融合,结果术岳18例患者获得了平均46．4个月的随访。并发脊髓损伤的9例患者,术后8例的神经功能有恢复。18例患者的骨折部位均已骨性愈合一术中并发脊髓损伤2例,因脑血管意外死亡1例,并发肺炎2例。结论 AS脊柱骨折好发于下颈椎及胸腰段,大多为三柱骨折,颈椎骨折并发脊髓损伤的发生率较高。胸腰椎多为应力骨折一手术治疗可使大多数患者的骨折愈合良好,神经功能有不同程度的恢复。对颈椎骨折患者,可采用前路椎体问植骨、钢板内固定的术式;而对于胸腰椎骨折,主张后路长节段固定,前、后联合植骨融合,术中及术后均可能出现并发症,应注意预防或避免。     

Management of cervical spinal fractures in ankylosing spondylitis with posterior fixation

STUDY DESIGN: Introduction of a posterior approach for internal fixation of fractures of the ankylosed cervical spine. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical outcome of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and cervical spinal fractures treated with posterior instrumentation and a collar orthosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Cervical spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis almost always extend completely across the vertebral segment to include both anterior and posterior elements. Treatment with immobilization alone is often inadequate. Generalized spinal rigidity and exaggerated thoracic kyphosis may hinder anterior exposure. Posterior approaches have been described but generally require postoperative halo immobilization. In the authors' technique for patients whose spinal alignment is relatively well preserved, a posterior exposure is used that achieves three-point internal fixation along multiple segments. The complications associated with halo immobilization are avoided. METHODS: Seven patients with ankylosing spondylitis and fractures of the cervical spine were stabilized with posterior instrumentation. Patients were immobilized after surgery with either a cervical collar or a sternal occipital mandibular immobilizing brace and observed for neurologic outcome, radiographic evidence of bony fusion, and complications. RESULTS: No patient experienced neurologic deterioration with surgery. Two patients died at acute rehabilitative facilities after discharge. Radiographic evidence of fusion was observed in the five patients available for follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ankylosing spondylitis and cervical spinal fractures can be adequately treated with lateral mass plating and interspinous wiring of autologous rib graft. Adequate postoperative immobilization can be attained with a cervical collar and does not require a halo vest.     

椎弓根内固定一期前后路TFC椎体融合治疗腰椎滑脱

目的 探讨采用椎弓根内固定及椎间融合技术治疗腰椎滑脱的方法。方法 腰椎滑脱患者２６例,男１４例,女１２例;采ＲＦ及ＳＯＣＯＮ椎弓根内固定器,Ⅰ期行前路和后路植骨及ＴＦＣ椎体融合治疗腰椎滑脱,其中,采用ＲＦ内固定 时行ＴＦＣ椎体后路融合６例,采用ＳＯＣＯＮ同时加ＴＦＣ椎体后路融合１５例;余５例均行ＲＦ加Ⅰ期前路异体骨环加自体松质骨植骨融合。结果 本ＴＦＣ椎体后路融合１５例;余５例均行ＲＦ加Ⅰ期前路异     

Posterior vertebrectomy in kyphosis, scoliosis and kyphoscoliosis due to hemivertebra

Vertebrectomy and instrumentation only via the posterior approach has been increasingly used in sagittal, frontal plane and combined deformities. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of hemivertebrectomy and instrumentation only via the posterior approach in congenital spinal deformities. Between 1998 and 2003, we performed hemivertebrectomy and interbody fusion using posterior instrumentation with titanium mesh cage via the posterior approach in 19 patients (three scoliosis, five kyphosis and 11 kyphoscoliosis). The age of the patients ranged from 2 to 22 years and they all underwent hemivertebrectomy (at thoracic level in six patients, at thoracolumbar level in eight patients and at lumbar level in five patients). A titanium mesh cage was used for anterior column support and interbody fusion in patients who had residual anterior gap preventing bone-to-bone contact. Correction and stabilization were achieved by posterior polyaxial pedicle screws. Follow-up was an average of 4.6 years (range: 2-7 years). We did not confront any loss of correction, pseudoarthrosis, and titanium mesh cage collapse or implant failure. Hemivertebrectomy and instrumentation via the posterior approach is a good one-stage surgical treatment option that can be used to avoid the surgical trauma and morbidity related to anterior surgery. It is a technically demanding surgical procedure, however, requiring extreme care and experience in spine surgery.     

Anterior fibular strut grafting for the treatment of pseudoarthrosis in spondylolisthesis

Ten patients with a failed posterior spinal fusion for symptomatic spondylolisthesis were treated with retroperitoneal anterior lumbosacral interbody fusion. A fibular strut allograft was placed, followed by posterolateral fusion and instrumentation. The mean follow-up was 40 months (range 24-60 months). All patients complained of back pain and leg pain before surgery. All patients achieved solid fusion at L5-S1. One patient developed pseudoarthrosis at L4-5 and improved symptomatically with no postoperative complications.     

Management of Andersson lesions of spine: A systematic review of the existing literature

IntroductionAndersson lesions also termed as aseptic spondylodiscitis, spinal pseudoarthrosis are known to occur in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Trauma as well as inflammation has been cited as factors responsible for the causation of these lesions. A variety of surgical approaches have been described in the literature such as anterior, posterior, combined anterior and posterior, with or without reconstruction of the anterior column defect. Controversy still exists regarding the optimal management these lesions.ObjectiveTo address the optimal method of management, levels of instrumentation, requirement of fusion and anterior instrumentation and general epidemiological profile of the patients with Andersson lesions.Materials and methodsAn electronic search for studies on the surgical management of Andersson lesions of spine was performed. Quality assessment of the included articles was done by two independent authors according to the criteria used by researchers previously in systematic reviews.ResultsMales were found to have an increased incidence with the thoracolumbar junction being the most common level. Posterior approach was the most favoured with reconstruction of the gap in the anterior column. Posterior osteotomy with correction of deformity was done commonly for an optimal healing environment. Instrumenting 2–3 levels above and below the lesion is favoured by most.ConclusionConservative management for Andersson lesions can be employed in the setting of acute trauma and stable fractures involving a single column. Surgical management of these lesions with a posterior long segment fixation and anterior column reconstruction is the favoured treatment in majority of the cases.     

Degenerative lumbar scoliosis: features and surgical treatment

Degenerative lumbar scoliosis is a de novo deformity of the spine occurring after the fourth or fifth decade of life in patients with no history of scoliosis in the growing age. We evaluated complications and functional and radiographic outcomes of twelve patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis, treated by spinal decompression associated with posterolateral and/or interbody fusion. Mean lumbar scoliosis angle was 18° (SD=4°) and mean age at surgery was 57 years (SD=6 years). Average follow–up was 3.5 years. Surgical treatment consisted in decompression of one or more roots, associated with stabilization with pedicle screws and posterolateral fusion. To correct the deformity, the collapse of the disc was corrected by implanting a cage in the anterior interbody cage. Clinical symptoms and functional tolerance for daily activities improved after surgery. Radiographic evaluation showed a reduction in the deformity on the frontal and sagittal planes. There were no infections, evidence of pseudoarthrosis, instrumentrelated failures or re–operations in this series. In patients with persisting pain caused by degenerative scoliosis associated with spinal stenosis, in whom conservative treatment has failed, spinal decompression and segmented fusion with instrumentation represents a valid treatment option.     

Lessons learned from cervical pseudoarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis

This case report illustrates three learning points about cervical fractures in ankylosing spondylitis, and it highlights the need to manage these patients with the neck initially stabilised in flexion. We describe a case of cervical pseudoarthrosis that is a rare occurrence after fracture of the cervical spine with ankylosing spondylitis. This went undetected until the development of myelopathic symptoms many months later. The neck was initially stabilised in flexion using tongs, and then slowly extended before anterior and posterior fixation was performed. The myelopathic symptoms resolved, and the patient had a good result at 18 months. We conclude that any increased movement of the spine after trauma in ankylosing spondylitis must be considered suspect and fully investigated.