胆囊和胆道运动调节的研究进展

胆囊和奥狄括约肌具有明确的运动生理功能 ,二者相互协调 ,有序运动 ,将胆汁排入十二指肠。此过程受复杂的神经和体液因素调节 ,胆囊收缩素 (CCK)是诸多调节因素中最主要的体液递质。     

狗胆囊压力—容积关系的测定和分析

胆囊是胆汁从肝脏排出至肠道间的一个调节装置。在禁食期,肝脏分泌的胆汁全部送往胆囊贮存,并能将肝胆汁浓缩6—180倍。在消化期,由于食物和消化液的刺激,反射性地引起胆囊收缩和俄狄氏(Oddi's)括约肌舒张,使胆汁由胆囊管的Heister瓣、胆总管进入十二指肠。这样,从生物力学的角度看来,胆囊     

NO与食管运动

一氧化氮（ＮＯ）作为一种胃肠道非肾上腺素能非胆碱能（ＮＡＮＣ）神经的抑制性神经递质，具有对食管收缩或舒张功能、下食管括约肌功能及食管蠕动功能的调控作用，ＮＯ在食管运动障碍性疾病中可能具有病理生理学意义     

粉防己碱对离体狗隐静脉的收缩作用

粉防己碱对狗隐静脉（ＤＳＶ）的去极化收缩有抑制作用。但在抑制后冲洗时却引起明显收缩。α２－肾上腺素能受体拮抗剂Ｒａｕｗｏｓｃｉｎｅ１０－７ｍｏｌ及ＫＣｌ４０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ能抑制冲洗波的出现；单独使用Ｔｅｔ也能诱发ＤＳＶ缓慢的张力增加，而ＫＣｌ２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ既能加速Ｔｅｔ诱发收缩的出现也能增强α２－肾上腺素能受体激动剂Ｂ－ＨＴ９２０的缩血管效应。对ＢａｙＫ８６４４诱发的ＤＳＶ收缩。Ｔｅｔ既不能抑制也无冲洗波出现。提示在低Ｋ＋条件下Ｔｅｔ能激活α２－肾上腺素能受体而引起收缩，在高Ｋ＋存在时激活Ｎａ－ＫＡＴＰ酶导致去极化收缩的舒张。     

α_ 1肾上腺素受体在哺乳动物心脏中的存在和功能

儿茶酚胺对心脏的作用主要是刺激β-肾上腺素受体,这点是没有疑问的。但在六十年代中期第一次提出在心脏中除已确定的β-肾上腺素受体外,还存在有介导心肌正性肌力作用的α-肾上腺素受体。从那时起,人们在各物种包括人的心房和心室肌中发现了位于突触后的α-腺上腺素能的功能证据。已     

Oddi括约肌同步测压与肌电记录的新方法

目的设计一种新的适用于壁内型Oddi括约肌（SO）同步测压与肌电记录的黏膜接触电极。方法分别将家兔和犬麻醉后，打开十二指肠大乳头对侧的十二指肠对系膜缘，同时使用浆膜钩状电极和黏膜接触电极记录家兔SO的肌电活动，比较二者记录的肌电波；用自制黏膜接触电极进一步检测犬SO的肌电活动，比较SO肌电活动和压力波之间的相关性。结果黏膜接触电极和浆膜钩状电极记录到的家兔SO肌电活动的波形较为一致。黏膜接触电极准确记录到犬SO的快波和慢波，SO的肌电活动与压力波之间具有一一对应的关系。结论黏膜接触电极能够同步记录壁内型SO的肌电和压力，SO的快波是SO周期性收缩的电生理基础。     

肾上腺素受体与血管紧张素受体间的交互作用

在调节心血管活动的众多因素中,交感-儿茶酚胺系统和肾素-血管紧张素系统起着非常重要的作用。它们的主要效应因子去甲肾上腺素／肾上腺素和血管紧张素11的受体都是G蛋白偶联受体家族的成员。肾上腺素受体（AN）包括α1;α1和β三型,每一型又至少分为三个亚型。三型受体分别与Gq/11、Gi和C3蛋白偶联,通过不同的信号转导途径介导心脏收缩、血管舒缩、心肌肥大等效应。血管紧张素II受体主要分为AT1和AT2两种亚型,前者与Gq／11或Gi蛋白偶联,通过激活肌醇磷脂水解或抑制。AMP生成介导平滑肌细胞收缩和增殖、心肌肥大以及醛固酮释放…     

Oddi括约肌形态特征及其意义

目的研究Oddi括约肌(sphincterofOddi,SO)形态结构特点,为SO切开术及其病理生理意义提供形态学基础.方法对53例正常Vater区标本进行巨微解剖,免疫组化,Masson染色和体视学技术综合性观测.结果①SO可分为固有肌和十二指肠延续肌纤维两类,前者有内纵、外环两层;②SO与十二指肠环肌间有肌束联系;③自十二指肠大乳头尖至胆总管(commonbileduct,CBD)括约肌上界距离(15.92±4.97)mm;SO长(13.99±3.84)mm;从大乳头尖至CBD穿十二指肠肌层处间距(11.34±3.07)mm;SO最厚处(0.83±0.18)mm.结论SO形态特点可支持SO生理活动特征;为临床操作ERCP、SO压力检测和Oddi括约肌切开术等,提供解剖学资料.     

急性缺氧下肺动脉升压反应的研究——(二)胆硷能阻断剂对肺动脉升压反应的影响

人与动物的肺血管都具有肾上腺素能和胆碱能双重神经支配。关于肾上腺素能系统与肺血管舒缩反应关系密切的报道比较多,而胆碱能系统在肺血管舒缩运动调节中的作用仍不太清楚。本文通过观察嘧胆碱(Hc-3)等胆碱能阻断剂对缺氧等引起肺循环反应的影响,初步探讨了胆碱能神经递质乙酰胆碱(ACh)在肺血管运动调节中可能发挥的作用,报告如下:     

豚鼠前列腺Cajal间质细胞与交感神经及平滑肌的形态与功能学联系

目的:探索前列腺Cajal间质细胞(interstitial cells of Cajal,ICCs)与交感神经及平滑肌细胞之间的形态及功能学联系。方法:(1)制作豚鼠前列腺组织冰冻切片并进行双重免疫荧光染色。使用酪氨酸激酶受体(c-Kit)作为ICCs的标记物,酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)和多巴胺β羟化酶(dopamineβ-hydroxylase,DβH)作为交感神经纤维的标记物,α肌动蛋白(α-actin)作为平滑肌细胞的标记物。另外,分别对α1-肾上腺素受体与c-Kit以及缝隙连接蛋白Connexin43(Cx43)与c-Kit进行免疫荧光双重标记。(2)将前列腺肌条固定于灌流槽中,记录去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)诱发的肌条收缩幅度和频率,以及加入Glivec后肌条收缩幅度和频率的变化。结果:(1)免疫荧光组织化学标记结果显示:ICCs与交感神经纤维、平滑肌细胞平行分布,ICCs边缘与交感神经、平滑肌细胞边缘密切接触,c-Kit标记的ICCs上存在α1-肾上腺素受体和缝隙连接蛋白Cx43的共表达。(2)在去甲肾上腺素的刺激下前列腺平滑肌肌条收缩幅度为(0.98±0.16)g,收缩频率为(2.54±0.28)次/min。使用Glivec后肌条收缩幅度显著下降,50μmol/L组为(0.56±0.07)g(P0.01),200μmol/L组为(0.25±0.05)g(P0.01),收缩频率未见明显改变,50μmol/L组为(2.67±0.32)次/min(P0.05),200μmol/L组为(2.75±0.31)次/min(P0.05)。结论:豚鼠前列腺ICCs具有介导前列腺交感神经信号,支配平滑肌活动的形态和功能学基础。     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...