人心房室结和房室束的光镜观察

本文对13例人心标本房室结和房室束的形态及位置,作了连续切片观察。1.房室结为一扁长形结构,其横切面呈右侧微凸的三角形,有时切面呈梭形或半卵圆形。成人房室结大小为3.5×3.3×1.1 mm~3。有5例房室结表面的右心房心内膜隆起。2.房室结位于二尖瓣与三尖瓣附着缘之间的房室隔内,成人房室结距冠状窦口1.8～5.8 mm,距右心房心内膜0.3～0.7 mm,距三尖瓣隔侧瓣上缘3.3～7.5 mm。结左侧紧贴中心纤维体。3.房室结可分为浅、深两部,浅部纤维纵行止于结的下端。1例深部又分为上、下两部。在结表面右心房心内膜隆起的标本上,结右侧的心房肌覆盖层止于心内膜。结的上缘、右侧面及后缘与房肌相连。4.成人房室束长5.7～7.9 mm,直径1.1～1.5 mm。房室束前部有7例在肌性室间隔顶部;3例在肌性室间隔左侧;2例在肌性室间隔肌肉内部。1例经行特殊,由肌性室间隔顶部至其左侧,最后至肌性室间隔内部偏右侧而终止。     

狗心中心纤维体的组织学结构及其与心脏传导系统的关系

利用光镜观察了１２只杂种成年狗心中心纤维体的组织学结构及其与房室结、房室束的关系。狗中心纤维体软骨组织。房室结位于中心纤维体的右侧，二者紧密相贴。房室束恒定地穿中心纤锥体。结合狗心电图的观察结果证明，中心纤维体的较骨是一种正常组织，并不影响房室传导。     

狗心房室结,房室束及其束支的光镜研究

在光镜下系统地观察了１２只杂种成年狗心的房室结、房室束和左右束支的形态学特征。房室结的大小为３．１６ｍｍｘ２．１０ｍｍｘ０．６６ｍｍ，表面有０．７０ｍｍ厚的由心房肌和结缔组织组成的覆盖层。房室结主要由Ｐ细胞和Ｔ细胞构成。根据细胞的构筑，房室结可分为上结和下结两部分，Ｐ细胞主要位于上结内。房室束全长６．５６ｍｍ，起自房室结，穿中心纤维体形成的软骨管前行。房室结和房室束在光镜下无明显的界限。房室束内有较多的Ｐ细胞和Ｐｕｒｋｉｎｊｅ细胞。其中１例标本在右束支中段见到一Ｐ细胞样细胞团，它可能是心室异位搏动的形态学基础。     

人心传导系统的变异

目的　探讨划分心传导系统 (CCS)形态变异与发育异常 (畸形 )的界线。　方法　用我们建立的CCS检查法 ,即窦房结和房室结沿其长轴切 1～ 2块 ,房室束沿长轴垂直切 2～ 4块 ,连续切片 ,间断取片 ,每例共取 30片。对 886例 (非心源性死亡 737例 ,心源性猝死 149例 )人CCS进行组织学观察 ,并对两组进行CCS形态、死因分析比较。　结果　 1 人CCS具有大小、位置及形态的先天性变异 ;2 也有增龄性变化的后天性变异 ;3 死因不明的心源性猝死者中CCS见到有成年人胎儿型房室结、房室结全部移位至房室束穿部、房室束穿部完全分成 3束以上、房室束分叉部房室结化及移位至三尖瓣根部等 ,这些改变不应认为是正常变异 ,因为它们都可能有病理学意义。　结论　房室束分叉部向室间隔膜部内移位、偏位于室间隔左侧、向室间隔左下侧移位 ,以及不足 1 2房室结移位至中心纤维体内 (房室束穿部 ) ,心肌束移位于房室束或左束支内等应属CCS变异 ,不是畸形。     

房室结后延伸部形态学特征及与折返性心动过速的关系

目的：研究人房室结双径路，尤其是慢径的解剖学基础。方法：(1)取17例尸检心脏包括房室结在内的房室交界区的组织固定、脱水、包埋后切片，HE和Masson染色，光镜规察(2)由冠状窦151向房室结方向在心内膜下注射墨汁0．5ml，24h后光镜观察墨汁走向?结果：17例标本均可发现房室结，房室结前向形成房室束(His束)，发现47％(8例)有明确向后延伸一左后延伸和彳丁后延伸，35％(6例)仅有右后延伸，1例发现仅有左后延伸，2例未发现有向后延伸。向后延伸南房室结自然延伸而成，其有房室结自然延伸而成，左后延伸朝左行向房间隔，有后延伸行向有，与三尖瓣隔瓣近乎平行，纤维可达冠状窦口附近。结论：房室结后延伸部可能为慢径路，作为房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)的射频消融慢径的解剖学基础、     

大鼠房室交界区的组织化学研究

目的：比较大鼠房室交界区各部之间的糖代谢及神经分布的差异。方法：SD大鼠心脏冷冻切片;行糖原,乳酸脱氢酶,琥珀酸脱氢酶,单胺氧化酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶染色。结果：（1）糖原：房室结,中心纤维体＞房间隔,室间隔;乳酸脱氢酶：中心纤维体＞房室结,房间隔,室间隔;琥珀酸脱氢酶,单胺氧化酶：室间隔＞房间隔＞房室结＞中心纤维体;乙酰胆碱酯酶;房室结＞＞房间隔,室间隔,中心纤维体;（2）乙酰胆碱酯酶在房室束未分叉部光密度比其他部位高,其余染色在房室交界区各部无差异。结论：（1）房室交界区与心肌都具备有氧及无氧\代谢的能力,交界区糖原储备丰富;交界区各部间的代谢无差别;（2）副交感神经在房室束未分叉部的分布较其他部位多。     

广西猕猴房室结的形态学特征

目的探讨猴房室结的形态学特征,比较物种之间的生物学差异。方法取4例广西猕猴房室结区域,石蜡包埋,连续切片,分别用HE染色、Van Gieson染色和间苯二酚品红液染色,光镜观察其房室结的形态学特征和组织结构。结果猴房室结呈前后长的三角体状。左侧紧贴中心纤维体,右侧有胶原纤维和心房肌覆盖。向前延续为房室束。房室结内存在少量起搏细胞、Purkinje细胞和大量移行细胞。细胞间质内含量有大量胶原纤维和丰富的弹性纤维,两者交织成网。结论广西猕猴房室结的形态较人和其他动物相似,细胞成分较成年人典型,间质内胶原纤维和大量弹力纤维丰富。     

人胎心脏中心纤维体的组织学和组织化学研究

利用光镜对22例胎儿心脏的中心纤维体进行了组织学(12例)和组织化学(10例)观察.结果如下:(1)胎儿中心纤维体为致密结缔组织.在中央部成纤维细胞和基质较多,而纤维细胞和胶原纤维少,后二者主要分布于周边部.中心纤维体内有较多的小血管和大小不等的结细胞岛.结果表明:胎儿中心纤维体是一种不成熟的组织,正处于迅速发育阶段.(2)房室束恒定的穿经中心纤维体.(3)在中心纤维体内碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶为阴性反应,5’-核苷酸酶,乳酸脱氢酶和糖原为弱阳性反应.     

心脏房室传导阻滞的分型与诊断

对心房与心室间激动传导的改变,传统认为只是房室结的问题,以后由于心内心电图(如希氏束电图等)和通过电生理学、微电极的应用以及电镜对微细的组织学观察等,首先对激动的产生,证实在房室结附近有起搏功能的细胞(即起搏细胞或称P细胞pacemaker cells)存在于心房与房室结的交界部(房-结区)、房室结与希氏束的交界部(结-希氏束区)、希氏束部以及冠状窦的附近区,而房室结本身并无起搏细胞,或只有很少的变异细胞.因此,将房-结区、结-希氏束区、希氏束及冠状赛区以及左心房后部(左房节律发生的部位)统称之为房室交界部或简称交界部,由此产生的心律,统称为交界部(或交界性)心律.     

心脏介入治疗与解剖(续)

2 心律失常介入与解剖。2．1 阵发性室上性心动过速的介入治疗。2．1．1 房室结折返性心动过速。正常情况下，房室结是心房、心室之间的唯一电学通道，位于房间隔近三尖瓣环处的前方，Koch三角的前上角。所谓Koch三角是指右房内由Todaro腱、冠状静脉窦口和三尖瓣隔瓣围成的三角形区域。房室结在其中穿过中心纤维体延续为希氏束。房室交界区由三部分组成，即位于房间隔前上区域的前上部分，冠状窦口处延伸而来的后下部分和真房室结。房一结连接区有三个独特的房结束，即上束、中束和侧束。后两融合成近端房结束，并与真房室结相连。上房结束是快径的一部分，中、侧束是慢径的一部分。     

Atrioventricular node and input pathways: a correlated gross anatomical and histological study of the canine atrioventricular junctional region

To determine the architecture of the atrioventricular (AV) junctional region, structures in atrial preparations were correlated to those in serial sections made either parallel or perpendicular to the long axis of the AV node (AVN)/AV bundle complex. The results demonstrated the following for the first time: 1) A right medial atrial wall (MAW) extends anteriorly from the interatrial septum, superior to the interventricular septum (IVS). 2) An atrial interventricular septum (A-IVS) groove is located between the base of the MAW and the crest of the IVS. 3) Three atrionodal bundles converge to form a proximal AV bundle (PAVB), which in turn is contiguous with the AVN. The atrionodal bundles are associated with the MAW or the superomedial and inferolateral margins of the coronory sinus. Terminal portions of the atrionodal bundles and the PAVB reside within the A-IVS groove. The AV bundle was termed distal (DAVB) to avoid confusion. 4) The location of the AVN/DAVB complex topographically is deep to the apex of the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve subjacent to the MAW. Intracardially, the AVN/DAVB complex is within the central fibrous body. Significantly, this study resulted in the first unequivocal demonstration of discrete bundles of myocardial fibers associated with the atrial end of the AV node. Moreover, it appears likely that the atrionodal AV bundles are continuous with the sinoatrial nodal extensions, thereby forming internodal tracts.     

Cardiac conduction system in the chicken: Gross anatomy plus light and electron microscopy

Twenty-three chicken hearts were used to study the cardiac conduction system by light and electron microscopy. In addition to a sinus node, atrioventricular node (AVN), His bundle, left and right bundle branches (LBB, RBB), the chicken also has an AV Purkinje ring and a special middle bundle branch (MBB). The sinus node lies near the base of the lower portion of the right sinoatrial valve. The AV node is just above the tricuspid valve and anterior to the coronary sinus. The His bundle descends from the anterior and inferior margin of the AV node into the interventricular septum, then dividing into right, left and middle branches some distance below the septal crest. The middle bundle branch turns posteriorly toward the root of the aorta. The AV Purkinje ring originates from the proximal AV node and then encircles the right AV orifice, joining the MBB to form a figure-of-eight loop. The chicken conduction system contains four types of myocytes: (1) The P cell is small and rounded, with a relatively large nucleus and sparse myofibrils. (2) The transitional cell is slender and full of myofibrils. (3) The Purkinje-like cell resembles the typical Purkinje cell, but is smaller and darker. (4) The Purkinje cell is found in the His bundle, its branches, and the periarterial and subendocardial Purkinje network. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

婴幼儿和法洛氏四联症房室结和房室束的外科解剖及计算机三维重建Ⅰ.位置与毗邻

通过对15例人心(成人5例,婴幼儿5例,法四5例)房室结和房室束的连续切片观察和图像分析,表明:15例房室结均位于Koch三角内.与成人相比,婴幼儿房室结位置相对较高,法四房室结位置偏低,其结前部紧靠三尖瓣隔瓣根部.婴幼儿房室束多位子三尖瓣隔瓣附着缘以上的房室肌隔内或室嵴顶部,而法四房室束起始部紧邻三尖瓣隔瓣根部的深面,其余部份可位:室嵴左侧,室缺的后下缘;房室束可直接位于室缺游离缘的心内膜下,或距室缺游离缘(可为肌性或腱性)1.88-2.14mm处.为临床小儿心外科手术提供了直接的形态学依据.     

Morphological characteristics of heart conduction system in diphtheria

Heart conductive system (HCS) including the sinoatrial node (SAN), atrioventricular node (AVN), AV bundle (AVB) and its left and right parts was studied histologically. It is shown that different portions of HCS are damaged in diphtheria with different frequency and intensity, the frequency depending on the depth of their location. Left part of AVB is affected most frequently, followed by the right part of AVB, AVB, AVN and the least frequently SAN.     

Descriptive anatomy of the dominant septal perforators using Dual Source coronary CT angiography

Although clinical outcomes for septal ablation in treating left ventricular outflow tract obstructions are generally favorable, a variety of complications have been reported including a high incidence of right bundle branch block. These complications may be attributed to anatomic variability of the dominant septal perforator. We used Dual Source CT Coronary Angiography (DS‐CTA) to determine the location of the termination point of the dominant septal perforator as well as the distance of the termination point from the mitral annulus in patients undergoing DS‐CTA. One‐hundred‐fourteen DS‐CTA scans were retrospectively reviewed by two observers by consensus. The left ventricle was divided into anterior wall, anterioseptum, and inferioseptum. For each segment, the myocardium was divided into three layers (1) right ventricular side, (2) mid portion, and (3) left ventricular side. The zone of termination of the dominant septal perforator was identified as well as the distance of the termination point from the mitral annulus. The dominant septal perforator terminated in the right ventricular side of the anterioseptum in 86 of the 118 visualized terminations (73%) and in the left ventricular anterior wall in 6 visualized terminations (5%). On average, the dominant septal perforator terminated 26.3 ± 8.6 mm from the mitral annulus. In the majority of cases, the dominant septal perforator terminates in the right ventricular side of anterioseptum. In addition, there is great variability in the distribution of the termination point of the dominant septal perforator from the mitral annulus. Clin. Anat. 23:70–78, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Crista Supraventricularis Purkinje Network and Its Relation to Intraseptal Purkinje Network

Using transparent specimens with a dual color injection, microscopy, and computer tomography, this report shows that the right and left ventricular subendocardial Purkinje networks are connected by an extensive septal network in the bovine heart. The septal network is present along the entire septum except at a free zone below ventricular valves. Being the only communication of the basal right septum with the right free wall, the supraventricular crest is an enigmatic but not, by any means, hidden muscular structure. It is one of the last structures to be activated in human heart. It is shown here that the supraventricular crest Purkinje network connects the anterosuperior right ventricular basal free wall Purkinje network to anterior right ventricular basal septal Purkinje network. It is suggested that the stimulus initiated at middle left ventricular endocardium will activate the supraventricular crest. The intraseptal connection found between the basal left ventricular subendocardial septal Purkinje network and the right ventricular basal septal Purkinje network is, probably, the pathway for the stimulus. An anatomic basis is provided to explain why the inflow tract contracts earlier than the outflow tract in the right ventricle systole. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:1793–1801, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The arterial blood supply of the conducting system in normal human hearts

The distributing artery of the conducting system of the heart is occasionally injured in cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to define the anatomic characteristics of the principal arterial source of the sinu-atrial node and atrioventricular node. Furthermore, the morphology of the tendon of Todaro was clarified. Thirty hearts were studied by gross anatomic methods, and the exact area of the conducting system was supported by histologic observations of four hearts. The sinu-atrial node was supplied by the right coronary artery more frequently (73% of cases) than by the left (3%), and in 23% of cases this node was supplied by both coronary arteries. The atrioventricular node was supplied by the right coronary artery (80% of cases) more than by the left (10%), and in 10% of the cases this node was supplied by both coronary arteries. The atrioventricular bundle branch arose from the right coronary artery in 10% of cases, the left coronary artery in 73%, and both coronary arteries in 17%. Most of the blood to the right bundle (the moderator band) was supplied by the interventricular septal branches of the anterior interventricular branch from the left coronary artery. Finally, all the arteries of the right bundle and left bundle were defined to be derived from left coronary arteries.