额叶癫痫手术长期效果及其相关因素研究

[目的]总结分析额叶癫痫手术长期效果,并评估影响长期预后的术前相关因素。[方法]对97例额叶癫痫手术患者进行长期追踪随访,回顾性研究影响患者预后的因素。[结果]22%术后无癫痫再发,9%术后仅有先兆发作,18%在随访期间偶有痫性发作。首次癫痫发作年龄小于12岁、癫痫病程小于6年、发作时无先兆、发作频率大于10次/月、MRI上单侧额叶病灶及开颅手术中皮质脑电图呈明显β样放电预示ILAE I类结果。[结论]首次癫痫发作年龄、癫痫病程、发作有无先兆、发作频率、磁共振结果、术中皮质脑电图放电模式预示手术长期效果。     

病灶性难治性癫痫术前评估及手术方法的探讨

目的 探讨病灶性难治性癫痫术前评估和手术治疗的方法.方法 对40例病灶性难治性癫痫患者联合应用长程视频脑电图、磁共振成像、功能磁共振成像、磁共振波谱分析等方法进行术前评估,确定致痫灶与病灶的关系,采用单纯病灶切除术、病灶切除加周围皮质切除术、病灶切除加周围皮质软膜下横切术或皮层热灼术等手术方法,随访复查,评价临床效果.结果 40例患者术前评估致痫灶与病灶位置基本一致,术中均应用皮层电极监测,与术前评估相符.术后随访11～48 个月,Engel Ⅰ级30例(75.0%),Ⅱ级7例(17.5%),Ⅲ级2例(5.0%),Ⅳ级1例(2.5%).36例(90%)患者生活质量改善.结论 病灶性难治性癫痫,术前需应用长程视频脑电图、磁共振成像、功能磁共振成像、磁共振波谱分析等方法进行评估以明确病灶与致痫灶的关系,采用多种手术方法联合的方法是治疗病灶性难治性癫痫的有效途径.     

氟比洛芬酯用于瑞芬太尼麻醉术后镇痛的临床研究

目的探讨病灶性难治性癫痫术前评估和手术治疗的方法。方法对40例病灶性难治性癫痫患者联合应用长程视频脑电图、磁共振成像、功能磁共振成像、磁共振波谱分析等方法进行术前评估，确定致痫灶与病灶的关系，采用单纯病灶切除术、病灶切除加周围皮质切除术、病灶切除加周围皮质软膜下横切术或皮层热灼术等手术方法，随访复查，评价临床效果。结果40例患者术前评估致痫灶与病灶位置基本一致，术中均应用皮层电极监测，与术前评估相符。术后随访11～48个月．EngelⅠ级30例（75．0％），Ⅱ级7例（17．5％），Ⅲ级2例（5．0％），Ⅳ级1例（2．5％）。36例（90％）患者生活质量改善。结论病灶性难治性癫痫，术前需应用长程视频脑电图、磁共振成像、功能磁共振成像、磁共振波谱分析等方法进行评估以明确病灶与致痫灶的关系，采用多种手术方法联合的方法是治疗病灶性难治性癫痫的有效途径。     

皮层脑电图监测在颅内海绵状血管瘤显微外科中的应用

目的 探讨术中皮层脑电图（ECoG）监测在颅内海绵状血管瘤继发癫痫患者显微外科手术中的应用价值。方法回顾分析2000～2005年颅内海绵状血管瘤继发癫痫患者15例，术中采用ECoG监测测定致痫灶的准确部位和范围来进行显微外科手术。结果随访发现10例患者停药后1年以上无癫痫发作，4例以术前药量的1／4～1／3量即可控制，1例在药物控制下偶有癫痫发作。结论ECoG监测可发现肿瘤周边的癫痫棘波灶，并指导对癫痫棘波灶进行皮层电灼或多软膜下横切。对控制术后癫痫发作有重要的临床价值。     

难治性癫痫手术联合免疫治疗前后体液免疫状况调查

目的:回顾性分析难治性癫痫患者手术联合免疫治疗前后的体液免疫水平。方法:对43例难治性癫痫患者分别采取相应手术方式进行治疗,术后遵循个体化原则服用抗癫痫药,并联合胸腺肽进行治疗,随访3-6个月,采用ELISA法及速率散射浊度法对术前、术后一周、术后三个月及半年的血清免疫球蛋白及补体水平进行检测比较。结果:①临床疗效:手术后12例终止发作,13例显效,10例有效,5例效差,3例无效,海马硬化者手术效果好。②体液免疫检测结果:癫痫患者免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG)及补体C3水平于术后一周低于术前(P﹤0.01),海马硬化者明显,术后三个月至半年逐渐升高,且明显高于术前水平。IgM及C4在手术前后无明显变化。结论:难治性癫痫患者免疫功能低下或紊乱,手术联合免疫治疗能有效控制或减少癫痫发作并有助于改善患者免疫功能。     

丙戊酸钠对癫痫大鼠海马组织中Homerla、mGluR5表达的影响

[目的]探讨在戊四氮(pentetrazole,PTZ)致癫痫大鼠海马组织中Homerla、mGluR5的表达以及丙戊酸钠(sodium valproate,VPA)对其表达的影响. [方法]将SD大鼠分为正常对照组(NC)、PTZ组和VPA干预组.PTZ腹腔注射达到点燃标准,腹腔注入VPA 15 mg/(kg·d),对致痫大鼠进行治疗;30 min后,腹腔注射PTZ诱发癫痫发作;两周后分别于致痫大鼠发作后8h、24 h处死大鼠;应用实时定量PCR (realtime-PCR)、Western blot技术检测海马组织Homer1a、mGluR5的表达. [结果]1)NC组无癫痫发作,VPA干预组癫痫发作较PTZ组减轻;2)PTZ组Hmoer1a于癫痫发作后8h明显升高,24 h后则明显降低;VPA干预组Homer1a表达于癫痫发作后8h及24 h均升高;3)PTZ组mGluR5表达于癫痫发作后8h无显著变化,而24h后明显升高;VPA干预组mGluR5表达于癫痫发作后8h无显著变化,24 h后明显降低. [结论]1)丙戊酸钠可明显改善致痫大鼠发作表现;2)Homerla在癫痫发作后早期短暂性升高;mGluR5在癫痫发作后早期无明显变化,而发作后24 h升高;3)丙戊酸钠可能通过调节Homerla表达进一步影响mGluR5而发挥抗痫作用.     

颞叶内侧癫痫的手术治疗

目的 分析总结颞叶内侧癫痫的临床特点,探讨前颞叶内侧切除术的手术方法,并对手术效果进行评价.方法 回顾性分析2003年4月至2007年6月诊断为颞叶内侧癫痫行前颞叶内侧切除术21例患者的临床资料.手术方式:标准前颡叶内侧切除术,部分加做皮层热灼术.结果 21例患者中,术后早期3例出现一过性失语,2例出现短暂的肢体力弱,1例复视,均在术后1～2周恢复正常.1例术后出现永久性轻偏瘫.术后病理检查发现,18例颞叶内侧硬化,其中1例伴灰质异位;1例伴右颞叶隐匿性脑动静脉畸形(AVM);3例无异常发现.随访4个月至4年,所有患者术后服用抗癫痫药物较术前减少或停药.Engel I级11例(52.4%),EngelⅡ级6例(28.6%),EngelⅢ级2例(9.5%),EngelⅣ级2例(9.5%),手术总有效率为90.5%,优良率为81.0%.结论 颞叶内侧癫痫行前颞叶内侧切除术效果良好.     

外科手术治疗难治性癫痫(附99例病例报道)

目的 研究难治性癫痫的致痫灶精确定位和外科手术治疗的方法及疗效. 方法 对99例难治性癫痫患者应用影像学、视频脑电图、PET-CT等检查综合行癫痫灶定位和多种术式进行外科手术治疗. 结果 随访评估疗效满意者51例(51.5%),显著改善31例(31.2%),良好6例(6%),较差7例(7%),无改善4例(4%).除1例额顶叶星形细胞瘤术后有偏瘫,1例再次手术出现偏瘫、失语者,1例行立体定向手术后出现偏瘫外,其余无明显及永久性神经系统并发症,无死亡病例. 结论 应用影像学、电生理、PET-CT等检查进行术前癫痫灶定位和多种术式进行外科治疗,可使难治性癫痫的治疗获得满意疗效.     

颅脑外伤术后癫痫的防治

目的探索颅脑外伤术后癫痫发作的原因,并对预防及治疗应注意的问题进行探讨.方法对938例脑外伤手术后并发癫痫发作的33例患者进行分析,重点对术后的预防用药、易致癫痫发作原因及再次手术问题进行总结.结果 938例颅脑外伤术后并发癫痫发作33例,占3.5%,其中颅内感染16例,并发癫痫病例大多药物治疗效果好,对难治性癫痫药物无法控制的5例病例经再次手术均取得满意疗效.结论对脑外伤手术中的正确处理以及术后恰当的预防性用药等可以降低术后癫痫的发病率、减轻癫痫发作程度.     

不同治疗方案在难治性青光眼中的综合疗效比较

[目的]探讨不同治疗方案治疗难治性青光眼的临床疗效。[方法]将2008年5月～2010年4月我院收治的24例难治性青光眼患者分为两组,小梁虹膜组给予小梁切除联合虹膜根切术,脉络膜组给予脉络膜上腔引流术,术后进行随访并对比观察两组临床效果。[结果]最后一次随访脉络膜组眼压在5～21mmHg之间的占80.0%,明显高于小梁虹膜组58.3%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);两组患者视力稳定、视力提高以及视力下降比较差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);小梁虹膜组手术成功率为58.3%,脉络膜组手术成功率为73.3%。[结论]采用脉络膜上腔引流术治疗难治性青光眼较小梁切除联合虹膜根切术引流效果好,手术成功率较高,并发症相对较少,值得临床推广应用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.