CT、MRI对直肠癌术后局部复发的诊断及鉴别诊断

目的探讨CT及MRI在直肠癌术后局部复发中的应用现状和前景。方法收集近年来国内、外有关直肠癌术后局部复发的影像学诊断文献并作一综述。结果在直肠癌术后局部复发的诊断上,CT除了敏感性较MRI高之外,特异性和准确性都要低于MRI。CT灌注成像、动态增强MRI和弥散加权成像作为诊断直肠癌术后局部复发的新技术,具有较高的诊断价值。结论CT和MRI都是重要且有效的诊断直肠癌术后局部复发的手段。     

Efficacy of Preoperative Combined 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography for Assessing Primary Rectal Cancer Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy

Purpose Efficacy of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) for determining neoadjuvant therapy response in rectal cancer is not well established. We sought to evaluate serial FDG-PET/CT for assessing tumor down-staging, percentage residual tumor, and complete response or microscopic disease with rectal cancer neoadjuvant therapy. Methods Patients with rectal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant therapy, definitive surgical resection, and FDG-PET/CT before and 4–6 weeks after neoadjuvant treatment were included. Tumors were evaluated pretreatment and on final pathology for size and stage. FDG-PET/CT parameters assessed were visual response score (VRS), standardized uptake value (SUV), PET-derived tumor volume (PETvol), CT-derived tumor volume (CTvol), and total lesion glycolysis (δTLG). Results Twenty-one rectal cancer patients over 3 years underwent neoadjuvant treatment, serial FDG-PET/CT, and resection. Complete response or microscopic disease (n = 7, 33%) was associated with higher ΔCTvol (AUC = 0.82, p = 0.004) and ΔSUV (AUC = 0.79, p = 0.01). Tumor down-staging (n = 14, 67%) was associated with greater ΔPETvol (AUC = 0.82, p < 0.001) and ΔSUV (AUC = 0.82, p < 0.001). Pathologic lymph node disease (n = 7, 33%) correlated with ΔCTvol (AUC = 0.75, p = 0.03) and ΔPETvol (AUC = 0.70, p = 0.08). Conclusion FDG-PET/CT parameters were best for assessing tumor down-staging and percentage of residual tumor after neoadjuvant treatment of rectal cancer and can potentially assist in treatment planning. This work was presented in the plenary session of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract at the Digestive Disease Week in Los Angeles, CA on 24 May 2006.     

Improved Staging With Pretreatment Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Low Rectal Cancer

Background ¹⁸F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) are widely accepted in the evaluation for metastatic or recurrent rectal cancer. Only spiral CT and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) are routinely used in the initial evaluation of primary rectal cancer. We wished to determine whether PET/CT could provide additional information in patients undergoing standard evaluation for primary rectal cancer. Methods Thirty-seven patients (mean age, 58 years; range, 26–90 years) with a previously untreated rectal cancer underwent TRUS or magnetic resonance imaging, spiral CT, and FDG-PET/CT. The tumor location (low, ≤6 cm; mid, 7–10 cm; or high, ≥10 cm) and carcinoembryonic antigen level were recorded. Discordant findings between spiral CT and FDG-PET/CT were confirmed by histological analysis or imaging follow-up. Results FDG-PET/CT identified discordant findings in 14 patients (38%), and this resulted in upstaging of 7 patients (50%) and downstaging of 3 patients (21%). Although node-positive disease on TRUS/magnetic resonance imaging was associated with discordant FDG-PET/CT findings, this was not statistically significant. Discordant PET/CT findings were significantly more common in patients with a low rectal cancer than in those with mid or high rectal cancer (13 vs. 1; P = .0027). The most common discordant finding was lymph node metastasis (n = 7; 50%). Histological confirmation of discordant FDG-PET/CT findings was performed in seven patients, and in no case did FDG-PET/CT prove to be inaccurate. Discordant PET/CT findings resulted in a deviation in the proposed treatment plan in 27% of patients (n = 10). Conclusions FDG-PET/CT frequently yields additional staging information in patients with low rectal cancer. Improved accuracy of pretreatment imaging with FDG-PET/CT will allow for more appropriate stage-specific therapy. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Atlanta, Georgia, March 3–6, 2005.     

The Role of Choline Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in the Management of Patients with Prostate-Specific Antigen Progression After Radical Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Context

Choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) is a currently used diagnostic tool in restaging prostate cancer (PCa) patients with increasing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after either radical prostatectomy (RP) or external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT). However, no final recommendations have been made on the use of this modality for patient management.

Objective

To critically analyse the current evidence for the use of choline PET/CT scanning in the management of patients with a progressive increase in PSA after radical treatment for PCa, evaluating its diagnostic accuracy in the detection of recurrences, the clinical predictors of positive PET/CT examinations, and the modalities’ role as a guide for tailored therapeutic strategies.

Evidence acquisition

Data on recently published (2003–2010) original articles, review articles, and editorials concerning the role of choline PET/CT in this scenario were analysed.

Evidence synthesis

The diagnostic accuracy of choline PET in detecting sites of PCa relapse has been investigated by several authors, and the overall reported sensitivity ranges between 38% and 98%. It has been demonstrated that choline PET technology's positive detection rate improves with increasing PSA values. The routine use of choline PET/CT cannot be recommended for PSA values <1 ng/ml. However, in addition to PSA serum value, PSA doubling time (PSA DT), and other clinical and pathologic features—including locally advanced tumour (pT3b–T4) or lymph node involvement at initial staging—should be considered to refer patients to choline PET/CT study. Choline PET/CT may be also proposed as a image guide either for experimental surgical or radiation therapy treatments.

Conclusions

According to the current available data, choline PET/CT plays a role in the management of biochemical relapse. Its accuracy is correlated to PSA value, PSA DT, and other pathologic features. Choline PET/CT may be proposed as a guide for individualised treatment of recurrence.     

Effect of Adjuvant Radiotherapy on Local Recurrence in Stage II Rectal Cancer

Background Prospective trials have demonstrated that chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy decreases local recurrence rates in stage II and stage III rectal cancer. Some patients with stage II lesions, however, have relatively low risks of local recurrence. We evaluated the effect of radiotherapy on local recurrence in patients with stage IIA rectal cancer. Methods From the colorectal cancer database, we identified 390 stage IIA rectal cancer patients who underwent curative resection followed by adjuvant therapy from 1995 to 2002; a total of 72 patients who received preoperative chemoradiotherapy and who did not receive adjuvant therapy were excluded. Mean follow-up period was 65 months (range, 2–133 months). Results Of the 390 patients, 110 had primary tumors in the upper rectum, 136 in the midrectum, and 144 in the lower rectum. Lymphovascular invasion was observed in 35 patients (9.0%). Mean (± SD) number of examined lymph nodes was 18 (± 12). Adjuvant chemotherapy was provided to 180 patients (46.2%), and chemotherapy plus radiotherapy was provided to 210 patients (53.8%). Radiotherapy was significantly more common in younger patients (P = .01) and those with lower rectal cancer (P < .001). Local recurrence rate did not differ between patients who did and did not receive radiotherapy. In patients with mid and lower rectal cancer, the local recurrence rate was not affected by radiotherapy. Conclusions Radiotherapy did not seem to provide additional benefit in decreasing local recurrence rate of stage IIA rectal cancers. In selected patients, however, the role of radiotherapy needs to be carefully evaluated.     

Early Local Recurrence of Rectal Cancer Showing Extremely Rapid Growth After Curative Surgery: Report of a Case

(Received for publication on June 4, 1997; accepted on Jan. 6, 1998)     

直肠癌前切除术后局部复发的防治

目的：探讨直肠癌前切除术后局部复发的防治。方法：回顾性分析46例直肠癌前切除术后局部复发再手术患的临床特点、治疗方法及防治措施。结果：再次手术证实局部复发的病例中，吻合口复发7例，吻合口周围组织局部复发15例，直肠系膜复发24例，予手术切除27例，余19例无法切除。结论：局部复发与首次手术时未严格遵循无瘤操作原则、淋巴清扫不彻底、肠管切除不足、全直肠系膜切除不够等有关。把握好第一次手术术式的彻底性、完整性是防止局部复发的关键。     

直肠癌保留肛门术后局部复发及处理

探讨直肠癌保留肛门手术后局部复发及处理。方法和结果:行直肠癌保留肛门手术共81例,发生术后复发30例,其中Dukes C期14例,病理高度恶性12例,下切缘距肿瘤下缘<3cm者10例,未复发组则分别为10例,10例,6例,(P<0.05)。结论:病期晚、病理恶性程度高、下切缘距肿瘤下缘<3cm及癌旁组织清扫不彻底,是复发主要原因,一旦局部复发,应及时手术并尽量争取作扩大性切除术。     

再手术治疗局部复发性直肠癌33例临床分析

目的总结直肠癌术后局部复发的临床特点，探讨再手术的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析1998年1月。2004年1月间收治的33例复发性直肠癌的临床资料，初次手术行Miles12例，Dixon17例：Hartmann3例，局部切除1例，手术后平均26．5个月复发。再次手术方式包括：Miles9例，Dixon6例，Hartmann 4例，阴道子宫或双附件切除12例，局部切除2例；其中根治性切除15例，姑息性切除18例。结果本组无手术死亡，术中损伤输尿管1例，术后发生肺部感染4例，伤口感染6例，吻合口漏1例，均痊愈出院。根治性手术组和姑息性手术组中位生存期分别为30．2和8．5个月。结论对适宜的局部复发性直肠癌病人行再次手术治疗有一定的疗效，但需严格掌握其适应证，并选择合理的手术方式。     

Predictors of Successful Salvage Surgery for Local Pelvic Recurrence of Rectosigmoid Colon and Rectal Cancers

Purpose We investigated the predictors of successful resection of recurrent tumors and improved survival in patients with local pelvic recurrence of rectosigmoid colon and rectal cancer. Methods We analyzed the clinicopathological factors of 94 patients who underwent treatment between 1993 and 2002 for the local pelvic recurrence of curatively resected primary rectosigmoid colon and rectal adenocarcinoma. Results Of the 94 patients, 48 underwent salvage surgery and 46 were treated conservatively. The survival rate of the patients who underwent salvage surgery was significantly higher than that of those treated conservatively (P < 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the following factors were significantly associated with successful salvage surgery: tumor differentiation (well or moderately; P < 0.04), a long interval between the initial operation and the detection of recurrence (P < 0.03), and negative lymph node status at the initial operation (P < 0.02). The Cox proportional hazard model revealed the following predictors of better survival after surgery: tumor differentiation (well and moderate), negative lymph node status at the initial operation (pN0), and a perianastomotic pattern of recurrence. Conclusion The predictors of successful salvage surgery are the tumor differentiation and nodal status of the primary tumor, the interval between the initial operation and the detection of recurrence, and the pattern of tumor recurrence.     

直肠癌根治术后局部复发83例临床分析

目的总结直肠癌根治术后局部复发的原因及疗效。方法回顾性分析83例直肠癌根治术后局部复发患者的临床资料,根据对局部复发的治疗方法,分为根治手术组（A组）34例,姑息手术加放疗组（B组）28例,单纯放疗组（C组）21例。结果中位生存期A、B、C组分别为28、18和10个月。A、B、C组3、5年生存率分别为58.8%、28.5%、19.0%和35.3%、3.6%、0%。结论直肠癌术后应密切随访,以便早期诊断局部复发,及时给予以手术为主的综合治疗。     

Positron Emission Tomography Affects Surgical Management in Recurrent Colorectal Cancer Patients

Background: We determined the effect of positron emission tomography (PET) on surgical decision-making in patients with metastatic or recurrent colorectal cancer.Methods: A total of 114 patients with advanced colorectal cancer were imaged with computed tomography (CT) and PET scans. The PET and CT scans were independently interpreted before surgery and recorded.Results: Forty-two of the 114 patients had resectable disease on the basis of CT. PET altered therapy in 17 (40%) of these 42 patients on the basis of the following results: extrahepatic disease (n = 9), bilobar involvement (n = 3), thoracic involvement (n = 5), retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy (n = 2), bone involvement (n = 1), and supraclavicular disease (n = 1). In 25 patients with liver metastases only, PET found additional disease in 18 (72%), extrahepatic disease in 11, chest disease in 13, retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy in 4, and bone disease in 3. In five patients, both scans underestimated small-volume peritoneal metastases discovered at laparotomy.Conclusions: PET altered therapy in 40% of patients. In patients with isolated liver involvement, 72% had more extensive disease that precluded surgical resection. PET scans should be used in the management of patients with recurrent colorectal cancer who are being considered for potentially curative surgery.     

Utility of Choline Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Lymph Node Involvement Identification in Intermediate- to High-risk Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis

Context

Determination of tumour involvement of regional lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) is of key importance for the proper planning of treatment.

Objectives

To provide a critical overview of published reports and to perform a meta-analysis about the diagnostic performance of 18F-choline and 11C-choline positron emission tomography (PET) or PET/computed tomography (CT) in the lymph node staging of PCa.

Evidence acquisition

A Medline, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar search was carried out to select English-language articles published before January 2012 that discussed the diagnostic performance of choline PET to individualise lymph node disease at initial staging in PCa patients. Articles were included only if absolute numbers of true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative test results were available or derivable from the text and focused on lymph node metastases. Reviews, clinical reports, and editorial articles were excluded. All complete studies were reviewed; thus qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed.

Evidence synthesis

From the year 2000 to January 2012, we found 18 complete articles that critically evaluated the role of choline PET and PCa at initial staging. The meta-analysis was carried out and consisted of 10 selected studies with a total of 441 patients. The meta-analysis provided the following results: pooled sensitivity 49.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.9–58.4) and pooled specificity 95% (95% CI, 92–97.1). The area under the curve was 0.9446 (p < 0.05). The heterogeneity ranged between 22.7% and 78.4%. The diagnostic odds ratio was 18.999 (95% CI, 7.109–50.773).

Conclusions

Choline PET and PET/CT provide low sensitivity in the detection of lymph node metastases prior to surgery in PCa patients. A high specificity has been reported from the overall studies. Studies carried out on a larger scale with a homogeneous patient population together with the evaluation of cost effectiveness are warranted.     

Positron Emission Tomography Detection of Distant Metastatic or Synchronous Disease in Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Receiving Preoperative Chemoradiation

Background Patients with locally advanced rectal cancer may present with synchronous distant metastases. Choice of optimal treatment—neoadjuvant chemoradiation versus systemic chemotherapy alone—depends on accurate assessment of distant disease. We prospectively evaluated the ability of [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) to detect distant disease in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who were otherwise eligible for combined modality therapy (CMT). Methods Ninety-three patients with locally advanced rectal cancer underwent whole-body [¹⁸F]FDG PET scanning 2–3 weeks before starting CMT. Sites other than the rectum, mesorectum, or the area along the inferior mesenteric artery were considered distant and were divided into nine groups: neck, lung, mediastinal lymph node (LN), abdomen, liver, colon, pelvis, peripheral LN, and soft tissue. Two nuclear medicine physicians blinded to clinical information used PET images and a five-point scale (0–4) to determine certainty of disease. A score greater than 3 was considered malignant. Confirmation was based on tissue diagnosis, surgical exploration, and subsequent imaging. Results At a median follow-up of 34 months, the overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of PET in detecting distant disease were 93.7%, 77.8%, and 98.7% respectively. Greatest accuracy was demonstrated in detection of liver (accuracy = 99.9%, sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 98.8%) and lung (accuracy = 99.9%, sensitivity = 80%, specificity = 100%) disease; PET detected 11/12 confirmed malignant sites in liver and lung. A total of 10 patients were confirmed to have M1 stage disease. All 10 were correctly staged by pre-CMT PET; abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) scans accurately detected nine of them. Conclusion Baseline PET in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer reliably detects metastatic disease in liver and lung. PET may play a significant role in defining extent of distant disease in selected cases, thus impacting the choice of neoadjuvant therapy. An erratum to this article can be found at     

中下段直肠癌术后局部复发的原因与预防

目的:探讨中下段直肠癌术后局部复发的原因与预防.方法:回顾性分析距肛缘8 cm以下的直肠癌147例手术治疗结果,对复发原因进行了分析.结果:术后复发者29例,复发时间为3～38个月,复发与病理类型,病期与术式选择有一定的关系.结论:根据不同病人的病理类型、病期及肿瘤的位置选用合适的术式,完整地切除直肠系膜及清除癌旁组织是提高临床疗效的重要条件.     

Local Recurrence after Laparoscopic Resection of T3 Rectal Cancer without Preoperative Chemoradiation and a Risk Group Analysis: An Asian Collaborative Study

Risk factors for local recurrence and indication for preoperative radiation therapy have not been well evaluated for patients undergoing laparoscopic rectal cancer operation. From 1998 to 2004, 497 T3 rectal cancer patients with tumor located within 12 cm from the anal verge who had undergone laparoscopic surgery without preoperative radiation therapy by eight experienced laparoscopic surgeons in four Asian countries were reviewed retrospectively for the incidence of local recurrence and related factors. The median follow-up was 29.0 months (range, 6.0 to 92.3), and 31 cases of local recurrence were observed during the follow-up period (6 anastomosis site, 6 perineum, 17 pelvic wall, and 2 unclassified). The estimated local recurrence rates at 24 and 60 months were 5.42 and 9.41%, respectively. Patient’s gender, tumor location, lymph node metastasis, and tumor perforation were independent factors for local recurrence by multivariate analysis. The local recurrence rate was comparable to previous studies using conventional open surgery with preoperative chemoradiation, except for a subgroup of male patients with the tumor located within 7 cm from the anal verge. The indication for preoperative radiation therapy would be different from those who will undergo conventional open surgery, and further evaluation of the benefits of preoperative radiation therapy is required for those with low risk tumor. Supported by the Korea University Grant No. K0619701. This work was presented at the Twentieth Meeting of the International Society for Digestive Surgery, Rome, Italy, 29th November–2nd December (Oral Presentation)     

Current and Future Use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in Breast Cancer

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a radiotracer imaging method that is increasingly used in both the clinical care of breast cancer patients and in translational breast cancer research. This review emphasizes current and future clinical applications of PET to breast cancer, and highlights some translational research using PET to elucidate the clinical biology of breast cancer. PET principles are reviewed, followed by a review of current applications of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to clinical breast cancer care. Finally we review work done with other radiopharmaceuticals beyond FDG designed to image a number of aspects of breast cancer biology, emphasizing those most likely to enter clinical trials in the near future.     

Clinical and Functional Comparison Between Stapled Colonic J-Pouch Low Rectal Anastomosis and Hand-Sewn Colonic J-Pouch Anal Anastomosis for Very Low Rectal Cancer

Purpose. We investigated intersphincteric resection with hand-sewn coloanal anastomosis, which may be an alternative to standard low anterior resection for very low rectal cancer when stapled anastomosis is technically impossible. Methods. The present study compared the clinical and functional results of 16 patients who underwent stapled colonic J-pouch low rectal anastomosis (CJLRA) with those of 15 patients who underwent intersphincteric excision and hand-sewn colonic J-pouch anal anastomosis (CJAA). Results. After a median follow-up period of 59 months, local recurrence was found in four patients from the CJAA group, three of whom subsequently underwent curative abdominoperineal resection. Defecatory function 6 and 12 months after surgery did not differ between the groups, although pads were used significantly more frequently in the CJAA group. Anorectal physiologic study before and 12 months after surgery revealed that the internal anal sphincter function was impaired to a larger extent after CJAA than after CJLRA, probably due to the partial or subtotal resection of the internal sphincter, and the anal dilatation during resection and anastomosis. Conclusion. Although the prevention of intraoperative tumor implantation and the early detection of local recurrence is of utmost importance, CJAA may be an acceptable sphincter-preserving procedure for selected patients in whom stapled anastomosis is impossible. Received: February 26, 2001 / Accepted: September 11, 2001