韦格纳肉芽肿病23例临床分析

目的分析韦格纳肉芽肿病(Wegener granulomatosis，WG)的临床和病理特点，提高对本病的认识。方法对23例确诊的WG病人的临床表现、辅助检查及病理特点进行回顾性分析。结果发病年龄20．57岁，平均37．2岁，平均病程5．8个月。首发症状以上呼吸道为主(48％)，可累及多个系统或器官，肺脏受累87％，肾脏受累78%。胞质型抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(cANCA)阳性率100%，病理表现为坏死性肉芽肿性炎症、炎细胞浸润的血管炎。结论WG的临床表现复杂多样，有多系统或器官病变的症候群，以上、下呼吸道及肾脏受累最多见：病理特点为坏死性肉芽肿和血管炎。     

韦格纳肉芽肿病肾移植术后5年一例

韦格纳肉芽肿病(Wegener's granulomatosis,WG)是一种主要侵犯小血管的系统性坏死性肉芽肿性血管炎,病程中80%可出现肾脏受累,一旦出现多为急进性肾小球肾炎,病理特点为局灶性、节段性、新月体性坏死性肾小球肾炎,免疫荧光检测少或无免疫球蛋白及补体沉积，90％病情活动者血清胞质型抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(cANCA)阳性[1]。     

韦格纳肉芽肿病的临床和病理分析

目的　研究韦格纳肉芽肿病 (Wegenergranulomatosis ,WG)的临床、病理特点以及对治疗的反应 ,提高对本病的认识。方法　分析 2 5例WG患者的临床资料和其中 2 0例的活检病理资料 ,对 9例病人进行随访。结果　发病平均年龄 (38± 16 )岁。从发病到确诊的平均时间为 (8± 9)个月。有多系统、器官受累 ,以耳、鼻和喉部受累最为常见 (96 % )。抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体阳性率为5 8%。病理表现有实质组织坏死、肉芽肿、多核巨细胞、微脓肿和血管炎等。多数患者接受糖皮质激素和环磷酰胺治疗后病情明显改善。结论　WG的基本病理改变为坏死性肉芽肿和小血管炎 ,有多系统、器官受累 ,而以上、下呼吸道及肾脏受累为常见 ,对糖皮质激素和环磷酰胺治疗反应较好。     

抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体相关性小血管炎发病机制的研究进展

抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体相关性小血管炎是指以微小动脉、毛细血管、小静脉等小血管管壁的炎症和纤维素样坏死为病理特征的一组系统性疾病。目前发现的原发性小血管炎主要有以下几类：韦格纳肉芽肿病（WG）、显微镜下多血管炎（MPA）、变应性肉芽肿性血管炎（CSS）、节段坏死性新月体性肾炎（NCGN）。而抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体（ANCA）则是一种以中性粒细胞和单核细胞胞浆成分为靶抗原的自身抗体。     

抗PR3抗体和抗MPO抗体的检测及临床研究

目的探讨抗蛋白酶-3(PR3)抗体、抗髓过氧化物酶(MPO)抗体和抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA),在系统性血管炎患者中的检测及临床意义。方法对251例临床确诊为系统性血管炎和其他自身免疫性疾病患者血清,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测抗PR3抗体和抗MPO抗体;用间接免疫荧光法(IIF)检测ANCA,并进行回顾性分析。结果①251例系统性血管炎患者与非血管炎病人的检测,经χ2检验,P<0.01,差异均有非常显著性。②33例韦格纳肉芽肿病(WG)患者主要表现为PR3和颗粒型抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(cANCA)阳性均为22例,阳性率为67%;非血管炎病人,27例溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者检测MPO和核周型抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(pANCA)阳性分别为13和14例,阳性率分别是48%和52%;104例SLE患者检测MPO和pANCA阳性分别为19例、24例,阳性率分别为18%和23%。③ELISA法和IIF法阳性率,经χ2检验差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论PR3、MPO抗体作为系统性血管炎的一种敏感标记抗体,有利于该疾病的早期治疗。     

变应性肉芽肿性血管炎25例临床分析

目的 探讨变应性肉芽肿性血管炎(Churg-Strauss综合征,CSS)的临床特点,以提高对本病的认识.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2010年11月北京协和医院收治的25例变应性肉芽肿性血管炎患者的临床资料,包括临床表现、实验室资料、辅助检查及病理等.结果 男15例,女10例,发病年龄18～ 72岁,平均(45±16)岁.病变累及全身多个系统及器官,如呼吸系统、神经系统、皮肤、消化系统、心脏、肾脏及关节肌肉等,以支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)为首发症状的占80.0％( 20/25),病程中出现哮喘的占96.0％( 24/25),鼻窦炎多表现为多组鼻窦受累,以上颌窦为主,占61.1％ (11/18);神经系统受累多表现为外周神经的受累,占72.7％ (16/22);中枢神经系统受累多表现为脑血管事件.皮肤受累占60.0％ (15/25),心脏受累占48.0％( 12/25),肾脏受累占48.0％(12/25),消化系统受累占32.0％( 8/25).实验室检查中,IgE阳性率为90.0％,抗中性粒细胞抗体阳性率为32.0％,以核周型抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体为主.CSS的肺部CT多表现为斑片状浸润,占71.4％( 15/21),双侧多见;肌电图多表现为多发性单神经炎,以腓神经及腘神经受累多见.心电图多无异常发现,但超声心动图70.0％ (14/20)有异常.病理主要表现为嗜酸粒细胞浸润,血管炎及血管外肉芽肿.结论 CSS的临床表现复杂多样,但均缺乏特异性,综合临床表现、辅助检查及病理表现方可完成诊断,及时诊断,早期治疗对患者的预后有帮助.     

坏死性肉芽肿性血管炎20例临床分析

目的分析坏死性肉芽肿性血管炎(NGV)的临床资料。方法对南京鼓楼医院收治的20例NGV患者的临床资料进行分析。结果男11例,女9例,发病年龄18~76岁,平均年龄44.7岁。可累及多个系统或器官,以肺脏受累最常见,占100%,其次为鼻部和肾脏,各为85%。血抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA)阳性率95%。影像学以肺部多发结节/肿块影伴或不伴空洞病灶(65%)为主。最常见的病理表现为坏死性肉芽肿和小血管炎。结论 NGV临床表现复杂多样,综合ANCA、影像学和组织活检利于早期诊断,早期治疗。     

抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体相关性系统性小血管炎的病因和发病机制

抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体 (ANCA)相关性系统性小血管炎 (ANCAassociatedsystemicvasculitis,AASV)是近年来逐渐受到关注的一类系统性自身免疫性疾病 ,主要包括韦格纳肉芽肿病 (Wegenergranulomatosis,WG)、显微镜下型多血管炎 (microscopicpolyangiitis,MPA)和变应性肉芽肿血管炎综合征 (Churg Strausssyndrome,CSS)。其临床表现、病理变化和发病机制方面具有许多相同和相似之处。临床上常有肺和肾脏的受累 ,病理变化主要是小血管 (包括微小静脉、毛细血管和小动脉 )的坏死性血管炎 ,血清学检查ANCA常阳性。有关AASV的病因和发病…     

抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体相关小血管炎诊断和治疗中的问题与对策

抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA)相关小血管炎(AAV)包括韦格纳肉芽肿病(WG)、显微镜下多血管炎(MPA)和变应性肉芽肿性血管炎(CSS),是西方国家常见的自身免疫性疾病.我国发病率不详,但是随着ANCA检测的推广和应用,发现我国也不少见[1].然而我国临床医生对此类疾病认识不足,常导致误诊、漏诊,部分患者确诊后在治疗上也存在较大随意性.本文拟对诊断和治疗中经常遇到的一些问题进行探讨.     

抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体相关性血管炎肾脏损害机制的研究进展

原发性血管炎是目前病因尚未明确的一类累及多器官系统的免疫性疾病,以血管壁纤维素样坏死及血管管腔闭塞为基本病理特征.1994年,美国Chapel Hill会议按受累血管的大小将其分为大血管炎、中血管炎和小血管炎.而原发性小血管炎中韦格纳肉芽肿病(Wegener's granulomatosis,WG)、显微镜下多血管炎(microscopic ployangiitis,MPA)、变应性肉芽肿性血管炎(churg-strauss syndrome,CSS)这三者与抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA)关联密切,故称为ANCA相关性血管炎(ANCA-associated vasculitis,AAV),AAV为系统性自身免疫性疾病,可累及全身多个脏器,且常累及肾脏,一旦肾脏受累则进展迅速,造成不可逆的终末期肾衰竭.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.