一起基孔肯雅热暴发的蚊媒监控及其病毒检测

目的 分析基孔肯雅热流行与诱蚊诱卵指数的关系,调查白纹伊蚊成幼虫感染基孔肯雅病毒状况.方法 基孔肯雅热流行期间,通过诱蚊诱卵器和布雷图指数调查蚊虫密度和采集蚊虫,用实时荧光PCR和细胞分离2种方法对野外捕获的白纹伊蚊体内病毒进行检测.结果 确认基孔肯雅热暴发流行后,启动包括应急灭蚊的综合控制措施1周后,疫情得到有效控制,布雷图指数和诱蚊诱卵指数下降到5以下;采集的蚊样品按照时间和地点分成27份进行病毒检测,成蚊标本都显示病毒阴性,有3份乙醇浸泡处理的蚊幼虫标本为可疑阳性,占总幼虫标本(24份)的12.5％.细胞培养分离病毒均为阴性.该社区共报告病例253例,应急控制在22d结束.结论 基孔肯雅热暴发流行时,诱蚊诱卵器法作为应急灭蚊安全、有效、简便易行的评价方法,尤其在成蚊控制效果评价和捕获成蚊检测带病毒指数上有优势,流行期间白纹伊蚊对基孔肯雅病毒的感染率、传播率有待进一步研究.     

新型登革热媒介监测诱蚊诱卵器的设计及效果研究

目的建立登革热监测预警系统，研制灵敏、高效、易行的登革热传播媒介白纹伊蚊在室内外环境的监测器械。方法根据白纹伊蚊的生态特点和美国疾病预防与控制中心诱卵器监测方法，结合捕蝇笼结构特点，设计具有引诱伊蚊产卵的器械，并在实验室及现场进行验证。结果在模拟现场，新型诱蚊诱卵器诱蚊阳性指数和诱卵阳性指数为100，每个诱蚊诱卵器平均诱捕成蚊12．25只，诱到虫卵1369．2个；居民家庭诱蚊阳性指数达26．2，诱卵阳性指数达27．1，高于相同环境的容器指数，与布雷图指数相近；野外环境现场诱蚊诱卵阳性指数达18．6。结论新型诱蚊诱卵器具有良好的诱蚊诱卵效果，可作为登革热传播媒介室内外环境监测器械。     

白纹伊蚊诱蚊诱卵器现场应用效果初步研究

目的为科学评价白纹伊蚊诱蚊诱卵器现场应用效果,探索适合于上海地区登革热媒介蚊虫———白纹伊蚊的监测方法。方法在2005年7~9月白纹伊蚊数量高峰季节,选择3个地区的居民小区、医院、学校、公园、单位等绿化地带,用诱蚊诱卵器与陶瓷容器或黑色塑料杯子,同步比较诱捕白纹伊蚊成蚊、卵的效果。结果在现场诱蚊诱卵器平均诱蚊指数达到29.58%,平均每个诱蚊诱卵器捕获1.48只白纹伊蚊成蚊,蚊虫进入诱蚊诱卵器后有2.91%的白纹伊蚊逃逸;诱蚊诱卵器投放后2、3、5、7 d内,诱蚊指数有很大的差异,χ2=126.134,P<0.001,诱蚊指数从投放后第2天的5.05%,增加到第5天的19.16%,第7天的31.29%;7~9月观察期间,9月诱蚊指数最高,达到了50.21%,χ2=56.21,P<0.001,而且平均诱蚊数也高于其他月份;诱蚊诱卵器的诱卵指数为31.42%,与配对同步比较的陶瓷容器或黑色塑料相比(35.64%),诱卵指数有一定差异,χ2=9.907,P<0.001,这种差异具有地区性;诱蚊诱卵器投放后第1天,产卵的雌性白纹伊蚊开始飞入,第5~6天为高峰,而产卵出现在第2天,第5~6天诱卵指数达到高峰。而同步的陶瓷容器或黑色塑料杯则在投放后第5~6天出现幼虫。结论现场试验初步证明,白纹伊蚊诱蚊诱卵器具有较好的诱蚊指数和诱卵指数,能够取代常规的白纹伊蚊监测手段。但是在具体应用时,需要进一步研究监测技术,配套措施以及评价标准的制定。     

不同水质对诱蚊诱卵器监测白纹伊蚊效果评价

目的 观察诱蚊诱卵器在监测白纹伊蚊密度时水质对该蚊诱蚊诱卵的影响,同时评价该监测方法的实用效果.方法 在2012年7-8月白纹伊蚊数量高峰季节,选择深圳市某医院花园作为试验现场,用诱蚊诱卵器对白纹伊蚊进行诱蚊诱卵试验,比较评价其诱捕白纹伊蚊成蚊、卵的效果.结果 共布放240个诱蚊诱卵器,有效回收230个,诱卵阳性率为37.39％,诱蚊阳性率为18.26％,成蚊逃逸率为51.16％;试验发现生态水(自然环境积水)对白纹伊蚊诱卵率显著高于瓶装矿泉水(x2=13.79,P＜0.01);以是否有幼虫孵化作为衡量诱卵阳性结局的金指标,发现诱蚊诱卵器监测方法观察的白纹伊蚊产卵阳性率与实际产卵阳性率一致性较高(Kappa=0.828,P＜0.01),该法监测白纹伊蚊产卵灵敏度为82.56％,特异度为97.92％,试验得到的ROC曲线下面积为0.902(0.853～0.952).结论 诱蚊诱卵器监测白纹伊蚊诱卵效果较佳,但捕蚊效果不甚理想;不同水质对诱蚊诱卵器监测白纹伊蚊效果不同;诱蚊诱卵器监测伊蚊产卵有较好的实用价值.     

广州市登革热媒介的监测分析

目的总结、评价广州市近年来登革热媒介的监测情况。方法采用布雷图指数、标准间指数、诱蚊诱卵器指数等方法监测和调查白纹伊蚊密度,同时对监测和调查所采集的白纹伊蚊样本用实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链反应进行病毒核酸检测,并对阳性结果反应产物进行序列测定。结果白纹伊蚊幼虫密度呈下降趋势。布雷图指数从2002年的11.99降到2008年的4.59,标准间指数从2003年的4.45降到2008年的0.73。但在登革热高发季节,白纹伊蚊幼虫的密度指数仍处于危险的阈值范围;流行年份白纹伊蚊密度高于非流行年份,且密度高峰提前。从采自多个地点的白纹伊蚊体内检测出登革病毒核酸,经分型鉴定为登革病毒1型。结论采用多种方法和密度指标,有利于客观地评估白纹伊蚊的密度及其防治效果,而白纹伊蚊携带登革病毒的监测则有助于对登革热流行趋势的评估和防控策略的调整。     

现场比较诱蚊诱卵器与传统幼虫监测效果的研究

目的比较诱蚊诱卵器与传统幼虫指数监测结果,分析它们之间的关系。方法于2004年3月至2005年11月在广东省佛山和揭阳市,在选定的试验现场随机从每5户家庭中选择1户布放1个诱蚊诱卵器,在医院、学校、机关事业单位、工厂和公园花圃的环境,按每25~50m距离布放1个诱蚊诱卵器。同时调查室内及室外或诱蚊诱卵器周围5m的积水容器和蚊虫孳生容器数。结果在居民住户、医院、学校、机关事业单位、工厂和公园花圃共布放14902个诱蚊诱卵器,有效回收14648个,捕获白纹伊蚊962只,致乏库蚊5只,白纹伊蚊占99.5%;诱蚊诱卵器阳性932个,诱蚊诱卵指数为6.36;诱蚊密度指数为1.03±0.89,每个诱蚊诱卵器捕获蚊虫数0~10只。同时调查14902个住户或单位(以诱蚊诱卵器为中心周围5m范围环境)的积水容器8537个,蚊虫阳性容器844个,布雷图指数为5.66,房屋指数为3.87,容器指数为9.89,可见相同环境开展调查,诱蚊诱卵指数是布雷图指数的1.12倍,是房屋指数的1.64倍,是容器指数的0.64倍。结论在社区登革热媒介监测中诱蚊诱卵指数和布雷图指数、房屋指数及容器指数存在正相关关系,且诱蚊诱卵指数与布雷图指数相接近。     

2014-2020年河南省禹州市登革热媒介伊蚊监测结果

目的 掌握登革热媒介伊蚊种类构成、密度、分布及长期趋势,为登革热风险评估、预测预警、控制规划提供科学依据。方法 2014-2020年在国家监测点河南省禹州市,采用布雷图指数（BI）法、容器指数（CI）法和诱蚊诱卵器指数（MOI）法对伊蚊幼虫、成蚊进行监测。结果 2014-2020年共调查居民4 750户,检查积水数10 494个,媒介伊蚊幼虫阳性容器数431个,均为白纹伊蚊,容器类型以废旧轮胎阳性率最高,CI为46.55%;布放有效诱蚊诱卵器4 845个,阳性316个。结论 禹州市登革热媒介伊蚊全部为白纹伊蚊,建议当地政府及时组织开展综合防制工作,清理卫生死角、清除积水、翻盆倒罐,有效预防登革热的传播和暴发。     

2020年湖南省登革热媒介伊蚊监测结果分析

目的了解湖南省登革热媒介伊蚊种群、季节消长规律及抗药性情况,为本省登革热防控提供依据。方法2020年在全省设立6个监测点,4—10月份每月监测媒介伊蚊幼虫和成蚊种群、密度,采集伊蚊幼虫进行抗药性测定。幼虫密度监测采用布雷图指数法和诱蚊诱卵器法,成蚊采用双层叠帐法,抗药性监测幼虫采用浸渍法,成蚊采用接触筒法。结果布雷图指数法共调查25200户,布雷图指数为10.08,其中城镇居民区为11.06,农村居民区为9.10。7月份到达高峰为19.42,10月份最低为3.22。全年共布放25100个诱蚊诱卵器,诱蚊诱卵指数为6.31,其中城镇居民区为7.98,农村居民区为4.67。7月份到达高峰,诱蚊诱卵指数为15.56,4月份最低为0.16。成蚊监测共布放1008帐次,捕获白纹伊蚊590只,总帐诱指数为1.17只/顶·h。其中公园/竹林帐诱指数最高为1.60只/顶·h,城镇居民区次之为1.49只/顶·h。全年密度高峰在7月份为2.39只/顶·h,最低在4月份0.03只/顶·h。抗药性监测显示,六个监测点的成蚊对所提供的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗性,对两种氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂均敏感。各监测点幼虫对所提供的三种杀虫剂的抗药性水平主要为敏感或低抗。结论本省登革热的传播媒介为白纹伊蚊,在全省广泛分布且夏秋季节密度较高。一旦有输入性病例,可造成本地暴发和流行的风险。采取以孳生地治理为主的综合治理措施,科学防蚊灭蚊,是防控登革热的根本措施。     

诱蚊诱卵器的应用研究

目的掌握诱蚊诱卵器在不同高度、不同环境中对白纹伊蚊的诱捕效果，为应用诱蚊诱卵器提供科学依据。方法诱蚊诱卵器法。将诱蚊诱卵器同时垂直放在地面、距地面1．0及1．5m处，取得结果后，选择不同环境大规模开展试验。结果在地面、1．0及1．5m处诱蚊诱卯器阳性指数分别为6．43、3．09和1．54；布放在花木公司、学校、医院、机关单位、居室内外的诱蚊诱卵器都能诱到白纹伊蚊，诱蚊诱卵器阳性指数最高是花木公司为19．85，最低是居室内为2．88，平均9．04。结论布放在有花草树木地面上的诱蚊诱卵器对白纹伊蚊引诱力最强，诱蚊诱卵器阳性指数顺序：地面〉1．0m〉1．5m。可在有花草树木的地面或住户阳台上选择适宜位置布放诱蚊诱卵器进行白纹伊蚊密度监测。     

诱蚊诱卵器法与人诱停落法在伊蚊监测中的效果比较

【目的】比较诱蚊诱卵器法与人诱停落法在同一环境伊蚊监测结果的一致性。【方法】5—10月每月中旬选择上海市崇明区4个乡镇,采用诱蚊诱卵器法监测一次,于布放诱蚊诱卵器的第4天(回收诱蚊诱卵器当日)及布放诱蚊诱卵器的第14天分别进行一次人诱停落法监测。【结果】经Pearson相关分析,诱蚊诱卵指数(MOI)和停落指数(布放诱蚊诱卵器第4天)相关性具有统计学意义,相关系数为0.908(P<0.05);MOI和停落指数(布放诱蚊诱卵器第14天)的相关性也具有统计学意义,相关系数为0.981(P<0.05)。【结论】在白纹伊蚊密度较低的情况下,诱蚊诱卵器法与人诱停落法有较好的相互替代性,可根据具体情况选择使用。诱蚊诱卵器法可以反映白纹伊蚊成蚊的密度,这种反映可对应监测当日和监测后10天。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.