无张力吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁和术后尿动力学评估

目的:探讨无张力尿道吊带术(TVT)治疗女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)的效果和术后尿动力学测值的变化。方法:27例女性SUI患者接受TVT手术治疗,其中9例术后复查尿动力学检查。根据症状评定手术效果,同时比较手术对最大平均尿流率、膀胱容量、最大逼尿肌张力、最大尿道压和最大尿道关闭压(MUCP)的影响。结果:术后23例治愈,3例改善,1例无效,手术有效率为96.3%。手术前后对比显示MUCP显著升高(P=0.027),平均尿流率显著下降(P=0.039),最大尿流率等其他尿动力学指标无显著变化。结论:TVT是治疗女性SUI的有效微创手术,它很可能是通过加强尿道下方的支撑力量来增加MUCP,从而达到控尿目的。手术时必须保证吊带对尿道无张力以防止排尿困难。     

经耻骨后及经闭孔无张力阴道吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁的效果

目的对比观察经耻骨后径路无张力阴道吊带术(TVT)和经闭孔径路无张力阴道吊带术(TVT-O)治疗女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)的效果。方法2002年6月至2005年5月,行女性SUI无张力阴道吊带术81例。患者年龄35~79岁,平均51岁。病程6个月~30年。其中行TVT58例、行TVT-O术者23例。以术后增加腹压有无尿液溢出为疗效判断标准。结果TVT组TVT-O组手术时间分别为30~60min[平均(36.4±7.6)min]、20~35min[平均(24.4±5.1)min](P<0.01)。81例中,74例(91.4%)尿失禁症状完全消失,5例(6.2%)改善,2例(2.5%)失败。TVT组治愈52例(89.7%)、改善4例(6.9%)、失败2例(3.4%);TVT-O组治愈22例(95.7%)、改善1例(4.3%);2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TVT组和TVT-O组分别有6例(10.3%)和2例(8.7%)发生术后排尿困难;TVT组3例(5.2%)术中发生膀胱损伤,1例(1.7%)术后发生耻骨后血肿;TVT-O组3例(13.0%)术后2d内出现双下肢短暂性活动障碍自行缓解。结论无张力阴道吊带术是一种治疗女性SUI安全有效的方法,TVT-O较TVT更为简单,创伤更小,并发症轻。     

经闭孔及经耻骨后无张力阴道吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁的疗效比较

目的探讨经闭孔无张力阴道吊带术(TVT-O)及经耻骨后无张力阴道吊带术(TVT)治疗女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析40例经过临床和尿动力学检查诊断为SUI的女性患者不同手术方法治疗的疗效,其中TVT-O术18例,TVT术22例。2组患者的年龄、病程、术前腹腔漏尿点压力间比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结果TVT-O组手术时间11~20min,平均(14±3)min,术中出血量(10±3)ml,术后平均住院时间1.5d;TVT组手术时间25~50min,平均(32±7)min,术中出血量(40±15)ml,术后平均住院时间3.5d;2组比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。TVT-O无需膀胱镜观察。2组患者于术后24~36h拔除尿管后尿失禁症状均消失。TVT-O组无严重手术并发症,TVT组出现1例术后排尿困难。随访1~6个月,2组均无尿失禁复发。结论TVT-O和TVT术均为微创手术,二者疗效相似,而TVT-O术更安全,手术操作更简便,创伤小,患者康复快,并发症少。     

无张力阴道吊带术治疗压力性尿失禁出现并发症的原因

目的：探讨无张力阴道吊带术(TVT)治疗压力性尿失禁(SUI)出现并发症的原因及其处理方法。方法：对14例SUI患者施行TVT,1例术中发生膀胱穿孔．术后出现尿潴留并排尿困难;1例术后出现尿潴留;2例出现尿频尿急或排尿迟缓症状．其中1例并排尿困难。出现并发症的原因是：术前准备不充分。术者操作不熟练,以及未进行全面的尿动力学检查等。结果：经采取相应的处理措施,4例并发症均治愈。结论：对SUI患者施行TVT,只要术前充分准备,术中熟练操作。作全面的尿动力学检查等,可以减少并发症的发生。     

经耻骨后和经闭孔尿道中段无张力悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁的疗效观察

目的:观察经耻骨后和经闭孔尿道无张力悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁(Stress urinary incontinence,SUI)的疗效。方法:选择女性SUI患者198例,病程2~25年,平均7.3年;年龄41~78岁,平均58.3岁。采用经耻骨后无张力阴道吊带术(tension-free vaginal tape,TVT,57例为TVT组)或经闭孔尿道下无张力吊带术(transobturator vaginal tape inside-out,TVT-O,141例为TVT-O组)进行治疗。结果:本文患者随访6~120个月,179例(90.4%)治愈,其中TVT组平均随访86个月,治愈51例(89.5%),改善4例(7%);TVT-O组平均随访38个月,治愈128例(90.7%),改善6例(4.3%);疗效不佳9例(3.5%)。TVT组2例发生膀胱穿孔(3.5%),TVT-O组3例出现腹股沟血肿伴下肢大腿根部疼痛,2例出现短期单下肢活动障碍,但经保守治疗均好转;术后拔除尿管后排尿困难5例,其中TVT组2例,TVT-O组3例,经多次下压式尿道扩张及延长保留尿管后解除梗阻、恢复正常排尿4例;TVT组中1例采用尿道扩张无效而剪断悬吊带。结论:经阴道中段无张力悬吊术(尤其是TVT-O)操作简便,疗效佳,并发症少,是治疗女性SUI的有效方法。     

两种经阴道无张力吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁疗效比较

目的比较两种植入人工合成耻骨阴道吊带手术治疗女性压力性尿失禁疗效。方法28例已育妇女,16例行阴道无张力吊带术(tension-free vaginal tape,TVT),12例行耻骨途径无张力吊带术(suprapubic Archsling,SPARC),随访3-36个月。结果TVT组与SPARC组比较,手术时间(30±15/25±10分)、手术出血量(110±20/100±30mL)、手术成功率(87.5%/83.3%)以及患者满意率(62.5%/75%)方面,差异无显著性;两组分别出现12.5%和8%的尿潴留;两组混合性尿失禁患者尿频、尿急症状均无明显缓解。结论经阴道无张力吊带术是治疗女性压力性尿失禁的较为理想手术,创伤小,出血少,远期效果好。无论是采用TVT法还是采用SPARC法,只有病例选择得好,方法得当,均能取得满意效果。     

无张力阴道吊带术治疗压力性尿失禁(附10例报告)

目的探讨无张力阴道吊带术(TVT)的手术方法、适应证及并发症的预防. 方法女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)患者10例,平均年龄52岁.漏尿病史平均7年,其中8例为轻中度SUI,加压期尿道压力>10 cmH2O,2例为重度SUI,加压期尿道压力<10 cmH2O.经阴道前壁行无张力阴道吊带术. 结果 10例SUI均得到满意的控尿效果.1例患者术后剩余尿100 ml,但主观评价明显改善.随访13～21个月,无SUI症状复发,无排尿困难及尿路感染. 结论 TVT是一种简便、快捷的SUI治疗方法,疗效满意,可以减少患者的痛苦和缩短住院时间.     

经闭孔无张力尿道中段悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁的疗效

目的:探讨经闭孔无张力尿道中段悬吊术(Transobturator tension-free vaginal tape surgery,TVT-O)治疗女性压力性尿失禁(Stress urinary incontinence,SUI)的疗效及安全性。方法:回顾性分析2005年1月-2006年6月接受TVT-O的36例女性SUI患者的临床资料,随访时间1-18个月,其中I型I、I型SUI 32例(88.9%),I型或II型SUI伴内括约肌功能缺陷(ISD)4例(11.1%)。TVT-O的麻醉均采用腰麻。结果:36例女性SUI患者尿垫试验术前为20.6±3.7 g,术后为7.6±2.2 g,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);尿失禁症状评分术前为18.2±1.7分,术后为1.2±2.1分,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。术后达到完全控尿者28例(77.8%),有效控尿者8例(22.2%),未出现无效患者。术中无明显并发症,术后并发症主要表现为大腿内侧不适、尿频、尿急及排尿不适,未出现尿潴留、膀胱破裂、阴道壁或尿道糜烂等严重并发症。结论:TVT-O是目前治疗女性SUI的一种有效、安全的微创手术。     

耻骨后无张力阴道吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁

目的探讨耻骨后无张力阴道吊带术(tension-free vaginal tape technique,TVT)治疗女性压力性尿失禁(stress urinary incontinence,SUI)的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2004年1月-2010年1月57例采用TVT治疗的女性SUI患者临床资料。患者年龄36～64岁,平均54岁;病程1年6个月～13年。均有1～3次生育史。诱发试验及膀胱颈抬举试验均呈阳性。14例合并阴道前壁脱垂。5例有逼尿肌不稳定表现。漏尿点压测定为3.93～10.98 kPa。结果 4例术中发生穿破膀胱,重新调整方向后完成手术。3例拔除尿管后出现排尿困难,经对症处理后恢复正常排尿。术后12个月采用Grouts-Blaivas评分法评价疗效,治愈48例(84.2%),改善良好8例(14.0%),改善中等1例(1.8%)。尿流动力学检查示,术后3、12个月尿流率较术前显著下降,最大尿道闭合压显著升高(P<0.05)。根据尿失禁生活质量量表(I-QOL)评价,术后3个月患者在日常活动、心理障碍及社会尴尬方面的主要评分指标较术前有显著性提高(P<0.05);术后12个月患者各项指标均较术前改善(P<0.05)。结论 TVT手术操作简便、安全有效,能显著提高患者生活质量,是治疗女性SUI的有效手段。     

无张力阴道吊带术治疗女性压力性尿失禁(附20例报告)

目的 评价无张力阴道吊带术(tension-free vaginal tape，TVT)治疗女性压力性尿失禁的疗效。方法 总结采用TVT术治疗女性压力性尿失禁20例的临床资料。结果 平均手术时间26.5min。拔除尿管后，19例病人控尿满意，1例仍有轻微尿失禁。术后平均随访12(3-24)个月，20例病人均无尿失禁。合并症有1例膀胱穿孔，1例术后轻度排尿不畅，2例尿频尿急。结论 TVT术操作简便快捷，创伤小，合并症少，术后康复快，是一种治疗女性压力性尿失禁的理想方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.