Benign duodenal villous adenoma obstructing the ampulla of Vater: a surgical dilemma

The discovery of an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level during routine blood screening in a 53-year-old man led to tests that showed a large benign villous adenoma obstructing the ampulla of Vater in the second part of the duodenum. Although the preferred treatment of such a lesion is local excision, the tumor was extensive and necessitated a pancreatoduodenectomy. Histologically benign duodenal villous adenomas that also obstruct the common bile duct are uncommon and may be missed during surgical exploration; therefore, whenever there are no stones to account for symptoms or signs of extrahepatic obstruction, the surgeon should carefully palpate the ampullary region of the duodenum.     

十二指肠管状绒毛状腺瘤的CT表现

目的探讨十二指肠管状绒毛状腺瘤的CT表现。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的12例管状绒毛状腺瘤（2例伴局灶癌变）的临床和CT资料。男性8例、女性4例;年龄59-76岁,中位年龄61.5岁。结果本组12例均发生于十二指肠降部,为局部结节或软组织肿块,最大径8-37 mm,平均（17.5±8.8）mm,2例伴局灶癌变者最大径分别为37和18 mm。10例边界清晰、2例边界欠清。12例均无浆膜面累及,周围无明显肿大淋巴结。平扫密度均匀,增强后11例中度强化、1例伴局灶癌变病例呈较高程度强化。6例伴胆管系统扩张（5例轻度、1例中度）,其中4例同时伴胰管扩张。结论十二指肠管状绒毛状腺瘤好发于十二指肠降部,多表现为边界清楚、中度强化结节影,邻近乳头区可引起胆管轻度梗阻,瘤体大或强化明显者提示恶变可能。     

结肠绒毛状腺瘤影像诊断的价值

目的：探讨结肠绒毛状腺瘤影像诊断的意义和价值。方法：通过重点分析98例结肠绒毛状腺瘤的X线表现,并包括其中4例B超检查,6例CT检查和7例MRI检查的结果。观察其影像学表现,对照其诊断符合率。结果;结肠绒毛状腺瘤,特别是地毯型及菜花型在X线钡灌肠造影中有较特异的表现,X线检查对本组的诊断符合率较高,B超、CT、MRI对本病的特异性较低。结论：X线钡灌肠造影检查是诊断结肠绒毛状腺瘤重要而有效的手段。     

先天性十二指肠隔膜症：附11例报告

目的：探讨十二指肠隔膜症的X线表现，提高其X线正确诊断率。材料与方法：共11例，男4例，女7例，年龄1天～2岁。主要临床症状为间歇性呕吐。11例均经上稍化道造影及手术、病理证实。结果：11例中，隔膜位于降部4例，水平部1例，十二指肠空肠交界处6例。无孔型4例，有孔型7例。X钱表现为“双泡征”或“三泡征”；十二指肠梗阻，梗阻近端胃、十二指肠不同程度扩张；梗阻端呈交向远端的半圆弧形。无孔型是完全性梗阻；有孔型梗阻较轻，造影剂是细线状、间歇性通过。结论：X线检查具有重要的诊断价值。     

Early neoplasias of the gallbladder and bile duct: an "unstable" biliary epithelium?

Benign tumours of the biliary tree are rare. In particular, only anecdotal cases of intraductal villous adenomas have been reported. The polyp-cancer sequence has not been observed in the biliary epithelium, in contrast to the paradigm of colorectal carcinogenesis. This report presents the case of a 64-year-old woman with a past history of cholelithiasis who had two early neoplasias involving the biliary epithelium: an adenocarcinoma in situ of the gallbladder and a common bile duct (CBD) villous adenoma with high-grade dysplasia. The tumours presented 4 years apart. The clinical features and combined radiological, cytological, and surgical modalities leading to the diagnosis of intraductal villous adenoma are presented. The endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) characteristics of villous adenoma of the CBD are described. While the prognosis on both occasions appears excellent following curative resections of both tumours detected at an early stage, it is possible that further neoplasia involving the biliary tree may recur. There are currently no data on optimal surveillance modalities. It may be hypothesized that the gallbladder and biliary epithelium share a similar mechanism for carcinogenesis to that observed in the colonic adenomacarcinoma sequence.     

侧视内镜联合X线置入胃十二指肠及空肠金属支架治疗消化道恶性梗阻的临床观察

目的探讨侧视内镜联合X线监视下肠道金属支架置入,治疗胃出口、十二指肠及空肠恶性梗阻的临床价值。方法回顾性分析23例胃出口、十二指肠及空肠恶性梗阻部位与肠腔严重成角的患者。经十二指肠侧视内镜置入导丝,联合X线监视下置入并释放自膨式肠道金属支架。结果 23例患者共置入金属支架28枚,全部成功。其中5例因肿瘤生长至再狭窄,而再次置入半覆膜金属支架。置入成功率100.0%。1例胆道支架后再放置十二指肠支架的患者出现一过性胆红素升高,未发生消化道穿孔及其他严重并发症。所有患者支架置入后24 h梗阻症状缓解或消除。随访时间3～12个月,所有患者均保持支架通畅。结论侧视内镜联合X线放置胃十二指肠及空肠金属支架,较前视内镜联合X线方法对恶性梗阻部位与肠腔严重成角的患者置入难度及风险减轻,成功率高,操作精准,并发症少。     

大肠腺瘤癌变52例大肠镜活检的病理分析

目的：探讨大肠腺瘤癌变大肠镜活检的病理诊断，方法：对52例经大肠镜检病理证实为大肠癌患者的临床资料。病理学分型进行分析。结果：52例腺瘤癌变以绒毛状腺癌为主。结论：大肠癌与腺瘤癌变有关，腺瘤不论大小均应尽可能予以切除。     

Massive gastric distention due to duodenal involvement by retroperitoneal tumors

We present three patients with retroperitoneal tumor involving the duodenum in whom upper gastrointestinal (GI) studies revealed delayed gastric emptying and massive gastric dilatation out of proportion to the degree of duodenal dilatation. While the radiographic findings mimicked acute gastric outlet obstruction, delayed films demonstrated narrowing and encasement of the duodenum at the site of obstruction in all three patients. Thus, the duodenum should be carefully evaluated radiographically in patients with acute gastric dilatation, particularly if there is a known history of malignancy.     

Successful endoscopic resection of an early carcinoma of the duodenum

We describe a patient in whom an early carcinoma of the duodenum was able to be resected endoscopically. A 77-year-old man presented with epigastric pain. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a mass in the duodenum, and the patient was admitted. A whitish nodular aggregated lesion, measuring 20 mm in diameter, was found in the second portion of the duodenum. Examination of a biopsy specimen showed a Group III tubular adenoma. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed that the lesion was confined to the mucosa. The large size of the lesion suggested the possibility of malignancy. Endoscopic mucosal resection was therefore performed. Histopathologically, the diagnosis was carcinoma in adenoma. The depth of invasion was mucosal. We conclude that endoscopic muosal resection can be used to treat mucosal lesions arising in the duodenum.     

Gastrointestinal tract metastasis in patients with germ-cell tumor of the testis

A study of the incidence and clinical course of testicular germ-cell tumor metastatic to the gastrointestinal tract is presented. Gastrointestinal tract metastasis occurred in 25 cases, 5% of all patients evaluated with germ-cell tumor of the testis. Although embryonal carcinoma was the dominant component in all cases, element of choriocarcinoma were found in 20 cases and HCG was positive in 22 cases. Metastasis occurred most commonly by direct invasion from adjacent tumor. The most frequent site of gastrointestinal involvment was the proximal small intestine. Ivolvement of the duodenum was noted in seven cases. The most common gastrointestinal tract manifestations were intestinal obstruction and gastrointestinal bleeding. Although a variety of therapeutic modalities were tried, the average length of survival from the time of diagnosis of gastrointestinal metastasis to death was six months.     

Villous tumors of the stomach

Four cases of gastric villous tumors are presented. The radiologic features of these rare tumors in the stomach are described. Their high propensity for malignancy as compared to villous adenoma of the colon is emphasized. In 2 of 4 of our patients the villous tumors were malignant. The radiologic picture of villous tumors of the stomach is characteristic enough to suggest the diagnosis.     

Small bowel biopsy for disaccharidase levels: evidence that endoscopic forceps biopsy can replace the Crosby capsule

Lactase, sucrase and maltase activities in endoscopic biopsies from the second part of the duodenum were compared to those in Crosby capsule biopsies from the proximal jejunum. In patients with villous atrophy disaccharidase activities were reduced compared with histologically normal mucosa in the duodenum and jejunum. Disaccharidase activities were significantly lower in the duodenum than in the proximal jejunum of patients with histologically normal mucosa and in those with partial villous atrophy but not significantly different for total villous atrophy patients. Primary and secondary disaccharidase deficiencies can be identified in biopsies from the duodenum. Duodenal biopsy is a valid alternative to jejunal biopsy for the diagnosis of disaccharidase deficiency.     

Microscopic transduodenal excision of an ampullary adenoma: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUNDTransduodenal local excision is an alternative treatment approach for benign ampullary tumors. However, this procedure has technical difficulties, especially during reconstruction of the pancreaticobiliary ducts. An operating microscope has been widely used by surgeons for delicate surgery due to its major advantages of magnification, illumination, and stereoscopic view. The application of an operating microscope in transduodenal excision of ampullary tumors has not been reported.CASE SUMMARYA 55-year-old woman was admitted for investigation of recurrent upper abdominal pain. Physical examination and laboratory tests found no abnormalities. Imaging identified a large mass in the descending part of the duodenum. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a 3.5-cm-sized villous growth over the major duodenal papilla. Pathology of the endoscopic biopsy indicated a villous adenoma with low-grade dysplasia. Microscopic transduodenal excision of the ampullary tumor was performed. The final pathological diagnosis was villous-tubular adenoma with low-grade dysplasia. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 12 after an uneventful recovery. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed 3 mo postoperatively and showed no bile duct or pancreatic duct strictures and no tumor recurrence. The patient is continuing follow-up at our clinic and remains well.CONCLUSIONOperating microscope-assisted transduodenal local excision is a feasible and effective option for benign ampullary tumors.     

Duodenal duplication cyst causing massive bleeding in an adult: an unusual complication of a duplication cyst of the digestive tract

Duodenal duplication cysts are rare malformations that characteristically manifest with intestinal obstruction. In a 50-year experience, we found a duodenal duplication cyst in only three patients, one of whom had massive gastrointestinal bleeding as the initial symptom. Six other duplication cysts (two esophageal, one jejunal, and three ileal) were found. All patients who had extraduodenal intestinal cysts were neonates or infants who initially had an abdominal mass or obstruction. Of the two patients with an esophageal cyst, one had odynophagia and the other had respiratory obstruction. Unusual features of our series of patients were male preponderance (eight of nine patients), the low incidence of other developmental abnormalities, and, in the patients with the duodenal cysts, an age of 14 years or older at the time of onset of symptoms and diagnosis. In an adult, a duodenal duplication cyst may cause upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. This cause of gastrointestinal bleeding should be considered in the differential diagnosis if an intramural duodenal mass is detected within the medial wall of the second portion of the duodenum distal to the papilla of Vater.     

Sonographic diagnosis of obstructed afferent loop

We reviewed the sonographic findings in four patients with afferent loop obstruction from tumor of the gastric stump. All had undergone partial gastrectomy with Billroth type II gastrojejunostomy. The obstructed afferent loop was visible in all cases as a distended fluid-filled segment with multi-layered wall and few mucosal folds. Its course could be traced from the region of the hepatic hilum to the gastric stump. In two patients, the relationships between the loop and the mesenteric vessels, aorta and inferior vena cava allowed us to recognize it as postoperative duodenum. Thickening of the gastric remnant and obstructive jaundice were diagnosed in three cases. Since sonography is often used as the first imaging method in patients with abdominal complaints, knowledge about postsurgical appearance of the gastrointestinal tract is very important in detecting such pathological conditions.     

Unusual cause of gastric outlet obstruction: CT findings in Bouveret's syndrome

We have described an 81-year-old woman with symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction in whom upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed an extrinsic mass compressing the superior aspect of the postbulbar duodenum. This was confirmed by an upper gastrointestinal series, and CT revealed migration of a known, previously asymptomatic gallstone through the duodenal wall, forming a cholecystoduodenal fistula.     

Demonstration of methionine synthetase in intestinal mucosal cells of the rat

Methionine synthetase was measured in the mucosal cells of the rat duodenum, jejunum and ileum by a previously employed method for mucosal cell isolation. No activity was found in these cells. When a dual buffer system for the isolation of villous and crypt cell population was substituted, however, methionine synthetase was found to be active in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, both in the villous and crypt cell populations. The activity was significantly higher in the crypt cells than in the villous cells throughout the intestine, and higher levels were found in the ileum than in the duodenum or jejunum. As had been previously reported for the rat liver, nitrous oxide in vivo reduced the enzyme activity in both the villous and crypt cell populations, suggesting a role in vivo for the enzyme. We conclude that methionine synthetase is both present and active in the small intestinal mucosal cells of the rat.     

Survivin和Caspase-3在人类大肠腺瘤及大肠癌中的表达以及与凋亡的关系

目的 评价大肠腺瘤及大肠癌组织中Survivin和Caspase-3的表达情况以及与细胞凋亡的关系。方法 采用免疫组化二步法，对48例无术前放、化疗史的大肠癌患者的手术标本，20例正常大肠黏膜和25例腺瘤标本。进行Survivin和Caspase-3检测，并用TUNEL法检测凋亡细胞。结果 Survivin在正常大肠黏膜中无表达，在管状腺瘤、绒毛状和混合型腺瘤及腺癌中的阳性表达分别为10％、33．3％、70．8％。Caspase-3在正常粘膜、管状腺熘、绒毛状和混合型腺瘤及腺癌中的阳性表达分别为95％、60％、53．3％、45．8％。正常黏膜组织Caspase-3的表达高于大肠腺瘤和大肠癌（P〈0．05）。Survivin和Caspaso-3在大肠癌中的表达强度随组织分化程度增高而增强；而在不同的Dukes分期间无显著差异（P〉0．05）。大肠癌组织中Survivin与Caspase-3的表达无直线相关关系，Survivin阳性组凋亡指数明显低于阴性组（P〈0．005）。结论 Survivin在大肠癌发生早期过程中表达上调，有望成为大肠癌新的早期诊断标志物。Survivin作为凋亡抑制蛋白显著抑制癌组织的细胞凋亡，但不能完全抑制Caspase-3的表达。     

Fluorescence endoscopy using a fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with colorectal carcinoma and adenoma

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Various methods of fluorescence excitation and detection have been developed in gastrointestinal endoscopy. This study reports an endoscopic technique using locally applied fluorescein-labeled antibodies for in-vivo detection of colorectal dysplasia and carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fluorescence endoscopy with a fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was carried out in 27 patients with colonic polypoid lesions. During conventional colonoscopy, the monoclonal antibody was applied directly onto the mucosal surface. After an incubation time of 10 min, specific fluorescence was visualized with a conventional endoscope whose optical range was increased via two narrow-band filters. RESULTS: Fluorescence in vivo was present in 19 out of 25 carcinomas and in three of eight adenomas. The technique failed in the presence of mucosal ulceration or bleeding. One fluorescence-positive villous adenoma showed high-grade dysplasia, and another fluorescence-positive polypoid lesion was diagnosed as carcinoma in adenoma. Normal-appearing mucosa was fluorescence-negative in all cases. Endoscopic fluorescence significantly correlated with the CEA expression of luminal epithelial cells as determined immunohistochemically (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.01). In all cases without ulceration or bleeding, the specificity of fluorescence endoscopy was 100%, the sensitivity was 78.6%, and the accuracy was 89.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescence endoscopy using fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibody against CEA was shown to be positive in most cancers and some adenomas. Further and larger studies will be needed to demonstrate the value of this technique for differential diagnosis.     

Intramural gastrointestinal hemorrhage

The clinical and radiographic manifestations of intramural gastrointestinal hemorrhage are presented together with a review of the literature. The observations described are based on the analysis of 20 cases affecting different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The pathologic process is induced principally by anticoagulant therapy, bleeding diathesis, or abdominal trauma and occurs as a localized, well-defined, intramural mass or as a more diffuse segmental involvement. The clinical features are nonspecific and can vary from mild crampy abdominal pain to severe shock. Other manifestations include rebound tenderness, muscle guarding, and small bowel obstruction. The duodenum and small bowel are the most frequent sites of involvement. The intestinal mucosal folds may be prominent, stretched, and sharply defined or completely effaced, accompanied by a smooth narrowing. There is rapid clinical and radiographic remission with conservative therapy. Intestinal perforations and fibrotic strictures resulting in small bowel obstruction are a rarity, observed only in the posttraumatic variety.