单侧唇腭裂鼻-牙槽骨塑形后同期唇-鼻-牙槽骨整复术

目的:探讨唇腭裂婴幼儿术前鼻-牙槽骨塑形后的同期唇-鼻-牙槽骨整复术的方法与技术,并进行初步疗效评价。方法:对31例单侧完全性唇腭裂婴幼儿进行术前鼻-牙槽骨塑形及同期唇-鼻-牙槽骨整复术。术前鼻-牙槽骨塑形主要包括关闭牙槽骨间隙、唇牵张及鼻矫形;早期同期唇-鼻-牙槽骨整复术,即牙龈-牙周膜-牙槽骨整形术和改良Mohler法单侧唇裂唇鼻畸形同期整复术。采用SPSS10.0统计软件包对所得数据进行t检验。结果:31例唇腭裂婴幼儿经2～3个月术前鼻-牙槽骨塑形,唇裂隙宽度显著变窄(P<0.01),裂隙两侧唇组织适度牵张;鼻小柱延长及鼻塌陷畸形显著改善(P<0.05);牙槽裂隙显著变窄(P<0.01)。术后2例失访,29例患者随访6～30个月,结果显示:上唇和鼻形态俱佳,鼻小柱端正,鼻尖形态改善,双鼻孔、鼻底堤状隆起对称;口腔前庭-鼻腔瘘封闭;27例患者牙槽突裂隙关闭,牙槽骨连续性及稳定性增强并在原牙槽裂隙处有牙萌出,其中13例牙槽嵴高度、宽度及厚度不足;2例仍有1～2mm的牙槽裂隙。结论:单侧完全性唇腭裂患者为了获得理想的唇鼻形态及完整稳定的牙槽骨,术前进行鼻-牙槽骨塑形和同期唇-鼻-牙槽骨整复术是值得采用的序列治疗方法。     

Long-term effects of lip repair on dentofacial morphology in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: Lateral cephalograms from the growth archive of the Sri Lankan Cleft Lip and Palate Project were analyzed in a cohort design to study the long-term effects of lip repair on dentofacial morphology in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. METHODS: A total of 71 patients were recruited, including 23 adult patients with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate without surgical repair and 48 adult patients with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate who had lip repair, but without management of alveolus or anterior vomer. The design utilized exact matching on ethnicity and statistical control for gender and age. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The data support the hypothesis that lip repair primarily produces a bone-bending effect on the anterior maxillary alveolus (alveolar molding), accompanied by controlled uprighting of maxillary incisors, and secondarily produces a bone-remodeling effect (bone resorption) in the base of the anterior maxillary alveolus. When analyzed by the age at lip repair and the surgeon who performed lip repair, early lip repair produced a greater bone-remodeling effect than did late lip repair, and variation in the surgeon who performed lip repair had an insignificant impact on dentofacial morphology after adjusting for covariates.     

不同的早期治疗模式对单侧完全性唇腭裂患者颌面形态的影响

目的 探讨不同的早期治疗模式对非综合征性单侧完全性唇腭裂患者(UCCLPAs)颌面形态的影响.方法 纳入47位6~7岁的非综合征性单侧完全性唇腭裂患者为病例组,将其按不同的早期治疗模式分为4组,纳入13位性别及年龄与之相当的单侧不完全性唇裂患者为对照组.通过比较反映颌面形态的8个指标来评价病例组和对照组颌面部骨性形态差异.统计采用t检验、单因素方差分析及秩和检验方法.结果 与对照组相比,12月龄前修复唇裂的UCCLPAs的骨性咽腔深度(Ba-PMP) 减小(P<0.05).与未修复腭裂的UCCLPAs相比, 12月龄前修复唇裂,24月龄前修复腭裂的UCCLPAs的面突度(SNA)减小(P<0.05),上颌骨后面高(R-PMP)减小(P<0.05).病例组间相比,3月龄前行唇粘连术,12月龄前行硬腭犁骨瓣整复术的 UCCLPAs 的上颌骨位置(S-Ptm)偏后(P<0.05).结论 当UCCLPAs 6~7岁时,3月龄前行唇粘连术,且12月龄前行硬腭犁骨瓣整复术者的患者上颌骨生长受抑制最严重.24月龄内行硬腭裂整复术者上颌骨向前的生长及后面高的生长均会受抑制.     

A comparison of growth impairment and orthodontic results in adult patients with clefts of palate and unilateral clefts of lip, palate and alveolus

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the long-term aesthetic and functional results of surgical and orthodontic treatment in patients with cleft palate and unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus. DESIGN: 30 patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and 30 patients with isolated cleft palate, mean age of 18.9 years, were evaluated by cephalometric and model analysis a mean of 1.5 years after orthodontic treatment. In each group the surgical treatment has been similar. RESULTS: Model analysis: The sum of every mesiodistal tooth diameter in the maxilla and in the mandible was recorded according to the Bolton analysis. Twenty patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate and alveolus had relatively large upper dental arches and nine had relatively large lower dental arches. Twenty-two patients with cleft palates had large upper dental arches and seven had large mandibular arches. Eleven patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and 18 patients with cleft palate had a negative space supply (the sum of the mesiodistal tooth diameters compared with the sagittal length of the alveolar ridge) in the region of the lateral teeth. All patients had persistent transverse space deficits that were increased on the side of the cleft in patients with cleft lip, palate, and alveolus. These unilateral transversal space deficits were recorded in 22 patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and in 8 patients with isolated cleft palate. Sagittal measurements were reduced in 26 patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and in 23 patients with cleft palate alone. The alveolar midline of the maxilla and the mandible were displaced in 25 patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus and in 19 patients with isolated cleft palate. Lateral cephalometric analysis: The lateral cephalograms taken at the same time as the models showed a mean SNA of 76.8 degrees and a NL-NSL angle of 8.7 degrees, indications of a tendency towards maxillary retrognathia in patients with unilateral cleft lip, palate, and alveolus. Patients with cleft palate had a mean SNA of 79.6 degrees and NL-NSL angle of 8.1 degrees. The anterior facial vertical index was within normal limits in patients with cleft lip, palate, and alveolus (44% vs 56%). An anterior facial height index of 42% compared with 58% in patients with isolated cleft palate indicated a slight reduction in midface height with an increase in the lower face as a consequence. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic and surgical treatment can result in satisfactory results on model analysis. However, there is specific growth impairment of the maxilla 1.5 years after termination of orthodontic treatment and this influences the final cephalometric analysis, particularly in patients with cleft lip, palate, and alveolus.     

Associations between severity of clefting and maxillary growth in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate treated with infant orthopedics.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine possible associations between severity of clefting in infants and maxillary growth in children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. DESIGN: This was a retrospective study of measurements made on infant maxillary study casts and maxillary cephalometric variables obtained at 5 to 6 years of follow-up. SETTING: The study was performed at the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery of New York University Medical Center, New York, New York. PATIENTS: Twenty-four consecutive nonsyndromic unilateral complete cleft lip and palate patients treated during the years 1987 to 1994. INTERVENTIONS: All the patients received uniform treatment (i.e., presurgical orthopedics followed by gingivoperiosteoplasty to close the alveolar cleft combined with repair of the lip and nose in a single stage at the age of 3 to 4 months). Closure of the palate was performed at the age of 12 to 14 months. RESULTS: Infant maxillary study cast measurements correlated in a statistically significant manner with maxillary cephalometric measurements at age 5 to 6 years. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the large variation in the severity of unilateral cleft lip and palate deformity at birth. Patients with large clefts and small arch circumference, arch length, or both demonstrated less favorable maxillary growth than those with small clefts and large arch circumference or arch length at birth.     

Sagittal growth of the facial skeleton of 6-year-old children with a complete unilateral cleft of lip, alveolus and palate treated with two different protocols

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to compare sagittal growth of the facial skeleton of 6-year-old children treated in two cleft centres with different surgical protocols. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Each group consisted of 20 consecutive non-syndromic children with complete unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate. They all had presurgical orthopaedics with a passive plate and external strapping until lip repair. Centre 1 had lip repair at the age of 3 months and one stage palatal closure at the age of 1 year. Closure of the alveolar cleft was planned at 9 years with bone grafting. In centre 2 lip repair was performed at the age of 6 months, soft palate repair at 12 months and hard palate repair together with mucoperiosteal closure of the alveolar cleft at the age of 30 months. At the time of investigation, the children from both centres had not received any postoperative orthodontic treatment. Sagittal growth was evaluated on lateral cephalograms using the angles SNA, SNB, ANB and SNPg. For control, Droschl standards were used. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in SNA, SNB, ANB and SNPg between the centres at the age of 6 years. There were no children with a class III jaw relationship. The sagittal dimensions were close to the values of non-cleft control persons (Droschl standards). CONCLUSION: There was considerable similar sagittal growth of the facial skeleton in both centres which has not been affected by the different surgical protocols so far. A final evaluation should be delayed until the growth of the facial skeleton is complete.     

Effects of lip repair on maxillary growth and facial soft tissue development in patients with a complete unilateral cleft of lip, alveolus and palate.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between lip repair and inhibition of maxillary growth, and to investigate the characteristics of upper lip in patients with complete unilateral clefts of lip, alveolus and palate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Lateral cephalometric radiographs and photographs (anterior-posterior and profile) were taken for 3 groups of patients: (1) 35 complete unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate cases in whom only a labioplasty was performed as infants; (2) 47 cases who had both lip and palate repaired; and (3) 37 non-cleft peers as controls. RESULTS: There was maxillary retrusion in groups (1) and (2). Surface area and height of the upper lip was reduced in both these groups when compared with the normal controls. CONCLUSION: Lip repair is a most important factor in the restraint of maxillary growth in patients with complete unilateral clefts of lip, alveolus and palate. And height and projection of the upper lip are reduced following lip repair.     

Dento-alveolar development in unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Palatal surgery for cleft lip, alveolus and palate is considered to have the most powerful negative impact on maxillary growth. The aim of this study was to compare dento-alveolar development of the permanent dentition and morphology of the palate after surgery in unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate patients following two types of palatoplasty: supraperiosteal flap vs mucoperiosteal flap technique.PATIENTS: Thirty-eight patients born between 1976 and 1983 with a complete unilateral cleft of lip, alveolus and palate were studied. Fifteen patients were treated with supraperiosteal flaps (SP group), and the other 23 patients with mucoperiosteal flaps (MP group). In this cross-sectional study, dental casts of stage IV A of Hellman's dental age in each patient were used. METHODS: The following distances were measured: (1). transverse distance C-C', (2). transverse distance M-M', (3). palatal length, (4). palatal height. RESULTS: No statistically differences were seen between the SP and MP groups regarding C-C' and M-M'. However, palatal length and palatal height were significantly greater in the SP than in the MP group. CONCLUSION: The technique that leaves no denuded palatal bone is considered to be advantageous for the development of the alveolar process.     

新生儿完全性唇腭裂术前鼻撑和正畸治疗的临床观察

目的 观察新生儿完全性唇腭裂术前鼻撑和正畸治疗的效果。方法对38例完全性唇腭裂，通过模型测量矫治前后牙槽裂距的改变，观察治疗效果；用鼻外形的评价标准对术后患儿进行初步评价。结果经过108—152天的治疗，26例单侧完全性唇腭裂齿槽左右裂隙较矫治前平均缩小5．3mm，前后裂距较矫治前平均缩小3．5mm；鼻外形评价的优良率为76％。12例双侧完全性唇腭裂齿槽左侧裂隙平均缩小4．7mm，右侧裂隙平均缩小4．2mm，左右裂距平均扩大1．6mm，前后裂距平均缩小5．1mm，前牙槽突宽度平均增大1．2mm；鼻外形评价的优良率为66％。结论对完全性唇腭裂患者在新生儿期做术前鼻撑和正畸治疗，患儿易适应，有利鼻发育，可减小手术的难度，提高整复效果。     

唇腭裂患者上颌前部牙槽骨厚度及骨开窗、骨开裂的三维评价研究

目的　利用锥形束CT（cone-beam CT,CBCT）评价不同类型唇腭裂患者上颌前部牙槽骨厚度和形态,以及上前牙骨开窗、骨开裂情况。方法　选择016年8月至019年10月间在南京医科大学附属口腔医院就诊拟行口腔正畸治疗的唇腭裂患者85例（男51例,女34例,平均年龄（14.65±4.95）岁）,其中单侧唇裂伴牙槽突裂（unilateral cleft lip and alveolus,UCLA）患者19例,单侧完全性唇腭裂（unilateral complete cleft lip and palate,UCLP）患者5例,双侧完全性唇腭裂（bilateral complete cleft lip and palate,BCLP）患者14例。在正畸治疗开始前均予以拍摄颌面部CBCT,应用Image J软件测量其上前牙唇腭侧牙槽骨厚度（alveolar bone thickness,ABT）,计算骨开窗、骨开裂发生率,并比较不同唇腭裂类型患者上颌前部ABT及上前牙骨开窗、骨开裂发生率的差异。结果　UCLP、UCLA患侧上前牙骨开裂发生率（34.9%、4.9%）显著高于其健侧（10.7%、11.1%）,但骨开窗发生率无统计学差异。UCLP健侧上中切牙（5.9%）、侧切牙（9.7%）骨开裂发生率低于UCLA。UCLA、UCLP、BCLP三组间患侧上前牙骨开裂及骨开窗发生率均无统计学差异。UCLP、UCLA患侧上前牙ABT在多部位小于其健侧。除UCLP/UCLA患侧侧切牙外,UCLA、UCLP、BCLP各类型上前牙唇侧平均ABT均小于腭侧。UCLA、UCLP、BCLP三组间患侧上前牙唇腭侧平均ABT无统计学差异。UCLP患侧上侧切牙、尖牙分别在唇侧和腭侧根颈处ABT大于UCLA。结论　单侧唇腭裂患者患侧上前牙骨开裂发生率高于健侧,ABT则在多部位小于其健侧;而三种类型患者上前牙唇侧ABT均小于其腭侧。单侧唇裂伴牙槽突裂与单侧完全性唇腭裂患者健侧上中切牙、侧切牙骨开裂发生率及患侧侧切牙、尖牙根颈处牙槽骨厚度存在差异;单侧与双侧完全性唇腭裂间上前牙骨开窗、骨开裂发生率及牙槽骨厚度则无差异。     

唇腭裂患儿的鼻牙槽塑形治疗:29例临床分析

目的:采用鼻牙槽塑形器对唇腭裂患儿进行术前唇、牙槽裂隙及鼻畸形矫正,观察鼻牙槽塑形疗效,总结矫治过程中出现的问题及解决对策,为鼻牙槽塑形治疗的开展提供参考。方法:选择在本院接受鼻牙槽塑形治疗的患儿29例,其中单侧唇腭裂19例,双侧唇腭裂10例;初诊年龄为出生后3～150d,矫治周期2.5～3个月,每2周复诊,调整矫正器。结果:参照鼻牙槽塑形治疗评价标准,17例患儿矫治成功,唇、牙槽裂隙明显缩小,鼻不对称畸形明显改善,鼻小柱延长;9例好转,唇、鼻畸形部分纠正,利于手术;3例患者放弃治疗。结论:鼻牙槽塑形成功的关键因素包括初诊年龄、印模、腭护板和鼻撑的调整、鼻模的应用;正畸科需要与口腔颌面外科、整形外科医师取得共识,尽早给患儿开始治疗,以提高手术效果。     

Application of interdental distraction osteogenesis to unilateral cleft lip and palate patients

Distraction osteogenesis is widely used for the treatment of craniofacial deformities. In patients with cleft lip and palate, distraction osteogenesis can be employed to repair the alveolar cleft. In this report, we describe the management of three cases of unilateral cleft lip and palate by interdental distraction osteogenesis. Interdental distraction osteogenesis of the maxillary bone was performed to reduce the width of the alveolar cleft in these patients in conjunction with orthodontic treatment. Tooth-tooth type distraction devices were fabricated and delivered at the same time as osteotomy. Distraction was continued until the midline of the dentition coincided with the facial midline, and until the width of the alveolar cleft was reduced to the width of lateral incisor or had closed. One month after distraction was complete, orthodontic treatment with an edgewise appliance was initiated, and neighboring teeth were moved into the newly created bone. A favorable treatment outcome was achieved in all three cases.     

The incidence and relationship of cervical spine anomalies in patients with cleft lip and/or palate

The relationship, incidence, and distribution of cervical spine anomalies were assessed in 468 patients with cleft lip and/or palate. The patients were placed into four groups: lip and/or alveolar; complete unilateral or bilateral; isolated palatal; and soft palate or submucous clefts. Cervical anomalies were observed in 22% of the cleft patients and in 7% of the noncleft group. Patients with soft palate and submucous clefts had the highest incidence of vertebral anomalies (45%), whereas patients with cleft lip and/or alveolus had an incidence similar to the noncleft group. Patients with complete unilateral and bilateral clefts also had a higher incidence (15.6% to 19.0%) of anomalies than the noncleft group. Cervical anomalies occurred primarily in the occipital-C1-C2 region. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.     

Bone graft healing in alveolar osteoplasty in patients with unilateral lip, alveolar process, and palate clefts

Secondary osteoplasty by means of autogenic spongy bone grafting is the most common procedure used in the reconstruction of the continuity of the maxillary alveolar process. The aim of the study was to analyze retrospectively the effect of certain factors on the course of the bone graft healing process in patients with unilateral complete clefts of the lip, alveolar process, and palate. The investigations involved 62 children aged 8 to 14 years (mean age, 11 years) with unilateral complete cleft of the lip, alveolar process, and palate operated on at the Clinic of Plastic Surgery in Polanica Zdrój from November 2007 to April 2009. All the procedures consisted in the reconstruction of the maxillary alveolar process by means of autogenic spongy bone grafting from the iliac bone. The analysis was performed on the basis of computed tomography scans presenting maxillary alveolar processes in the horizontal cross-sectional planes performed on the second or third postoperative day and after 6 months. They were used as the basis for the measurement of the volume and density (condensation) of the bone graft, the surface of its adhesion to the maxillary alveolar bone, and the volume and density of the healed bone. The following correlation coefficients were determined: between the adhesion surface of the bone to the alveolar bone and the volume of the healed bone, between the adhesion surface of the bone to the alveolar bone and the density of the healed bone, and between the density of the graft and the volume of the healed bone. Increasing the surface of the graft adhesion to the bone ridges of the alveolar cleft contributes to increased volume of the healed bone and slows down the increase in its density (on 6-month follow-up). Crushing of the bone graft increases its resorption and reduces volume of the healed bone.     

Nasoalveolar molding and long-term postsurgical esthetics for unilateral cleft lip/palate: 5-year follow-up

The nasoalveolar molding (NAM) technique has been shown to significantly improve the surgical outcome of the primary repair in cleft lip and palate patients. A 6-day-old female infant was managed with the presurgical NAM technique. Periodic adjustments of the appliance were continued every week to mold the nasoalveolar complex into the desired shape for the next 5 months. The 13 mm of alveolar cleft width was reduced to 1.5 mm. The depressed nostril on the cleft side was molded into the normal anatomy. The nose and upper lip were surgically repaired at the age of 5 months. The second stage surgery of palatal closure was performed at the age of 18 months. The patient was followed up regularly at 6-month intervals for the next 5 years.     

Mandibular morphology and spatial position in patients with clefts: intrinsic or iatrogenic?

Lateral cephalometric films of operated (Op) and non-operated (Nop) patients with cleft lip and alveolus, cleft lip and palate or cleft palate only, were compared to determine whether the shape or position of the mandible is affected by lip and/or palate surgery. The sample included 204 adult cleft patients, Caucasians of both sexes with one of the following three cleft types: complete unilateral lip and alveolus (n = 50), complete unilateral lip and palate (n = 68), and isolated palate (n = 86). The comparison involved 113 cleft patients operated at the conventional timing and 91 cleft patients who had received no surgical or orthodontic treatment. Comparison was done in order to ascertain if the surgery performed had had any influence upon mandibular growth. The results indicated that, in all three cleft types, the surgery did not induce significant changes in the mandibular growth.     

Transverse changes after surgical closure of complete cleft lip, alveolus and palate

Surgery for patients with unilateral (UCLP) and bilateral (BCLP) complete cleft lip, alveolus and palate has a considerable influence upon craniofacial growth. With respect to this, the cleft team at Hannover Medical School has attempted to reduce necessary surgical interventions to labioplasty, palatoplasty and veloplasty. Still, the effects of these operations influence maxillary growth to an extent which requires orthodontic treatment in all patients. This study focuses upon the transverse alterations of the alveolar arch and the deciduous dentition after lip and palate surgery. Dental casts prior to any surgical intervention and after labioplasty and complete palaotoplasty of the hard and soft palate were measured for transverse changes by using anatomical landmarks. The results indicate a significant occurrence of anterior relative to posterior arch width loss for both UCLP and BCLP patients. Orthodontic treatment should be planned and performed with respect to these findings in order to support craniofacial growth and prevent maxillary dental arch deficiency. Received: 2 November 1998 / Accepted: 15 February 1999     

Nasolabial and alveolar morphology following presurgical orthopaedic treatment in complete unilateral clefts of lip, alveolus and palate

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to assess the three-dimensional (3-D) facial and alveolar morphology of patients with unilateral clefts of lip, alveolus and palate by means of a computer-aided diagnosis system. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Maxillary orthopaedic treatment was performed using soft/hard acrylic plates (Hotz's) within 2 weeks of birth. The nasolabial and alveolar morphology of 15 patients was evaluated before orthopaedic treatment (2 weeks of age) and before cheiloplasty (3 months of age). Nasolabial form was measured using a 3-D optical scanner. Twenty-one landmarks were extracted from the data and analysed linearly and angularly. Alveolar forms were measured with a high-accuracy contact-type 3-D digitizer on plaster casts. Seven landmarks were digitized and analysed linearly and angularly. RESULTS: Some growth was observed in the intercanthal distance, alar width, intercommissural width, and height of the lip. There was little change in the width of the cleft lip or displacement of the columella base, while the alveolar cleft narrowed. CONCLUSION: Presurgical orthopaedics reduces cleft width and makes subsequent surgery easier.     

Extraoral nasal molding in a newborn with unilateral cleft lip and palate: a case report.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this case report is to introduce an extraoral nasal molding appliance (ENMA) and treatment approach for presurgical nasoalveolar molding in newborns with unilateral cleft lip and palate. METHODS: A 15-day-old girl presented with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. A circumferential headband supported the actual nasoalveolar molding device, which consisted of a nasal stent made from a 0.8-mm stainless steel helical spring. The spring was activated at 2-week intervals. DISCUSSION: The shape of the cartilaginous septum, alar cartilage tip, medial and lateral crus and alveolar segments were molded to resemble the normal shape of these structures. ENMA can be helpful in any patient with unilateral cleft lip and palate because it is easy to fabricate, practical to activate, and comfortable to wear and use.