MRI测量颈胸角在选择颈胸段脊柱手术入路中的临床应用

目的 :探讨在颈胸段脊柱术前应结合患者的颈胸段MRI的个体特征和疾病情况 ,选择手术创伤最小的手术入路。方法 :共 76例患者 ,其中 2 6例为颈胸段脊柱损伤 ,35例为颈胸段脊柱肿瘤 ,脊髓型颈椎病 12例 ,以及 3例颈胸段椎板减压术后后凸畸形。男 4 7例 ,女 2 9例。平均年龄 4 5 5岁 ,年龄范围 19～ 6 5岁。同时抽取 95套颈胸段MRI片。作胸骨上切迹向后水平延长线和胸骨上切迹向后上方至C7T1椎间盘前缘中点的连线 ,测量两线之夹角 ,称为颈胸角 (cervicothoracicangle ,CTA)。结果 :CTA平均为 4 7 6 4°(范围 2 5°～ 73°)。大于此平均角度且病灶在胸骨切迹水平线以上时可考虑低位下颈椎入路 ,5 0例 ;CTA较小 ,且病灶范围广 ,或尚累及T3 、T4,可以考虑经胸骨柄入路 ,13例 ;病灶范围广泛 ,经全胸骨入路 3例 ;Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期前后联合入路 5例 ;经右侧肩胛下后外侧胸腔入路 5例。结论 :颈胸段脊柱手术应尽量选择低位下颈椎入路等创伤较小的入路 ,其次考虑经胸骨柄入路。长节段脊柱受累的患者才考虑经右侧肩胛下后外侧胸腔或经全胸骨等创伤较大的入路。术前可以结合患者的病灶累及范围和颈胸手术角等MRI影像学表现 ,从而利于选择最合适的手术入路 ,减少手术风险、手术创伤和并发症 ,利于患者早日康复     

经胸骨上端行颈胸段脊柱前路手术的影像及解剖研究

目的 探讨部分切除胸骨上端行颈胸段脊柱前路手术的可行性.方法 采用100例行胸部CT检查者的胸部薄层CT影像,测量胸骨柄最窄部位及对应颈胸段椎体宽度;采用100例行颈胸段MRI检查者的颈胸段正中矢状位MRI影像,测量胸骨角及对应颈胸段椎体解剖关系.根据术前CT及MRI上测量数据进行胸骨上端截骨,对12具新鲜成人尸体标本进行模拟手术,观察颈胸段脊柱显露情况.结果 胸骨柄最窄部位宽度大于对应椎体宽度,胸骨角水平低于T3,4椎间隙.模拟手术,根据术前测量数据进行胸骨上端截骨,能够良好的显露颈胸段脊柱C7～T3,能提供足够的术野宽度进行T3及以上椎体的手术操作.结论 经前路部分切除胸骨上端是处理上胸椎病变较理想的入路.     

上胸段病变的经胸骨前入路手术治疗

[目的]探讨上胸段病变的经胸骨前入路治疗的手术方式。[方法]介绍5年来对6例颈胸交界椎疾患的患者，采用经胸骨前入路的手术方法，暴露病变的上胸段椎体（T1-4），对病变予以清除、减压、植骨内固定，并对相关文献予以复习。[结果]6例患者分别为C7椎体完全移位1例，T1、2椎体结核1例，颈胸结合部肿瘤2例，T2、3椎间盘突出1例，C7T1骨折1例。年龄11～82岁；平均37．3岁。均采用经胸骨前入路，手术入路显露良好，病灶暴露充分。术后平均随访12．4个月。除1例肿瘤患者术后复发，1例术后呼吸道梗阻死亡外，余4例患者均获得满意疗效。[结论]颈胸交界处椎体疾病的发生率较低，此部位结构复杂，单纯颈部入路不能很好的显露T2、3椎体，经胸侧入路对于上胸椎也难以显露，经胸骨前入路可以很好的暴露下颈椎及T4以上椎体，该入路对颈胸交界处椎体的病变的处理是一种很好的选择。     

MRI测量对上胸椎肿瘤手术入路选择的意义

目的：探讨术前MRI测量对上胸椎肿瘤前路切除手术入路选择的意义。方法：对8例上胸椎肿瘤患者术前进行MRI检查，在MRI矢状位图片上经胸骨切迹作与胸骨柄纵轴相垂直的线P，经病变椎体尾侧紧邻正常椎体的上、下终板作两个终板的切线E1和E2，分别记录P与脊柱相交的椎体水平及E1、E2与胸骨相交的椎体水平。P经过病变椎体远侧正常椎体，E1和E2经过胸骨切迹或其上方者采用低位颈前切口；E2经过胸骨柄上部者采用部分胸骨和／或部分内侧锁骨切除入路。P经过病变椎体或E1和E2经过胸骨柄中下部者采用后外侧经胸腔人路完成手术。结果：7例患者P经过病变椎体远侧正常椎体，其中4例E2经过胸骨切迹或其上方者有3例通过低位颈前切口完成了肿瘤的前路切除，1例显露不佳，切除少量左侧锁骨内侧部分增加显露后完成手术；3例E2经过胸骨柄上部者采用部分胸骨和／或部分内侧锁骨切除人路完成手术。1例P经过病变椎体，E1和E2经过胸骨柄中下部者采用后外侧经胸腔人路完成手术。未出现与手术相关的血管和神经损伤等并发症，3个月随访时内置物无松动、移位和断裂。结论：术前MRI测量有助于选择适当的手术入路，并可帮助判断肿瘤切除后胸椎前路的融合固定方式。     

脊柱颈胸段的前方手术入路

脊柱颈胸段(C7～T1椎体及其邻近的脊柱节段)的解剖位置较深,手术显露难,一直是脊柱外科手术入路较困难的区域之一。由于近来脊柱颈胸段椎体等病变的发现逐渐增多,因此从前路手术的需要也逐渐增加。许多学者对颈胸段脊柱入路做了不少尝试,提出了许多颈胸段的手术入路,本文对其中主要的手术入路进行综述如下。颈胸段手术主要解决的疾患有　(1)急慢性感染;(2 )肿瘤;(3)脊柱颈胸段骨折脱位,上述疾患都会引起脊柱前柱塌陷,甚至发生脊柱后凸畸形,从而引起神经受压;(4)其它疾患如退行性病变等引起的神经损害等。常规的颈椎入路或胸椎入路都不能提…     

颈椎损伤合并T_4骨折高位截瘫手术治疗1例

<正>2009年11月27日行手术,手术方法:全麻下经胸骨颈胸联合入路,行C4椎体次全切除、髂骨植骨、钛板内固定术;劈胸骨,T3、4椎体减压术。手术方法:病人全麻生效后,常规颅骨牵引,取仰卧位,颈椎与手术床之间垫枕,以保持颈椎生理曲度和稳定。选择沿左侧胸锁乳突肌内侧缘的纵斜     

颈胸段脊柱前方手术入路时颈长肌和颈交感干的相关解剖

目的研究颈胸段脊柱前方手术入路时颈交感干和颈长肌的相互关系及其临床意义.方法12例意外死亡的正常成人尸体标本,测量C4～T2椎体水平两侧颈长肌内侧缘至脊柱前方正中线的距离,每一椎体节段测量水平为椎体前缘上下连线中点水平;测量颈交感干包括颈中神经节与中线的距离,以及与颈长肌内侧缘的距离;测量颈长肌附着点的位置变化.结果颈长肌内侧缘至颈胸段脊椎前方中线的距离自上而下逐渐增宽,分别为(mm):C3水平5.5±1.2,C4水平6.1±0.6,C5水平6.5±1.4,C6水平6.2±1.9,C7水平7.0±0.5,T1水平7.8±2.3,T2水平12.0±2.5.12例颈长肌起点的位置均在T1～T3,7例(58.3%)基本为白色腱性组织,5例(41.6%)为肌肉组织或和腱性组织混合组成.颈交感干与中线的距离分别为(mm):C3水平23.0±2.0,C4水平22.0±4.0,C5水平19.0±3.0,C6水平15.0±4.0,C7水平16.0±3.0.颈交感干与颈长肌内侧缘在C67水平距离最近,两者距离分别为8.8 mm和9.0 mm.7例(58.3%)发现颈中神经节.结论在C67水平,颈交感干与颈长肌内侧缘距离最近,所以其损伤可能性也最大.熟悉颈交感干和颈长肌的相关解剖有助于在手术中减少可能的神经损伤,同时也助于椎体节段的判断.     

脊柱手术难题的解决方法

颈胸段交界处（C7－T4）的手术很难从前路进入。我们最近报导了一种单侧或双侧倒T形胸骨柄切开方式,从胸骨切迹正中向尾端到距胸骨角3cm处作纵向切口。在第二肋间隙钝性分离出胸廓内动脉,仔细游离并结扎。     

胸骨不全切开前入路治疗颈胸段椎体结核

目的探讨胸骨不全切前入路治疗颈胸段椎体结核的疗效。方法回顾3例C7-T2椎体结核病例,经颈胸联合切口显露胸骨柄,纵行切开胸骨至胸骨角,单臂撑开器＂V＂形撑开胸骨,从颈动脉鞘与内脏鞘间做钝性分离,直至颈椎前,再钝性往下分离显露上胸椎,行病灶清除、植骨内固定。结果3例患者获得6-18个月随访,脊髓神经压迫症状消失,内固定无松动,植骨已融合,血沉正常。结论该入路能很好地处理C6-T3病灶,损伤少,满足内固定操作的要求,是颈胸段病灶的一种理想、安全治疗方式。     

显微外科技术经椎间隙减压融合治疗颈椎病

[目的]探讨显微外科技术经椎间隙减压融合治疗脊髓型颈椎病方法和疗效。[方法]对43例患者实施经椎间隙入路显微手术减压,保留终板、聚醚醚酮融合器椎体融合手术。观察融合情况、融合节段的Cobb’s角度及椎间隙高度。[结果]术后平均随访15.4个月,融合率100%,优良率88.4%。融合节段Cobb’s角平均改善6.0°,椎间隙高度平均增加1.95 mm,有统计学意义(P<0.01),随访期间Cobb’s角和椎间隙高度无明显丢失。[结论]经椎间隙入路显微外科手术治疗颈椎间盘突出和退行性骨赘引起的脊髓型颈椎病安全可行,疗效满意。保留终板的椎间融合器融合手术能有效地恢复和维持颈椎生理曲度和椎间隙高度。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.