过敏性紫癜患儿肠道菌群结构及多样性研究

目的 探讨过敏性紫癜(HSP)患儿的肠道菌群结构及多样性变化和粪便菌群与黏膜菌群结构及多样性的差异.方法 收集47例过敏性紫癜患儿粪便样本和其中7例腹型患儿的结肠黏膜样本,以11例健康儿童粪便样本为对照,采用试剂盒提取法提取样本DNA并进行高通量测序,对测序结果进行生物学信息分析.结果 HSP患儿与健康儿童粪便菌群存在结构差异,在门水平两组均以厚壁菌门(47.10%、57.75%),变形菌门(23.04%、10.13%),拟杆菌门(22.81%、21.74%)为主要优势菌群,在科水平,均以肠杆菌科(17.60%、8.72%)、拟杆菌科(18.90%、21.65%)、瘤胃菌科(16.44%、28.93%)、毛螺菌科(11.55%、10.74%)有较高的丰度.HSP患儿粪便菌群中变形菌门、欧文氏菌属(从目到属)、拟杆菌属-uniformis种、巨单胞菌属、肠球菌属(从科到属)丰度高于对照组健康儿童,而双歧杆菌属(从目到属)、链球菌属(从目到属)、普拉梭菌种(从科到种)丰度低于对照组健康儿童.腹型患儿粪便菌群多样性高于黏膜菌群;在门水平,粪便菌群以厚壁菌门(53.64%)、变形菌门(33.65%)、拟杆菌门(9.24%)丰度较高,黏膜菌群以变形菌门(88.13%)丰度最高,在科水平,粪便菌群以肠杆菌科(27.18%)、瘤胃菌科(15.58%)、毛螺菌科(12.31%)为优势菌科,黏膜菌群以肠杆菌科(87.19%)为优势菌科;粪便菌群以双歧杆菌属(从门到属)、链球菌属(从门到属)、动性球菌科(从门到科)、丹毒丝菌科(从门到科)、梭菌科(从门到科)、瘤胃菌科(从门到科)、毛螺菌科(从门到科)为主要特征差异细菌种类,结肠黏膜菌群以欧文氏菌属(从门到属)为主要特征差异细菌种类.结论 HSP患儿粪便菌群病原菌或机会致病菌增多而有益菌减少,腹型HSP患儿黏膜菌群与粪便菌群存在结构和多样性差异.     

Intestinal flora during the first months of life: new perspectives

Increasing awareness that the human intestinal flora is a major factor in health and disease has led to different strategies to manipulate the flora to promote health. The complex microflora of the adult is difficult to change in the long term. There is greater impact of diet on the infant microflora. Manipulation of the flora particularly with probiotics has shown promising results in the prevention and treatment of diarrhoea and allergy. Before attempting to change the flora of the infant population in general, a greater understanding of the gut bacterial colonisation process is required. The critical stages of gut colonisation are after birth and during weaning. Lactic acid bacteria dominate the flora of the breast-fed infant. The formula-fed infant has a more diverse flora. The faeces of the breast-fed infant contain mainly acetic and lactic acid whereas the formula fed-infant has mainly acetic and propionic acid. Butyric acid is not a significant component in either group. The formula-fed infant also has higher faecal ammonia and other potentially harmful bacterial products. The composition of the microflora diversifies shortly before and particularly after weaning. The flora of the formula-fed infant develops more quickly than that of the breast-fed infant. Before embarking on any strategy to change the flora, the following questions should be considered: Should we retain a breast-fed style flora with limited ability to ferment complex carbohydrates? Can pro- and prebiotics achieve a flora with adult characteristics but with more lactic acid bacteria in weaned infants? Are there any health risks associated with such manipulations of the flora?     

Analysis of bacterial flora in dohyo soil

Objectives Sumo wrestling is one of the most popular sports in Japan. Injuries are not uncommon as this is a vigorous contact sport. Sumo wrestlers have little in the way of protective clothing; their main garb is the mawashi, making them prone to exposure to any microorganisms in the dohyo. The bacterial flora of the dohyo has received little attention. If the constituent flora is identified, then appropriate treatment or prevention of any bacterial lesions or infections incurred by the wrestlers is possible. Methods The Vitek AMS system used in this study was developed by McDonnell Douglas Corporation. In this system, the physiological and biochemical properties of Gram-positive and negative bacilli, Gram-positive and-negative cocci, and fungi isolated from clinical materials and environments are examined using test cards specifically for each microorganism group, and the results are automatically read by a computer and encoded. Obtained codes are compared with a built-in database, and bacterial species of test strains are identified. Results In this study, using the automatic identification kit VITEK or ATB, we describe the aerobic bacterial flora found in the dohyo over the four seasons of the year. We also investigated the effect of salt on the bacterial flora as sumo wrestlers toss salt on the dohyo before each match. We show the relationship between salinity changes and variations in the flora observed upon the addition of salt. Without salt, at the beginning of a match, Gram-negative bacteria predominate. When salt is added, there is a transient decrease in the incidence of flora followed by an increase in the incidence Grampositive cocci. Conclusions Sixteen bacterial genera were identified using the bacterial identification systems in dohyo soil samples during the year. The number of identified bacterial species was 32. Even in the presence of salt, there is a measurable amount of bacterial flora in dohyo soil; salt does not act as an antibacterial agent.     

Geobotanical studies on the island of Tanegashima (affinity of world property island Yakushima)

A list was drawn up of wild plants growing on Tanegashiama island that were identified in our field work, and the list was compared with the flora of the rest of Japan and the flora of Taiwan. There were 166 families and 1,218 species consisting of 23 families and 159 species of Pteridophyta, 4 families and 7 species of Gymnosperma, 113 families and 700 species of the dicotyledous Angiosperma, and 26 families and 353 species of monocotyledous Angiosperma. There are 229 families and 5,500 species of plants in Japan, 196 families and 3,019 species in Kyushu, and 228 families and 3,477 species in Taiwan. There are 11 species of endemic plants on Tanegashima and Yakushima, and the best known of them is Pinus armandii Francht. var. amamiana Hatsushima. There are 181 species of flora of flora limited to the northern element, including several important medicinal plants, such as Akebia quinata Decaisne and Zanthoxylum piperitum DC. The 69 species of flora limited to the southern element include several important tropical plants, such as Messerschmidia argentea Johnston and Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn. Most of these plants are distributed on both island, but some of are distributed only Tanegashima. We concluded that one of the temperate borderlines of Japanese flora in the temperate zone is the islands of Tokara. The flora of Tanegashima and Yakushima are having a closely affinity of plant species and having the rich plant species.     

中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2013年版)

糖尿病是全球面临的最普遍、最严重的公共健康问题之一,患病率急剧上升。糖尿病引发的心血管、眼、肾及神经系统等并发症增加了患者致残或致命的风险。共生细菌对人类健康具有重要意义,越来越多的研究表明肠道菌群与糖尿病的发生、发展密切相关。宿主基因、免疫系统、饮食与肠道菌群之间的关系不断被揭示,肠道菌群调节成为糖尿病治疗的有效措施。文章就2型糖尿病人群肠道菌群变化、诱发2型糖尿病的机制以及肠道菌群调节对2型糖尿病治疗进展进行综述。     

Role of intestinal flora in inflammatory bowel disease and probiotics place in their management

The pathogenic role of certain microorganism of intestinal flora has been demonstrated in experimental colitis in animals and strongly suspected in inflammatory bowel disease in human, especially in Crohn's disease and pouchitis. Probiotics are living non pathogenic microorganisms that, upon oral ingestion exert benefits on human health by modulating enteric flora or by stimulation of local immune system. The aim of this article is to remind the role of intestinal flora in inflammatory bowel disease, the mechanism of inflammation induced by this flora and to review through the literature, the different clinical studies performed with probiotics in human.     

2型糖尿病与肠道菌群相关性的研究进展

2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）是以胰岛素抵抗和慢性低水平炎症为特征的代谢性疾病,病因复杂,涉及遗传和环境因素。人体肠道菌群参与多种营养物质代谢,与T2DM的联系密切,影响人体健康。肠道菌群失调可能是T2DM的危险因素,肠道菌群特征随T2DM进展而变化,肠道菌群产物短链脂肪酸、吲哚、脂多糖和次级胆汁酸等均对T2DM有影响。本文从不同门类的肠道菌群、T2DM不同疾病进程的肠道特征以及肠道菌群代谢产物三方面阐述T2DM与肠道菌群的相关性,为T2DM防治提供新的线索。     

Probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease: from fads and fantasy to facts and future

Probiotic therapy is attracting the renewed interest of clinicians and basic investigators from a variety of traditional research disciplines. While the theoretical rationale for modifying the commensal flora of the gastrointestinal tract in specific circumstances appears sound and requires scientific pursuit, the field of probiotics has been clouded by exaggerated claims from some quarters. In general, many of the claims for therapeutic efficacy have not been well substantiated, but the field is now poised for evaluation within the realm of evidence-based medicine. Alterations in commensal bacterial flora within the gastrointestinal tract are associated with susceptibility to pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and there is persuasive evidence that the normal flora may participate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and other chronic diseases in genetically susceptible individuals. This has prompted various strategies to fortify or otherwise modify the enteric flora by dietary supplements containing probiotic formulations. Detailed comparisons of probiotic performance amongst different bacterial strains have not been performed in vivo in man or under clinical trial conditions, and the level of scientific characterisation of individual organisms has been variable. In addition, it cannot be assumed that the same probiotic is equally suitable for all individuals. Moreover, the heterogeneity of clinical disorders such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis implies that strain-specific properties may be required for subset-specific categories of patients. While cocktails of probiotics offer convenience, therapeutic progress may require clarification of the mechanism of probiotic action and may be delayed until individual bacterial components have been rigorously studied. More importantly, the full potential of therapeutic manipulation of the enteric flora with probiotics or other strategies may not be optimally realised until the composition and metabolic activities of the normal flora are better understood.     

肠道菌群与孤独症谱系障碍的研究进展

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种主要症状为社会交往障碍、重复刻板行为及狭隘兴趣为特征的神经发育障碍性疾病。病因极为复杂,目前集中在遗传及环境因素两大方面。由于发病机制不明,尚无有效的治疗方法。随着对ASD研究的深入,发现ASD患儿普遍存在胃肠道疾病及肠道菌群的改变。最近的研究显示,肠道神经系统和中枢神经系统之间存在双向互动,称之为微生物-肠-脑轴。肠道菌群通过神经内分泌、神经免疫和肠道神经系统调控大脑功能,进而影响大脑发育和行为。故肠道菌群的失衡可能与ASD的发生有关。本文将总结至今肠道菌群对ASD的作用和相关治疗进展。     

Wound infection under occlusive dressings.

It is often supposed that occlusive dressings potentiate wound infection. However, even though heavy colonization by skin and wound flora is often seen under certain types of occlusion, clinical infection is not a frequent occurrence. Commensal wound flora consists of a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and fungi which do not appear to be detrimental to healing. Certain aspects of wound healing may in fact be promoted by bacterial colonization, although clinical infection can lead to wound breakdown and systemic infection. Wounds compromised by devitalized tissue, drains or sutures are more susceptible than clean wounds to clinical infection. Occlusive dressings may help prevent infection by presenting a barrier to potential pathogens, and hydrocolloid occlusive dressings have been shown to prevent dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The rate of clinical infection as deduced from published trials of dressings is lower under occlusion than when non-occlusive dressings are used, and this is likely to be a result of normal activity of the host defences under occlusive dressings.     

Bioecological control of inflammatory bowel disease

It is today generally accepted, that the intestinal bacterial flora is deeply involved in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), although the exact presence of unwanted or lack of specific crucial bacteria are not yet known. Westerners lack to large extent important immunomodulatory and fibre-fermenting lactic acid bacteria (LAB), bacteria which are present in all with a more primitive rural lifestyle. Acute reduction of flora is observed in disease, including IBD, as well as in mental and physical stress. Some observations suggest the mucosa has lost its ability of holding back the pathogenic flora and prevent close contacts between resident microflora and the epithelial surface. Among the manifestations of IBD are increased inflammation and coagulability, impaired cellular membrane function, exaggerated nitric oxide production and impaired short-chain fatty acid production. Animal studies suggest, in addition to reduced flora, an intimate association with immunostimulatory DNA, malfunctioning trifoil factors, increased splanchnic metabolism and reduced availability of natural antioxidants. Treatment with plant fibres, antioxidants and sometimes probiotics have had limited success. The most dramatic effects are seen in the few cases where total faecal replacement (TFR) has been tried. The general experience this far is that the best effects are obtained with compositions of probiotics rather than with single LAB treatments.     

Binding to and antibacterial effect of ampicillin, neomycin and polymyxin B on human faeces.

Neomycin and polymyxin B, used during selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract, were studied for their effect on the human faecal flora in vitro. The selective effect was found to be associated with a relative insusceptibility of the obligate anaerobic flora as compared with the facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods (Escherichia coli). Both neomycin and polymyxin B were bound by human faeces, in contrast to ampicillin. The results may explain the selective effect of neomycin and polymyxin B on the human flora in vivo.     

肠道菌群失调与肥胖关系的研究进展

随着经济水平的快速发展以及人们生活水平的提高,肥胖人群所占比例越来越高.肥胖不仅给人们的生活带来不便,同时也对身体健康产生不利影响.肥胖与糖尿病、心脑血管病等一些代谢相关性疾病的发生息息相关.所以,人们一旦身体肥胖,其他疾病的发生风险就会增加,严重影响了人们的身体健康.近年来大量研究发现,肠道菌群失调与肥胖的发生密切相...     

Binding to and antibacterial effect of ampicillin, neomycin and polymyxin B on human faeces

Neomycin and polymyxin B, used during selective decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract, were studied for their effect on the human faecal flora in vitro. The selective effect was found to be associated with a relative insusceptibility of the obligate anaerobic flora as compared with the facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods (Escherichia coli). Both neomycin and polymyxin B were bound by human faeces, in contrast to ampicillin. The results may explain the selective effect of neomycin and polymyxin B on the human flora in vivo.     

Microbial organisms carried by brown-banded cockroaches in relation to their spatial distribution in a hospital

A simultaneous study of cockroach (Supella supellectilium) distribution and of associated carried bacterial flora has been made in the main hospital in Rennes (France). Wild cockroaches carry a high number of bacterial species that can be related to the normal environmental flora and a contaminant flora acquired from particular environments. The diversity of carried bacterial species reveals a proximity factor between continguous floors of the building which leads us to suppose that cockroaches are able to forage from one floor to the other.     

A bacteriological survey of washrooms and toilets.

A survey of the bacterial flora present at various positions in 130 male and female washrooms and toilets is reported. Several bacteria of faecal origin were found in large numbers: the areas likely to be the most important sources of cross-infection from faecal contamination are indicated. The results are used to assess priorities for disinfection.     

蒙古族儿童肠道菌群结构特征分析

比较不同体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)蒙古族儿童肠道菌群结构特征,为蒙古族儿童消化代谢研究提供基础数据.方法 采用整群抽样方法,调查包头市某地区712岁蒙古族儿童410名,严格按照纳入标准并进行同年龄和同性别1∶1匹配,筛选出肥胖、超重和正常体重儿童各30名为研究对象,采用试剂盒法提取研究对象粪便基因组DNA,通过聚合酶链式反应变性梯度凝胶电泳(poclymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCRDGGE)分析不同BMI分组蒙古族儿童肠道菌群的多样性,进而通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)对肠道内优势菌群脆弱拟杆菌属、梭菌属、双歧杆菌属和乳杆菌属进行定量检测.结果 PCR-DGGE电泳图谱显示,不同BMI分组的蒙古族儿童肠道菌群构成差异有统计学意义.肥胖组细菌群落丰富度(7.40±0.55)低于正常体重组(11.00±1.22)和超重组(12.40±2.51)(F=14.71,P<0.05);肥胖组香农多样性指数(1.92±0.07)低于正常体重组(2.29±0.10)和超重组(2.33±0.21)(F=15.08,P<0.05).real-time PCR结果显示,随着BMI增大,蒙古族儿童肠道内脆弱拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属的数量呈递减趋势,而梭菌属的数量呈递增趋势(F值分别为3.99,6.84,6.82,P值均<0.05);乳杆菌属的数量在蒙古族肥胖组、超重组和正常体重组儿童之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 不同BMI分组的蒙古族儿童肠道菌群构成存在差异.肠道菌群可能参与了蒙古族儿童肥胖的发生发展过程.     

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征肠道菌谱分析

目的 分析新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)患儿肠道菌群结构变化的特征,为临床应用益生菌进行NRDS辅助治疗提供理论基础。方法 选择2020年1—5月因NRDS在济南市中心医院新生儿科住院治疗的早产儿15例为NRDS组。同时选择在本科排除NRDS诊断的早产儿15例作为对照组。收集研究对象的临床资料、血浆标本和粪便标本,提取粪便 DNA,进行高通量16S rRNA基因测序,并进行生物信息学分析,比较两组间肠道菌群的差异。结果 1)与对照组相比,NRDS组肠道菌群在种、属、科、目、纲、门各水平细菌分类OTU数均较少;2)β多样性分析说明 NRDS组和对照组新生儿肠道菌群结构存在明显差异;3)“科”水平上,肠杆菌科在NRDS组富集(Z＝2.78,P=0.009);“门”水平上,厚壁菌门在对照组中富集(Z＝2.18,P=0.021)、变形菌门在NRDS组富集(Z＝2.02,P=0.014)。结论 NRDS患儿存在肠道菌群生态失衡,并且菌群物种的丰富度及多样性降低;NRDS患儿与正常早产儿肠道菌群结构分布存在明显差异。     

Binding to and antibacterial effect of aztreonam, temocillin, gentamicin and tobramycin on human faeces.

Aztreonam, temocillin, gentamicin and tobramycin were studied for their effect on the human faecal flora in vitro and for their usefulness for selective decontamination (SD) of the gastrointestinal tract. The sensitivities of the obligately anaerobic flora and the Gram-negative facultatively anaerobic bacteria were determined and the ratio was expressed as SD factor. The high SD factor of the flora from most subjects for aztreonam and tobramycin indicates that the drugs are useful for SD in contrast to temocillin and gentamicin. Binding to and subsequent release of tobramycin from faeces are presumed to facilitate the maintenance of adequate concentrations in the intestine despite the discontinuous intake.     

Binding to and antibacterial effect of aztreonam, temocillin, gentamicin and tobramycin on human faeces

Aztreonam, temocillin, gentamicin and tobramycin were studied for their effect on the human faecal flora in vitro and for their usefulness for selective decontamination (SD) of the gastrointestinal tract. The sensitivities of the obligately anaerobic flora and the Gram-negative facultatively anaerobic bacteria were determined and the ratio was expressed as SD factor. The high SD factor of the flora from most subjects for aztreonam and tobramycin indicates that the drugs are useful for SD in contrast to temocillin and gentamicin. Binding to and subsequent release of tobramycin from faeces are presumed to facilitate the maintenance of adequate concentrations in the intestine despite the discontinuous intake.