Keystone island flap: an alternative reconstructive option to free flaps in irradiated tissue

BACKGROUND: The Keystone Flap is an island flap that is very useful for repairing skin defects of the integument. Described as a keystone, this arc-shaped flap in fact consists of a schematically designed, perforator-based reconstructive unit which serendipitously resembles two conjoined VY flaps. This facilitates closure because of the multiple VY points at the extremes, where the surrounding tissue is advanced to close the defect while the flap size remains basically static. METHODS: A consecutive series of nine cases involving the head and neck and inguinal regions were examined to show the use of the Keystone Flap in irradiated tissue for recurrent disease. They are described by using a combination of clinical illustrations and diagrams to explain the surgical technique. RESULTS: The average age of the patients in the series is 74 years. A low complication rate and rapid wound healing with no significant flap necrosis was shown in this series. Additionally the short operation time is quite beneficial, particularly for the elderly. CONCLUSION: There is a low complication rate using Keystone flaps (this double VY is a clinical development from Diffenbach's original work of 1848(1)) and this technique is particularly useful in achieving wound healing especially after irradiation treatment. This surgical technique once mastered is easy to perform. Another bonus is that there is minimal use of postoperative analgesia. Additional XRT is well tolerated by the patients with minimal evidence of wound complications, while achieving an acceptable aesthetic appearance.     

游离阔筋膜张肌穿支皮瓣修复手足部软组织缺损

目的总结游离阔筋膜张肌穿支皮瓣修复手足部软组织缺损的临床应用效果。方法2004年1月至2008年12月,应用游离阔筋膜张肌穿支皮瓣修复6例手和足部软组织缺损。结果除1例术后发生表浅感染经换药愈合外,6例皮瓣全部成活,术后顺利。术后随访22～52个月(平均30个月),无明显的供区功能障碍,疗效满意。结论游离阔筋膜张肌穿支皮瓣具有血供丰富,血管解剖恒定,以及皮瓣较薄的优点,适宜修复手和足背部软组织缺损。     

激光脱毛在头皮扩张穿支皮瓣制备过程中的应用

目的 探讨在头皮扩张皮瓣的扩张期进行激光脱毛的安全性及疗效。方法 2014年1月到2015年4月,选择22例应用头皮扩张穿支皮瓣修复面部软组织缺损的患者,在注水扩张期使用半导体激光进行脱毛治疗。结果 22例患者均完成了扩张器置入-注水扩张-激光脱毛-转移修复的序贯疗程。转移修复术后皮瓣均存活,19例皮瓣表面无明显粗长毛发,2例皮瓣仍有少量毛发残留,1例发际边缘小面积秃发。1例患者在激光治疗后出现水疱,1周后自愈,未观察到长期并发症。结论 激光脱毛技术可安全有效地应用于头皮扩张穿支皮瓣的制备过程,改善皮瓣修复术后患者面部外观,提高手术满意率。     

扩展穿支皮瓣血供范围的基础和临床研究进展

穿支皮瓣是临床广泛应用的组织缺损修复技术,但因穿支血管的管径细小,供区面积有限,使得穿支皮瓣在体表大面积缺损修复中的应用受到限制。本文从穿支皮瓣血管解剖、血供特点,以及增加皮瓣血运和促进组织血管化的相关治疗策略出发,对扩展穿支皮瓣血供范围的基础和临床研究进展进行综述。     

Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery Perforator Flap with Bilobed Design for the Donor Defect after Wrap‐Around Flap Transfer Reconstruction

ObjectiveThe repair of great toe donor site defect after wrap‐around flap transfer is still controversial. The bilobed superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flap can improve the aesthetics of the great toe while maintaining its function. Thus, this study aimed to report our experience in the reconstruction of big toe donor site defects with the bilobed SCIP flap and describe the clinical outcomes.MethodsThis study was a retrospective trial. From May 2017 to May 2020, 13 patients with the great toe donor site defect after wrap‐around flap transfer were included in this study. The average age of the patients was 44 years (range, 23–60 years). All patients received free bilobed SCIP flaps to reconstruct the donor site defect of the great toe. Relevant clinical features were recorded preoperatively. The thickness and design of the SCIP flap and the harvesting layer of the flap were measured during the operation. The survival rate of flaps and skin grafts and the incidence of infection were recorded after operation. At follow‐up, donor site complications and postoperative outcomes were evaluated.ResultsIn all cases, the SCIP flap covering the donor site of the great toe survived. All patients were followed up for 24–40 months (mean, 30.5 months). The average thickness of the SCIP flap was 0.38cm. All SCIP flaps were harvested from the superficial fascial layer except for three obese patients. The thin SCIP flap had a bilobed design with no further defatting procedures. Postoperatively, the great toe‐nail flap donor site regained its original appearance without bloating or flap necrosis. There was a hidden linear scar in the groin donor site, which did not affect hip joint movement. All patients were satisfied with the aesthetics of the surgical site.ConclusionThe SCIP flap with bilobed design for repairing the donor defect of the great toe after wrap‐around flap transfer is a kind of surgical method with excellent contour, meeting the requirements of function and aesthetics.     

New options in breast reconstructive surgery: Alternatives to the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap

Transposition of the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap is still considered by most authors a first-choice technique for breast reconstruction. However, the aesthetic drawbacks of the technique are significant: In our experience the posterior scar and the patchlike skin island are of concern to more than 30% of patients. Recent alternatives have sharply reduced the use of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap as our first-choice technique. The utilization of a latissimus dorsi muscular flap in association with submuscular placement of a tissue expander is now our favorite technique for the majority of patients: Residual scarring is insignificant since the whole muscle can be raised through a 5–7-cm-long, S-shaped incision placed along the anterior border of the latissimus dorsi. The results obtained in a group of 35 patients demonstrate that the final results of the procedure in terms of shape and projection of the reconstructed breasts are absolutely similar to those obtained using the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. However, in patients with heavy body structure and large contralateral breast, satisfactory symmetry and a natural-looking reconstructed breast are obtained more effectively by transposition of a rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. The precautions to be taken in order to make the procedure suitable for overweight patients are described and the results are discussed.     

Reconstruction of Large Area of Deep Wound in the Foot and Ankle with Chimeric Anterolateral Thigh Perforator Flap

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical application and surgical efficacy of the chimeric perforator flap pedicled with the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and the lateral thigh muscle flap for the reconstruction of the large area of deep wound in foot and ankle.MethodsClinical data of 32 cases who underwent chimeric anterolateral thigh perforator flap to repair the large area of deep wound of the foot and ankle from January 2015 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The sizes of the defects ranged from 18 cm × 10 cm to 35 cm × 20 cm, with exposed tendon and bone and/or partial defects and necrosis, contaminations, accompanied by different degrees of infection. Following the radical debridement and VSD, chimeric anterolateral thigh perforator flap was employed to repair the deep wounds according to the position, site and deep‐tissue injury of the soft‐tissue defects. The skin flap and muscle flap were fanned out on the wound, and single‐ or two‐staged split‐thickness skin grafting was performed on the muscle flap. The operation time and blood loss were recorded. The survival and healing conditions of the operational site with chimeric anterolateral thigh perforator flap were evaluated post‐operationally. Complications at both recipient site and donor site were carefully recorded.ResultsThe mean time of the operation was 325.5 min and average blood loss was 424.8 mL. Among the 32 cases, two cases developed vascular crisis, which were alleviated with intensive investigation and treatment; Four cases suffered from partial necrosis of the flap or skin graft on the muscle flap or on the residual local wound, which were improved after treatment of further dressing change and skin grafting. Another four cases experienced post‐traumatic osteomyelitis accompanied by bone defect were treated with simple bone grafting or Mesquelet bone grafting at 6–8 months after wound healing. Postoperatively, the wounds were properly healed, and the infection was effectively controlled without sinus tract forming. Overall, all 32 cases received satisfactory efficacy, without influencing subsequent functional reconstruction, and observed infection during the 12–36 months post‐operational follow‐up.ConclusionThe chimeric perforator flap pedicled with the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and the lateral thigh muscle flap provides an effective and relative safe procedure for the repair of a large area of deep wound in the foot and ankle, particularly with irregular defect or deep dead space.     

吲哚菁绿荧光造影在穿支皮瓣微循环检测中的应用

目的评价吲哚菁绿荧光造影在皮瓣微循环检测中的准确性和安全性。方法回顾2014年7月至2018年5月的15例皮瓣手术,术中对皮瓣进行吲哚菁绿荧光造影,将术中造影结果与术中传统主观评估结果进行比较;术后2周记录皮瓣成活情况,将之与术中造影结果进行比较,并记录并发症情况。结果 15例皮瓣造影发现7例皮瓣存在微循环问题,传统主观观察法仅发现2例存在微循环障碍。其中,3例皮瓣在处理后再次造影仍提示有局部循环障碍,术后这3例皮瓣均发生局部坏死,坏死区域与术中造影"暗区"基本相符。所有术中造影患者术后均未出现相关并发症。结论吲哚菁绿荧光造影检测皮瓣灌注情况的准确性高,对皮瓣微循环障碍的敏感性高,可有效降低皮瓣术后局部坏死发生率,在临床应用中具有一定的实用价值。     

大鼠腹部穿支皮瓣动物模型的建立

目的 研究穿支皮瓣动物模型的建立方法,初步探讨其微血管构筑的形式.方法 建立大鼠腹壁上动脉穿支皮瓣动物模型,术后7天时比较其与随意皮瓣成活率的差异;乳胶灌注皮瓣,制作血管透明标本.结果 穿支皮瓣成活率明显较随意皮瓣高(p＜0.01),透明标本提示"穿支血管树"及树间吻合支是其微血管构筑的主要形式.结论 在大鼠腹部建立穿支皮瓣动物模型是可行的.     

逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损

目的评价逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对25例足踝部软组织缺损的患者采用逆行腓动脉穿支蒂腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣进行修复。其中,以腓动脉终末穿支的升支为蒂19例,以其降支为蒂6例。软组织缺损大小10cm×9cm～4cm×3cm,皮瓣面积11cm×9.5cm～6cm×5cm。结果 23例皮瓣完全存活,另2例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后植皮修复。皮瓣术后轻度肿胀,无瘀血。术后随访6～18个月,皮瓣质地优良,蒂部无臃肿。结论以腓动脉穿支为蒂的腓浅神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠、质地优良,是修复足、踝软组织缺损的良好选择。     

胫后动脉穿支岛状皮瓣修复小腿中下段皮肤缺损的临床效果研究

目的:探讨胫后动脉穿支岛状皮瓣在小腿中下段皮肤缺损修复中的临床疗效.方法:对2016年6月-2020年1月笔者医院收治的31例小腿中下段皮肤缺损患者行胫后动脉穿支岛状皮瓣修复,缺损面积3 cm×4 cm～13 cm×15 cm,切取皮瓣面积4 cm×5 cm～14 cm×16 cm,观察患者治疗效果及术后随访情况.结果...     

Oncoplastic surgery; volume displacement techniques for breast conserving surgery in patients with breast cancer

Background: Surgical management of breast cancer has drastically changed. Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) has now become a commonly used method for its treatment. Oncoplastic techniques are widely applied with satisfactory aesthetic results. We evaluated the aesthetic and oncological outcomes of BCS with glandular tissue displacement techniques.

Methods: Seventy-five patients with invasive breast cancer were surgically treated by oncoplastic techniques. Preoperative evaluations, including breast and tumor size, localizations and features, were performed by physical examination, imaging methods, and histopathological analysis. Appropriate volume displacement techniques were planned according to breast and tumor size and localization. Early and late aesthetic results were evaluated.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 54 years, and mean tumor size was 25?mm. Tumors were located in the upper–outer quadrant in 44% of patients. Glandular flaps were used in 55 (73%) patients. Racquet mammoplasty was the most preferred method. Nipple areolar complex (NAC) recentralization was performed in 26 (47.3%) of 55 patients with glandular tissue displacement. Therapeutic reduction mammoplasty was performed in 20 patients. All patients underwent adjuvant radiotherapy. After an average follow-up of 24 months, neither locoregional recurrence nor distant metastases were observed. Aesthetic results of the oncoplastic BCS method were very good in 54 (72%) patients.

Conclusion: Breast remodeling by glandular flap displacement after a wide local excision should be the primary aim in patients with breast cancer for better aesthetic outcomes. NAC recentralization is the primary component that could be considered for achieving better results. BCS associated with oncoplastic techniques allows wide excision of larger tumors and provides good and satisfactory aesthetic results at long-term follow-up.     

小腿岛状穿支蒂螺旋桨皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复足踝部复合组织缺损对比分析

目的:比较小腿岛状穿支蒂螺旋桨皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复足踝部复合组织缺损的疗效.方法:按照随机数字表法将2019年1月-12月笔者医院收治的40例足踝部复合组织缺损患者分为A组与B组,每组20例.A组患者采用小腿岛状穿支蒂螺旋桨皮瓣进行修复,B组患者采用股前外侧皮瓣进行修复,术后随访12个月.比较两组的手术时间、皮瓣愈合...