腰椎滑脱合并上段腰椎后滑脱的矢状面形态分析

[目的]研究腰椎滑脱合并后滑脱脊柱-骨盆矢状面形态特征,探讨腰椎后滑脱的原因。[方法]回顾性分析2012年1月~2013年12月55例有完整影像学资料的腰椎滑脱患者,其中腰椎前向滑脱合并后向滑脱19例(后滑脱组),男8例,女11例;平均年龄59.6(51~69)岁;前向腰椎滑脱36例(无后滑脱组),男22例,女14例;平均年龄53.6(30~69)岁。对两组患者脊柱骨盆矢状面形态学参数进行测量:腰椎前凸(lumber lordosis,LL)、胸椎后凸(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、矢状面轴向垂直距离(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)、骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slop,SS)、胸腰段交界后凸(thoracolumbar junction,TLJ)、前滑脱椎体滑脱率及分度。采用独立样本t检验对两组患者的上述指标进行比较。[结果]后滑脱组患者T10~L2后凸角及年龄分别为(16.2±8.5)°、(59.5±5.3)岁,明显高于无后滑脱组的(3.4±5.5)°、(50.5±9.2)岁(P0.05),两组患者的骨盆参数PI[无后滑脱组(55.5±9.6)°,后滑脱组(52.0±13.1)°]、PT(16.1±5.5°,18.1±13.0°)、SS(39.3±7.2°,38.3±7.0°)、LL(53.9±8.6°,53.5±15.5°)、TK(30.4±9.6°,33.3±11.9°)、SVA(30.2±45.2 mm,33.9±26.5 mm)及椎体滑脱率(21.8±9.6%,15.3±8.1%)之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]后滑脱的发生提示患者矢状面代偿能力不足或已达到失代偿,而PI较小、TLJ增大及高龄可能是腰椎滑脱患者合并椎体后向滑移的重要危险因素。     

Lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis: factors associated with the decision to fuse

BACKGROUND CONTEXTThe indication to perform a fusion and decompression surgery as opposed to decompression alone for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (LDS) remains controversial. A variety of factors are considered when deciding on whether to fuse, including patient demographics, radiographic parameters, and symptom presentation. Likely surgeon preference has an important influence as well.PURPOSEThe aim of this study was to assess factors associated with the decision of a Canadian academic spine surgeon to perform a fusion for LDS.STUDY DESIGN/SETTINGThis study is a retrospective analysis of patients prospectively enrolled in a multicenter Canadian study that was designed to evaluate the assessment and surgical management of LDS.PATIENT SAMPLEInclusion criteria were patients with: radiographic evidence of LDS and neurogenic claudication or radicular pain, undergoing posterior decompression alone or posterior decompression and fusion, performed in one of seven, participating academic centers from 2015 to 2019.OUTCOME MEASURESPatient demographics, patient-rated outcome measures (Oswestry Disability Index [ODI], numberical rating scale back pain and leg pain, SF-12), and imaging parameters were recorded in the Canadian Spine Outcomes Research Network (CSORN) database. Surgeon factors were retrieved by survey of each participating surgeon and then linked to their specific patients within the database.METHODSUnivariate analysis was used to compare patient characteristics, imaging measures, and surgeon variables between those that had a fusion and those that had decompression alone. Multivariate backward logistic regression was used to identify the best combination of factors associated with the decision to perform a fusion.RESULTSThis study includes 241 consecutively enrolled patients receiving surgery from 11 surgeons at 7 sites. Patients that had a fusion were younger (65.3±8.3 vs. 68.6±9.7 years, p=.012), had worse ODI scores (45.9±14.7 vs. 40.2±13.5, p=.007), a smaller average disc height (6.1±2.7 vs. 8.0±7.3 mm, p=.005), were more likely to have grade II spondylolisthesis (31% vs. 14%, p=.008), facet distraction (34% vs. 60%, p=.034), and a nonlordotic disc angle (26% vs. 17%, p=.038). The rate of fusion varied by individual surgeon and practice location (p<.001, respectively). Surgeons that were fellowship trained in Canada more frequently fused than those who fellowship trained outside of Canada (76% vs. 57%, p=.027). Surgeons on salary fused more frequently than surgeons remunerated by fee-for-service (80% vs. 64%, p=.004). In the multivariate analysis the clinical factors associated with an increased odds of fusion were decreasing age, decreasing disc height, and increasing ODI score; the radiographic factors were grade II spondylolisthesis and neutral or kyphotic standing disc type; and the surgeon factors were fellowship location, renumeration type and practice region. The odds of having a fusion surgery was more than two times greater for patients with a grade II spondylolisthesis or neutral and/or kyphotic standing disc type (opposed to lordotic standing disc type). Patients whose surgeon completed their fellowship in Canada, or whose surgeon was salaried (opposed to fee-for-service), or whose surgeon practiced in western Canada had twice the odds of having fusion surgery.CONCLUSIONSThe decision to perform a fusion in addition to decompression for LDS is multifactorial. Although patient and radiographic parameters are important in the decision-making process, multiple surgeon factors are associated with the preference of a Canadian spine surgeon to perform a fusion for LDS. Future work is necessary to decrease treatment variability between surgeons and help facilitate the implementation of evidence-based decision making.     

Lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis

Lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis are common spinal conditions resulting in pain and functional disability. The prevalence of these conditions will increase as the population ages. Multiple nonsurgical treatment options have been reported including physical therapy, medications, and injections but with only limited data and marginal effect. Large, multicenter studies have compared surgical to nonsurgical treatment and have consistently demonstrated greater success in the surgical treatment of both lumbar spinal stenosis and of degenerative spondylolisthesis. This positive treatment effect has been seen at both short-term and long-term follow-up with good durability over time. This suggests that surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis significantly improves the patient's pain and functional status.     

腰椎退行性多节段滑脱的手术治疗

目的 探讨腰椎退行性多节段滑脱的手术治疗方法.方法 2005年3月至2008年9 月,采用后路彻底减压、复位、椎弓根内螺钉固定360°融合治疗多节段腰椎滑脱患者25例.其中男性7例,女性18例;年龄38-75岁,平均56.6岁.滑脱均为退行性变化引起,类型有:前滑脱12例,后滑脱2例,混合滑脱11例.患者均行腰椎后路减压融合手术,术后随访6个月-4年,根据 Lenke 标准评价脊柱植骨融合情况,根据 Henderson 标准评价临床疗效.结果 术后25例患者均获得完全 复位.植骨融合结果:Lenke A级23例,B级2例;临床疗效Henderson评价结果:优16例,良6例,可 3例.结论 多节段腰椎退变滑脱发病机制和治疗方法与单节段腰椎滑脱不尽相同,后路彻底减压, 适度复位,后外侧植骨融合结合椎间融合能获得较好的临床效果.多节段滑脱复位时应根据滑脱的类型选择不同方法.     

Predisposing factors in degenerative spondylolisthesis

Summary. We report a prospective study analysing whether possible factors predisposing to degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) must be present concomitantly in order to cause vertebral slipping. Standard and flexion-extension radiographs were obtained from 27 patients with DS and 27 without spondylolisthesis. The level of the intercrestal line, the lumbosacral angle, the presence of sacralization of L5 and vertebral motion at the L4 – L5 level were assessed. Facet joint orientations were measured on CT scans. Only facet joint orientation and vertebral motion at the spondylolisthetic level were significantly different in patients with DS compared with controls. Facet joints were oriented more sagittally both at the spondylolisthetic level and at the levels above and below. An inverse linear correlation was found between the sagittal orientation of facet joints and the mobility of the slipped vertebra. Abnormal sagittal orientation of facet joints and hypermobility of the spondylolisthetic vertebra appear to play major roles among possible factors predisposing to DS. Both factors should be considered in the planning of surgical treatment.

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Résumé. Nous rapportons une étude prospective analysant si des possibles facteurs prédisposant à un spondylolisthesis dégénératif (DS) doivent être présents en même temps, afin de provoquer un glissement vertebral. Les clichés standards et la flexion-extension ont été obtenus sur 27 patients avec DS et 27 sans olisthésis. Le niveau de la ligne intercrestal, l’angle lombo-sacré, la présence de sacralization de L5 et la mobilité vertébral au niveau L4 – L5 ont été déterminés. L’orientation des facettes articulaires ont été mesurées sur des tomodensitométries. Seules l’orientation des facettes articulaires et la mobilité vertébrale au niveau olisthétique étaient différentes de fa*on significative chez les patients avec DS en comparaison avec le groupe de c?ntrole. Les facettes articulaires sont orientées plus sagittalement aux deux niveaux olisthétique et aux niveaux au-dessus et en-dessous. Une corrélation linéaire inverse f?t trouvée entre l’orientation sagittale des facettes articulaires et de la mobilité de la vertébre déplacée. L’orientation anormale des facettes articulaires et l’hypermobilité de la vertébre olisthétique semble jouer un role important, prédisposant au DS. Les deux facteurs doivent être pris en consideration pour la planification d’un traitement chirurgical.

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Accepted: 22 February 1997     

Sacroiliac joint degeneration in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis and related risk factors: a retrospective study

Objective

This study was performed to evaluate the degree of radiological sacroiliac joint (SIJ) degeneration in patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS). The related risk factors for SIJ degeneration were also investigated.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the lumbar and pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans of 303 patients with DLS admitted from January 2018 to December 2021. One hundred and fifty-six age-, gender-, and body mass index-matched patients without lumbar anomality who underwent lower abdominal or pelvic computed tomography scans were included in the control group. Sagittal parameters were measured on full-length lateral radiographs. Two protocols (Backlund’s grade and Eno’s classification) were used to assess SIJ degeneration. Univariate analysis and bivariate and multivariate regression analysis were performed to identify the factors affecting SIJ degeneration in patients with DLS.

Results

According to Backlund’s grade and Eno’s classification, SIJ degeneration was more severe in the DLS group than in the control group (P < 0.001). Multi-segment degenerative changes (P = 0.032), two-level DLS (P = 0.033), a history of hysterectomy (P < 0.001), lower extremity pain (P = 0.016), and pelvic pain (P = 0.013) were associated with more significant SIJ degeneration as assessed by Backlund’s grade. The results of Pearson’s correlation analysis showed positive correlation between the sagittal vertical axis and SIJ degeneration (r = 0.232, P = 0.009). The multivariate linear regression analysis showed that a history of hysterectomy was significantly correlated with SIJ degeneration in patients with DLS (r = 1.951, P = 0.008).

Conclusions

SIJ degeneration was more severe in patients with than without DLS. We should take SIJ degeneration into consideration when diagnosing and treating DLS especially those who had undergone previous hysterectomy or showed sagittal malalignment.

     

选择性减压融合治疗伴退行性滑脱的多节段腰椎管狭窄症

[目的]比较选择性减压融合与多节段减压融合治疗伴退行性滑脱的多节段腰椎管狭窄症的临床疗效。[方法]将2012年1月~2014年1月收治的36例伴有退行性滑脱的多节段腰椎管狭窄症患者随机分为选择性减压融合组(选择组,19例)和多节段减压融合组(多节段组,17例)。选择组仅对引起临床症状的部位进行减压,对术前存在腰椎滑脱或不稳的节段以及术后可能出现失稳的节段予以固定融合。多节段组对影像学所见的狭窄节段均进行充分减压、固定融合。比较两组的年龄、性别、病程、手术时间、失血量、减压节段和融合节段。用JOA、VAS及ODI评分评估临床疗效。随访拍摄腰椎X线片和MRI,观察腰椎稳定性。[结果]所有患者均获得2年以上随访。多节段组的手术时间、失血量及融合节段均大于选择组(P0.05)。两组病例术后末次随访的JOA、VAS和ODI评分均较术前改善(P0.05),末次随访的JOA、VAS和ODI评分两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。选择组减压未融合节段无医源性失稳表现。[结论]选择性减压融合与多节段减压融合治疗伴退行性滑脱的多节段腰椎管狭窄症疗效相当,选择性减压融合具有手术时间短、失血量少和创伤小等优点。     

Lumbar degenerative kyphosis. Clinical, radiological and epidemiological studies

We suggest that lumbar degenerative kyphosis be included as one of the abnormal sagittal curvatures in which a kyphosis or a marked loss of lordosis is seen in the lumbar spine, caused by degenerative changes in middle-aged and elderly. One hundred and five consecutive patients were investigated, most of whom complained of low-back pain, often with a long history. They all walked in a forward bending posture, either all the time or only when exhausted. In roentgenograms, most cases showed a marked loss of the sacral inclination, as well as multiple disc narrowing and/or vertebral wedging in the lumbar region. These subjects showed a definite weakness of the lumbar extensors compared to the flexors, and therefore a reversed ratio of extensors/flexors muscle power compared with normal controls and other types of spinal curvatures. Weakness of the lumbar extensors was clearly shown by isokinetic measurement and a marked atrophy of these muscles with fatty infiltration was demonstrated by CT scanning.     

峡部裂性腰椎滑脱的影像学相关因素分析

目的:探讨腰椎峡部裂及峡部裂性腰椎滑脱(isthmic spondylogisthesis,IS)的影像学相关因素,以了解IS的发生发展机制.方法:选取2018年7月～2020年8月在我院行全脊柱X线正侧位片检查的34例正常体检者作为正常组(A组),年龄26.8±5.6岁(18～35岁);另选取腰椎峡部裂组(B组)21...     

Clinical and radiological features of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis who complicates osteoarthritis of the knee

Background dataCorrelation between lumbar degenerative disease and degenerative disorders of the knee joint have often been reported, however, detailed research concerning lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) who complicates osteoarthritis of the knee (KOA) are scarce.MethodsA total of 184 consecutive surgically treated DS patients were identified, and divided into two groups: DS patients who complicate KOA (KOA group) and DS patients without KOA (non-KOA group). DS was defined as grade 1 or more, according to Meyerding's classification, and KOA was defined as grade 3 or more according to Kellgren–Lawrence classification. Clinical and the radiological differences of DS patients between KOA group and non-KOA group were investigated in order to clarify the features of DS patients who complicate KOA. Statistical significance using student's t-test and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of complicating KOA in DS.ResultsKOA group and non-KOA group consisted of 57 and 127 patients, respectively, with both group predominantly of female patients. Clinical features of KOA group were significantly high in age and body mass index (BMI), and more likely to complicate circulatory system disorders than non-KOA group. Radiological features of KOA group were significantly high in frequency of double adjacent level spondylolisthesis, Pelvic incidence (PI), Pelvic tilt (PT), and PI–LL. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified coexistence of circulatory system disorders (OR 2.251, p = 0.024) and PI–LL (OR 1.04, p < 0.001) to be an independent predictors of complicating KOA in DS patients.ConclusionsOlder age and overweighted female patients coexistence of circulatory system disorders, containing double adjacent level spondylolisthesis with high PI, PT, and PI–LL were the characteristics of DS patients who complicate KOA, particularly coexistence of circulatory system disorders and significantly high lumbo-pelvic sagittal mismatch were the most significant factors above all.     

Clinical and radiological features of hybrid surgery in multilevel cervical degenerative disc disease

Purpose

Although several studies have established the safety and efficacy of cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) as compared to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), few studies have investigated the role of hybrid surgery (HS) that incorporates ACDF and CDA techniques in multilevel cervical degenerative disc disease (MLCDDD).

Methods

This prospective study enrolled patients with MLCDDD who underwent HS. Twenty consecutive patients who underwent HS were compared with patients who underwent ACDF and CDA at the same level of surgery. Patients were followed up for more than 2 years. Intraoperative parameters, clinical features and outcome scores were recorded. Radiological assessments included overall range of motion (ROM), disc height (DHI), and changes in adjacent disc spaces.

Results

Duration of surgery was significantly shorter for ACDF compared with HS and CDA (P < 0.05). The VAS, SF-36, JOA, and NDI scores improved significantly after surgery in all the patients without significant differences among the groups. Cervical ROM increased significantly in CDA and HS groups as compared with ACDF-treated patients (P < 0.05). The mean DHI at the treated level was significantly restored after surgery in all the groups. The HS group returned to work faster (30 days) when compared with both ACDF (62 days) and CDA (65 days) (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

HS is an effective, reliable, and safe procedure for the treatment MLCDDD. Such a surgical construct is comparable to ACDF and CDA in terms of safety and feasibility. However, large, randomized controlled trials are warranted.

     

Biomechanical evaluation of segmental instability in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis

Here we investigated the biomechanical properties of spinal segments in patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS) using a novel intraoperative measurement system. The measurement system comprised spinous process holders, a motion generator, a load cell, an optical displacement transducer, and a computer. Cyclic displacement of the holders produced flexion-extension of the segment with all ligamentous structures intact. Stiffness, absorption energy (AE), and neutral zone (NZ) were determined from the load-deformation data. Forty-one patients with DLS (M/F = 15/26, mean age 68.6 years; Group D) were studied. Adjacent segments with normal discs in six patients (M/F = 3/3, mean age 35 years) were included as a control group (Group N). Flexion stiffness was significantly lower in Group D than in Group N. The NZ, however, was significantly greater in Group D than in Group N. Thus, compared to normal segments, spinal segments with DLS had a lower flexion stiffness and a higher NZ. NZs in Group D were, however, widely distributed compared to those in Group N that showed NZ <2 mm/N in all cases, suggesting that the segment with DLS is not always unstable and that the segments with NZ >2 mm/N can be considered as unstable. A patent application for the intraoperative measurement system has been submitted.     

退行性腰椎滑脱症患者下肢放射痛相关因素分析

目的探讨影响退行性腰椎滑脱症患者下肢放射痛的相关因素。方法回顾性分析自2017-07—2018-07诊治的108例退行性腰椎滑脱症,78例术前存在下肢放射痛(疼痛组),30例术前无下肢放射痛(无疼痛组)。探讨年龄、椎间隙相对高度、肌力下降、下肢感觉异常与退行性腰椎滑脱症患者出现下肢放射痛的相关性。结果研究结果显示,疼痛组术前椎间隙相对高度为(0.26±0.01)mm,无疼痛组为(0.33±0.01)mm;疼痛组术前椎间隙相对高度较无疼痛组低,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。年龄、肌力下降、下肢感觉异常与退行性腰椎滑脱症患者下肢放射痛存在相关性,年龄≥65岁者发生下肢放射痛的概率是年龄<65岁者的3.38倍,肌力下降患者发生下肢放射痛的概率是肌力正常患者的3.00倍,下肢感觉异常患者发生下肢放射痛的概率是下肢感觉正常患者的5.57倍。结论高龄、肌力下降、下肢感觉异常、椎间隙相对高度下降是退行性腰椎滑脱症患者出现下肢放射痛的危险因素。     

Dynamic transpedicular stabilisation and decompression in single-level degenerative anterolisthesis and stenosis

Background

Different treatment options exist for symptomatic single-level degenerative anterolisthesis and stenosis. While simple micro-decompression has been advocated lately, most authors recommend posterior decompression with fusion. In recent years, decompression and dynamic transpedicular stabilisation has been introduced for this indication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of decompression and dynamic transpedicular stabilisation with the Dynesys® system in single-level degenerative anterolisthesis and stenosis.

Methods

Thirty consecutive patients with symptomatic single-level degenerative anterolisthesis and stenosis without scoliosis underwent decompression and single-level Dynesys stabilisation at the level of degenerative anterolisthesis. Patients were followed prospectively for 24 months with radiographs, Oswestry Disability Index scores, visual analogue scale (VAS) for back and leg pain, and estimated pain-free walking distance.

Results

At the 2-year follow-up, back pain was reduced from 6.5 preoperatively to 2.5, leg pain from 5.4 to 0.6. The pain-free walking distance was estimated at 500 m preoperatively and at over 2 km after 2 years, while the ODI decreased from 54 % to 18 %. Screw loosening was found in 2/30 cases. Symptomatic adjacent segment disease was found in 3/30 patients between 12 and 24 months postoperatively.

Conclusions

Single-level Dynesys stabilisation combined with single- or multi-level decompression seems to be a safe and efficient treatment option in single-level degenerative anterolisthesis and stenosis over an observation period of 2 years, avoiding iliac crest or local bone grafting required by fusion procedures. However, it does not seem to avoid adjacent segment disease.     

Adult degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: Nonoperative treatment

This chapter reviews nonoperative management of patients with radiographic evidence of degenerative spondylolisthesis. Degenerative spondylolisthesis is associated with multiple pain generators causing low back and leg pain. Biopsychosocial comorbidities should be recognized and treated appropriately. Physical therapy may be effective and should be the first line of treatment. Spinal injections can assist in confirming and treating the source of low back and leg pain. Spinal cord stimulation may provide relief in properly selected patients. The management of degenerative spondylolisthesis requires a comprehensive team approach to assess and treat all possible pain generators and underlying biopsychosocial factors.     

Lumbar posterolateral fusion alone or with transpedicular instrumentation in L4--L5 degenerative spondylolisthesis

We retrospectively reviewed 57 patients with L4--L5 degenerative spondylolisthesis (L4--L5 DS) who underwent posterior decompression and posterolateral fusion of L4--L5 without (Group A) or with (Group B) transpedicular screw instrumentation at least 2 years earlier. The clinical results and fusion rate were similar between Groups A and B, that is, a 72.4% satisfactory outcome with a fusion rate of 82.8% in Group A versus 82.1% satisfactory outcome with a 92.8% fusion rate in Group B. Screw instrumentation reduced postoperative low back pain and resulted in a lordotic slip angle of L4--L5. However, in patients with radiologically excessive segmental motion showing a translational motion of 3 mm or more, flexion angulation of -5 degrees or less, and a slip angle of -5 degrees or less at the site of spondylolisthesis (L4--L5), the kyphotic slip angle (L4--L5) tended to increase after surgery. In the future, in patients with radiologically excessive segmental motion, this point should be considered, and surgical techniques should be evaluated. Our results suggest that the validity of the general addition of screw instrumentation to L4--L5 fusion for L4--L5 degenerative spondylolisthesis is low.     

A slip above a slip: retrolisthesis of the motion segment above a spondylolytic spondylolisthesis

Objective

The purpose of this study is to assess the degenerative changes in the motion segments above a L5S1 spondylolytic spondylolisthesis and to view these in light of the retrolisthesis in the segment immediately above the slip.

Background summary

A spondylolytic spondylolisthesis causes an abnormal motion and predisposes to degenerative changes at the L5S1 disc. Degenerative changes in the adjacent segments would influence the symptomatology and natural history of the disease and the treatment options. The extent of degenerative changes in the levels immediately above a L5S1 spondylolytic spondylolisthesis is not well documented in the literature. We have noted retrolisthesis at this level, but this has not been previously reported or assessed.

Materials and methods

Thirty-eight patients with a symptomatic L5S1 spondylolytic spondylolisthesis with a mean age of 52.8 years (95% CI 47.2–58.4); 55.3% (n = 21) females and 44.7% (n = 17) males. We assessed the lumbar lordosis, slip angle, sacral slope, grade of the slip, facet angles at L34 and L45 on both sides, facet degenerative score (cartilage and sclerosis values), disc degenerative score (Pfirrmann) at L34, L45 and L5S1 and the presence of retrolisthesis at L45.

Results

We noted that 29% (11) had a retrolisthesis at L45. The degenerative scores reduced significantly from L5S1 through L45 and L34. Slip angle and L45 disc degenerative score were the only factors that occurred consistently in patients with a retrolisthesis.

Conclusions

There is a cascade of degenerative changes that involve both the disc and the facet joints at the levels above a spondylolytic spondylolisthesis. The degenerative changes at the L45 disc and a higher slip angle are consistent findings in patients with a retrolisthesis at the level above the slip.