介入腔内溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的评价介入腔内溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效及随访结果。方法36例急性下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,于DSA下,溶栓导管直接插入静脉血栓,微泵持续注入尿激酶溶栓。治疗过程中及结束时,以静脉通畅度评分和静脉通畅改善率,及健患肢周径差指标评价疗效,并于出院半年后随访。结果36例患者溶栓后静脉造影复查显示,静脉通畅度显著改善(P<0.01),静脉通畅改善率49.4%±14.6%;健患肢大、小腿平均周径差有显著差异(P<0.01);治疗过程中未出现严重并发症。27例患者取得随访,随访时间6～18(10.5±6.1)个月。静脉造影或Duplex检查,静脉通畅度显著改善(P<0.01),静脉通畅改善率为60.6%±14.0%。22例深静脉瓣膜得以保存,深静脉瓣膜保存率达81.5%。结论介入腔内溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成疗效好而且安全。     

经腘静脉置管接触性溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成应用价值研究

目的探讨经患侧腘静脉置管接触性溶栓(CDT)治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012年3月至2017年3月收治的39例应用经患侧腘静脉CDT治疗急性DVT患者的临床资料。所有患者均在腔静脉滤器保护下经患侧腘静脉置管CDT。记录置管成功率,健、患肢周径差值,静脉血栓评分,静脉再通率,深静脉瓣膜保存率,介入治疗并发症与下肢深静脉血栓形成后综合征(PTS)的发生率等指标并评价疗效。结果所有患者均穿刺置管成功,置管成功率为100.0%(39/39)。患者治疗前后的健、患肢周径差值分别为(6.12±1.03)cm与(2.55±0.76)cm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),肢体肿胀消退明显。患者治疗前后静脉血栓评分为(5.73±0.94)分与(2.13±1.60)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),血栓消融明显,静脉再通率为(64.23%±16.21%)。39例患者中,1例患者出现置管处炎症,1例患者出现穿刺处血肿,1例患者溶栓后出现髂静脉狭窄并行髂静脉支架植入术治疗,即介入治疗并发症的发生率为7.7%(3/39)。随访6~12个月,34例患者完成随访,随访率为87.2%(34/39),无DVT复发与肺栓塞发生。深静脉瓣膜保存率为(76.14%±9.15%),PTS的发生率为15.4%(6/39)。结论应用经患侧腘静脉CDT治疗急性DVT安全有效。     

AngioJet机械吸栓联合导管接触溶栓与单纯导管接触溶栓治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成的meta分析

【摘要】 目的 比较AngioJet机械抽吸血栓（PMT）联合导管接触溶栓（CDT）与单纯CDT治疗急性下肢深静脉血栓形成（LEDVT）的效果。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方和维普数据库,2名研究人员采用RevMan5.3软件对建库至2019年6月的PMT联合CDT与单纯CDT治疗急性LEDVT的研究文献进行独立筛选、提取数据、评价纳入文献质量,并作meta分析。结果 共10篇文献纳入meta分析,结果显示PMT联合CDT治疗的有效血栓清除率（OR=2.29,95%CI=1.19～4.41）、溶栓时间（OR=－20.75,95%CI=－37.72～－3.79）、尿激酶用量（OR=－108.16,95%CI=－128.22～－88.10）、住院时间（OR=－2.37,95%CI=－3.56～－1.19）和随访12个月时Villalta评分（OR=－1.72,95%CI=－2.95～－0.50） 与单纯CDT相比,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组间小出血事件发生率（OR=0.80,95%CI=0.38～1.68）、静脉瓣膜损伤事件发生率（OR=0.62,95%CI=0.29～1.31） 差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 AngioJet机械抽吸血栓联合CDT与单纯CDT相比,能更有效地清除血栓,减少尿激酶用量,缩短溶栓时间和住院时间,减少血栓后综合征（PTS）严重程度,不会增加出血并发症发生率和对静脉瓣膜产生负面影响。     

Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy combined with catheter-directed thrombolysis in the treatment of symptomatic lower extremity deep venous thrombosis

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) combined with catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) in the treatment of massive symptomatic lower limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

Materials and methods

One hundred and three clinically confirmed DVT patients were discharged from our institution. Sixteen patients with massive lower limb DVT were included in this retrospective study. After prophylactic placement of inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs), percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (ATD, n = 10; Straub, n = 6) and catheter-directed thrombolysis were performed in all patients. Complementary therapy included percutaneous transluminal venous angioplasty (PTA, n = 3) and stent placement (n = 1). The doses of thrombolytic agents, length of hospital stay, peri-procedure complications and discharge status were reviewed. Oral anticoagulation was continued for at least 6 months during follow-up.

Results

The average hospital stay was 7 days. The technical success rate (complete and partial lysis of clot) was 89%, the other 11% patients only achieved less than 50% clot lysis. The mean dose of urokinase was 3.3 million IU. There were no significant differences of clinical outcome between the ATD and Straub catheter group. The only major complication was an elderly male who experienced a fatal intracranial hemorrhage while still in the hospital (0.97%, 1/103). Minor complications consisted of three instances of subcutaneous bleeding. No transfusions were required. Vascular patency was achieved in 12 limbs during follow-up. No pulmonary emboli occurred. There is one recurrent DVT 4.5 months after the treatment.

Conclusions

Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy combined with catheter-directed thrombolysis is an effective and safe method for the treatment of symptomatic DVT. A randomized prospective study is warranted.     

超声引导下置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的 探讨超声引导下经皮置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的临床应用价值.方法 自2009年9月至2011年9月共收治下肢DVT患者34例,均采用下腔静脉滤器置入后,患肢在超声引导下经皮置管,持续导管内给予溶栓药物尿激酶50 万u/d和肝素5 000 u/d,交替使用.其中2例患者合并下腔静脉血栓,采用经颈静脉途径释放下腔静脉滤器;2例患者采用大隐静脉置管;其余均采用经皮腘静脉置管.结果 所有患者均置管成功,放置溶栓导管5 ～ 7 d.27例患者术后下肢肿胀基本消失,活动能力明显改善.5例患者活动后仍有较明显乏力和沉重感.1例患者术后3个月复发,再次置管后好转.1例患者术后6个月复发合并健侧下肢DVT,采用外周血管溶栓治疗.所有患者均采用DSA了解溶栓情况,26例患者髂股静脉术后连续性通畅,8例患者阶段性通畅.结论 超声引导下经皮置管溶栓治疗具有创伤小、定位准确、药物剂量个人化以及溶栓率高等优点,是治疗DVT的有效方法.     

肠系膜上动、静脉血栓形成的CT诊断

肠系膜上动、静脉血栓形成临床上比较少见，由于其症状和体征不典型，常易误诊，且死亡率较高。笔者遇到9例经CT发现的肠系膜上静脉血栓形成和4例肠系膜上动脉血栓形成病例，并经临床、手术及病理证实，现报告如下。     

Catheter-directed thrombectomy and thrombolysis for acute renal vein thrombosis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the technical success and clinical outcome of the percutaneous treatment of acute renal vein thrombosis (RVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review was conducted of all patients with acute RVT treated with percutaneous catheter-directed thrombectomy with or without thrombolysis at one institution between 2000 and 2004. Demographics, comorbid conditions, and clinical outcomes associated with therapy were assessed. RESULTS: Seven thrombosed renal veins in six patients (mean age, 51.5 +/- 18.8 years) were treated with percutaneous catheter-directed thrombectomy/thrombolysis. Thrombosed renal veins included two allografts and five native veins, and diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by direct renal venography. Inferior vena cava thrombosis was the cause of RVT in one patient, and glomerulopathy was the cause in the remaining patients. Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy was performed in all cases, and five renal veins were additionally treated with thrombolysis for a mean duration of 22.1 +/- 21.0 hours. Restoration of flow to renal veins was achieved in all thrombosed renal veins. Clinical improvement occurred in all patients: the mean serum creatinine level improved from a preoperative level of 3.3 +/- 1.92 mg/dL to a postoperative level of 1.92 +/- 1.32 mg/dL (P = .008). Mean glomerular filtration rate improved from a preoperative level of 30.8 +/- 23.0 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) to 64.2 +/- 52.4 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (P = .04). There were no pulmonary emboli or hemorrhagic complications, and no RVT recurrence was documented during a median follow-up of 22.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous catheter-directed thrombectomy with or without thrombolysis for acute RVT is associated with a rapid improvement in renal function and low incidence of morbidity. It is feasible for native and allograft renal veins and should be considered in patients with acute RVT, particularly in the setting of deteriorating renal function.     

逆行置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的疑虑

目的探讨逆行置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的有效性和弊端。 方法纳入南京市第一医院介入血管科2010年1月至2017年12月首次发现急性下肢深静脉血栓的患者共213例，其中逆行置管溶栓（CDT）组（150例），单纯抗凝组（63例）。比较两组血栓清除率、6个月的髂股静脉通畅度、12个月PTS情况、静脉瓣膜反流以及生活质量评分。 结果CDT组对于髂静脉血栓清除效果明显优于单纯抗凝（P=0.011），但对于股腘静脉血栓与单纯抗凝无差异（P>0.05）。逆行置管溶栓对于股总静脉血栓的效果在中央型优于混和型（P<0.0 001）。相应的，CDT组6个月的髂静脉通畅率高于单纯抗凝组（P=0.002），而股静脉通畅率两组间无差异（P>0.05）。CDT组PTS发生率以及重度PTS的发生率均低于抗凝组（P<0.0 001），但轻中度PTS发生率两组间无明显差异（P≥0.05）。CDT组12个月的静脉瓣膜反流情况与抗凝组相似（P>0.05），但生活质量要高于抗凝组（P<0.0 001）。 结论逆行置管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓对于髂静脉血栓有一定优势，但由于置管困难、对静脉瓣膜损伤等原因，对于累及股腘静脉的血栓，如无特殊情况，建议将逆行置管溶栓作为次选方案。     

急性肠系膜静脉血栓形成患者介入治疗的护理

目的 总结介入溶栓治疗急性肠系膜静脉血栓形成患者的护理.方法 对19例急性肠系膜静脉血栓患者行经皮穿刺股动脉、肠系膜上动脉置管间接肠系膜静脉溶栓治疗,总结分析术前、术后的护理措施,包括术前心理护理、有效的胃肠减压、病情观察评估、早期介入手术,术后严密的病情观察、溶栓护理、抗凝护理及营养支持.结果 19例置管溶栓患者在术前术后规范的治疗及护理下,1例溶栓48 h后出现腹痛进行性加重、腹膜刺激征,转外科手术治疗.18例患者介入治疗后症状缓解,排便正常.出院后随访12个月,18例患者均无明显的腹痛腹胀,排便正常.结论 介入溶栓治疗是治疗急性肠系膜静脉血栓患者的安全、有效的方法.充分术前评估准备、早期介入溶栓以及术后病情的严密监测、溶栓抗凝护理、并发症的观察是手术成功和患者早期康复的重要保障.     

不同溶栓方法治疗急性肺栓塞疗效的对比分析

目的比较不同溶栓方法治疗急性肺栓塞的疗效。方法 2010年1月至2011年12月收治20例急性期(2周内)肺血栓栓塞症患者,采用导管接触溶栓(10例)和静脉溶栓(10例)治疗,综合判断两种治疗方法的有效性、合理性和安全性。结果 20例患者均因劳力性呼吸困难就诊,其中15例有明确的下肢静脉疾患(深静脉血栓症、深静脉炎或下肢静脉曲张),3例有晕厥史。经抗凝、溶栓治疗后,患者的呼吸频率、心率均较溶栓前显著改善。影像检查显示血栓部分或全部溶解消失。治疗总有效率为100%。与静脉溶栓组相比,导管接触溶栓组患者在治疗初期临床表现改善明显,且尿激酶用量少,发生溶栓并发症的机会大大减少。结论与静脉溶栓相比,导管接触溶栓治疗急性肺栓塞患者的临床症状改善较快,短期复查各项检查结果优于后者。     

急性肠系膜上静脉血栓96例临床特点分析

目的 探讨急性肠系膜上静脉血栓(ASMVT)的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院2000年1月-2013年12月确诊的96例ASMVT患者的临床资料,死亡相关危险因素,以及不同治疗方式和不同部位血栓对患者结局的影响.结果 96例ASMVT患者中男72例,女24例,年龄46.9±15.5岁;生存83例,死亡13例,死亡发生率13.5％;孤立性肠系膜上静脉血栓(SMVT)39例,联合SMVT 57例.死亡组合并重症胰腺炎及孤立SMVT的比例高于生存组(P＜0.01).依不同治疗方式分为开腹手术组(n=23)、介入溶栓组(n=62)和保守治疗组(n=11).开腹手术组患者自发病至接受治疗的时间最短,孤立SMVT发生率最高,死亡发生率也高于介入溶栓组及保守治疗组.保守治疗组中无死亡病例.孤立SMVT组出现腹膜刺激征、行开腹手术及发生肠坏死的例数均高于联合SMVT组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),发生于脾切除术后的患者比例低于联合SMVT组(P=0.002).结论 孤立SMVT因更易出现腹膜刺激征、更易发生肠坏死而需行开腹手术;联合SMVT易发生在脾切除术后;在重症胰腺炎的基础上发病是ASMVT患者死亡的相关危险因素.     

溶栓导管治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床应用

目的评价溶栓导管治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的疗效。方法2003年4月～2004年10月,32例左下肢DVT患者施行了溶栓导管置入术,采用抗凝及经溶栓导管脉冲式灌注尿激酶治疗。其中行下腔静脉滤器置入术11例、行髂总静脉球囊扩张术10例,行髂总静脉支架置入术2例。结果溶栓导管平均放置时间为(7.7±2.3)d。下肢水肿完全消退28例,部分消退4例。左下肢深静脉血栓完全溶解29例,其中12例存在左髂静脉受压综合征;血栓部分溶解3例。无出血、肺动脉栓塞等并发症。结论采用溶栓导管治疗下肢DVT是一种安全、有效的方法。     

Mechanical thrombectomy in acute venous thrombosis using an Amplatz thrombectomy device

Three cases of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy using the Amplatz thrombectomy device are presented. All cases involve the application of the device in a major thoracic or abdominal vein in situations in which chemothrombolysis was contraindicated. The method of operation of the Amplatz thrombectomy device, as well as a brief overview of its clinical applications, are presented.     

Intracerebral hemorrhage after transcatheter thrombolysis of non-occluding superior mesenteric artery thrombosis

We performed transcatheter thrombolysis on a 64-year-old man with non-occluding superior mesenteric artery (SMA) thrombosis because his severe symptoms could not be controlled with medication. An enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan revealed intramural thrombosis in the SMA. We were concerned that the narrowing of the SMA lumen might progress to complete occlusion, resulting in a high likelihood of mortality. After dissolution of the SMA thrombosis, the original symptoms almost completely disappeared. However, intracranial hemorrhage occurred 8 hr after thrombolysis, requiring surgical intervention. Transcatheter thrombolysis is thought to be a useful treatment for SMA thrombosis, especially in elderly patients with a high operative risk; however, the possibility of intracerebral hemorrhage must be taken into consideration.     

急性肠系膜上静脉血栓形成的CT诊断

目的分析急性肠系膜上静脉血栓形成的临床特点及CT表现，提高认识水平。方法回顾性分析6例经手术证实为肠系膜上静脉血栓形成的CT表现。平扫6例，增强扫描2例。结果6例CT平扫均出现腹腔积液、肠壁增厚、肠腔变窄、肠系膜密度增高模糊、肠系膜上静脉内高密度阴影等征象。4例可见肠系膜上静脉增宽，3例可见肠系膜间游离积液，2例增强扫描可见肠系膜上静脉内低密度血栓影，静脉壁环形强化呈“靶征”。结论CT检查对于早期诊断肠系膜上静脉血栓形成是一种有价值的方法。对于不明原冈所致腹痛应及时行CT检查。     

Comparison of urokinase, alteplase, and reteplase for catheter-directed thrombolysis of deep venous thrombosis

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy, safety, and costs associated with catheter-directed thrombolysis with urokinase (UK) and the recombinant agents alteplase (tissue plasminogen activator [TPA]) and reteplase (recombinant plasminogen activator [RPA]) in the treatment of symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective analysis on 74 patients (82 limbs) who underwent treatment for DVT. Thrombosed extremities were treated with either urokinase with therapeutic heparin dosing (UK group; 38 limbs), alteplase with subtherapeutic heparin dosing (TPA group; 32 limbs), or reteplase with subtherapeutic heparin dosing (RPA group; 12 limbs). Infusion times, dosages, drug costs, success rates, and complications were compared among the groups. RESULTS: Gender, age, disease location, duration of symptoms, and use of additional interventional therapies did not differ statistically among the three cohorts. Median hourly infused doses, total doses, infusion times, drug costs, and success rates per limb were: UK, 11.3 (10(4)) U/hour, 4.361 million U, 40.6 hours, US dollars 6577, 97.4%; TPA, 0.57 mg/hour, 21.6 mg, 30.8 hours, US dollars 488, 96.9%; RPA, 0.74 U/hour, 21.4 U, 24.3 hours, US dollars 1787, 100.0%. Major and overall complication rates were: UK, 5.3% and 10.5%; TPA, 3.1% and 12.5%; RPA, 8.3% and 16.7%. Infusion times, success rates, and complications were not statistically different among the three groups. Alteplase and reteplase were significantly less expensive than urokinase (P <.001 and P <.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Catheter-directed thrombolysis for the treatment of DVT is safe and effective, regardless of the agent used. However, the new recombinant agents are significantly less expensive than urokinase.     

Scintiangiographic diagnosis of acute mesenteric venous thrombosis.

Scintiangiographic findings of prolonged mesenteric activity in a case of acute mesenteric thrombosis is described and 105 cases with abdominal scintiangiography are reviewed. Usual peak mesenteric blush occurred 5--15 sec after initial visualization of the aorta. Normal clearance of this activity was 15--30 sec. Future cases should confirm the importance of this observation in early diagnosis of mesenteric venous thrombosis.     

门静脉和肠系膜上静脉血栓形成的MRI诊断

目的 分析门静脉（PV）和肠系膜上静脉（SMV）血栓形成的MRI特征及其诊断价值。方法 搜集经手术与病理证实的PV和SMV血栓形成患者12例，全部行MR T1WI、T2WI、抑脂T2、血管成像及钆喷替酸葡甲胺（Gd-DTPA）3期动态增强扫描。结果 直接征象为血管内血栓信号（12例），表现为T1WI和T2WI显示PV和SMV流空信号消失。3例急性期血栓T。WI为低或等信号，T2WI为高信号；8例亚急性期血栓T1WI及T2WI均为高信号；1例慢性期血栓T1WI为混杂信号，T2WI为低信号；增强扫描静脉期PV、SMV管腔内无对比剂充盈，PV周围呈轨道样增强，其内无强化的低信号血栓。间接征象包括肠腔扩张积液（10例）、肠管积血（6例）、肠壁增厚（12例）、肠黏膜水肿（11例）、薄纸样肠壁（1例）、缆绳征（11例）、肠系膜积液（2例）、肠壁积气（3例）、腹腔积液（12例）、PV海绵样变（3例）、肝脏异常灌注（6例）。结论 MRI是诊断PV和SMV血栓形成并肠道缺血敏感有效的方法，MR多序列、多轴面成像及增强扫描对病变的显示、定位、范围及血栓的分期等有重要作用。     

经颈静脉导管血管内溶栓联合足背静脉溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的 探讨经颈静脉途径血管内溶栓联合足背静脉溶栓,治疗下肢深静脉血栓的可行性与疗效.方法 18例下肢深静脉血栓患者(治疗组)采用经颈静脉穿刺后,置管造影并植入滤器,留置导管持续血管内溶栓同时联合足背静脉溶栓;而同期有16例患者(对照组)仅行足背静脉溶栓.结果 治疗组溶栓时间为(6.6±2.3)d,对照组为(8.2 ±1.4)d;所用尿激酶总量治疗组为(552±224)万u,对照组为(700±166)万u.联合溶栓能显著减少溶栓时间与尿激酶用量(P＜0.05).治疗组溶栓前后大、小腿周径分别减小(4.6 ±2.1)cm、(4.0±2.1)cm,对照组分别为(3.2±1.7)cm、(2.7±1.5)cm,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组完全溶通率为66.7%.对照组完全溶通率为31.3%,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组4例患者在血栓完全溶通后从原穿刺处将滤器取出.结论 经颈静脉途径导管内溶栓联合足背静脉溶柃治疗下肢深静脉血栓安全、效果好,完全溶通后可从原穿刺处回收滤器.