双道原子荧光光谱法同时测定福建宁德大黄鱼中砷和汞

目的:建立大黄鱼中砷汞的微波消解氢化物原子荧光光谱同时测定方法。方法:样品经微波消解,在硫脲—抗坏血酸—盐酸体系中,用硼氢化钾作还原剂,采用氢化物原子荧光光谱法同时测定。结果:砷浓度在0~20μg/L的范围内线性良好,相关系数r=0.9997,方法检出限为0.057μg/L,样品检出限5.7μg/kg,相对标准偏差0.88%~2.38%,回收率95.6%~98.6%;汞浓度在0~2.0μg/L的范围内线性良好,相关系数r=0.9999,方法检出限为0.004μg/L,样品检出限0.4μg/kg,相对标准偏差0.91%~1.58%,回收率92.0%~96.0%。结论:方法灵敏度高,准确度好,精密度高,干扰少,简便适用,适合大黄鱼中砷汞的同时测定。     

双道原子荧光法测定涉水塑料管材浸泡液中的砷和锑

目的探讨同时测定涉水塑料管材浸泡液中砷、锑的方法，以提高工作效率。方法采用氢化物发生-原子荧光法进行测定。砷、锑灯电流均为60mA，负高压280V，介质酸度8％，硼氢化钾浓度1．0％。结果砷在0～80μg/L范围内线性良好，相关系数0．9995，检出限0．074μg/L，相对标准偏差1．43％～3．14％，回收率94．7％～100．5％；锑在0～40μg/L范围内线性良好，相关系数0．9996，检出限0．17μg/L，相对标准偏差1．34％～2．75％，回收率91．3％-107．0％。结论此法适用于涉水塑料管材中砷和锑的同时测定。     

连续测定化妆品中微量汞、砷、铅的方法研究

目的：建立一种快速消解法消化样品并能连续测定化妆品中汞、砷、铅的方法。方法：应用微波消解法消化样品，氢化物-原子荧光光谱法连续测定化妆品同一试样中汞、砷、铅。结果：在经过优化的实验条件下。汞、砷、铅的检出限分别为0．005、0．08、0．2μg／L；本方法取样0．5g，稀释62．5倍，汞、砷、铅的最低检测浓度分别为0．6、10．0、30．6μg／kg，测定化妆品中汞、砷、铅的荧光强度与其浓度的线性范围分别为0-2．5、0-50和0-50μg/L。得到3种元素的回收率在90％-102％之间，相对标准偏差小于或等于2％，方法操作更为简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高。结论：化妆品中微量汞、砷、铅可以用微波消解-氢化物原子荧光光谱法连续测定。     

氢化物原子荧光法测定水中砷

[目的]应用氢化物原子荧光法测定水中砷含量的方法。[方法]样品处理后以氢化物原子荧光法测定。[结果]本方法检出限为1．0μg／L,在0～20．0μg／L范围内,线性关系良好,r=0．9996,回收率98．3％～100．2％。[结论]本法操作简便、快速,适合测定水中砷。     

微波消解-氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定珍珠粉中砷

目的：建立微波消解氢化物原子荧光法测定珍珠粉中砷的分析方法。方法：样品经微波消解，用原子荧光光谱法测定砷含量。结果：方法检出限为0．013mg／kg，线性范围2—20μg／L，相关系数r=0．9999，相对标准偏差为4．1％-6．9％，加标回收率为93．3％-97．1％。结论：该法消解效果好，检出限低，线性范围宽，精密度好，准确性高。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定保健食品中砷和锑

目的：研究了氢化物-原子荧光光谱法测定保健食品中砷和锑的适宜条件，研究了酸介质和还原剂的用量对测定砷和锑的影响，选择了仪器的最佳工作条件及氢化物发生条件，探讨了生成氢化物元素及常见元素对测定的干扰情况。方法：采用氢化物-原子荧光光谱法进行测定。结果：在测定条件下，砷的线性范围为0～80μg／L，r=0．9998，检出限为0．6μg／L，回收率在96．9％～110．7％之间，精密度（RSD）为9．3％；锑的线性范围为0～80μg／L，r=0．9999，检出限为0．27μg／L，回收率在89．2％～110．6％之间，精密度（RSD）为2．69％。用该法测定了标准物质茶叶中砷和锑的含量以进行比较，结果与推荐值相吻合。结论：方法快速、准确，应用于保健食品中砷和锑的检测，获得较满意结果。     

微波消解—双道原子荧光光谱法同时测定水产品中砷和汞

目的:建立微波消解—原子荧光光谱法同时测定水产品中砷和汞的方法。方法:采用微波消解方法,双道原子荧光光谱法同时测定水产品中砷和汞的含量。结果:砷与汞的线性范围分别为0.04~200μg/L,0.01~100μg/L;相关系数分别为r=0.9998,r=0.9999;砷回收率为95.7%~98.4%,相对标准偏差为1.75%~3.41%,检出限为0.04μg/L;汞回收率为92.5%~97.9%,相对标准偏差为1.77%~2.77%,检出限为0.01μg/L。结论:微波消解—双道原子荧光光谱法测定水产品中砷和汞,方法灵敏度高,操作简便快速,结果准确可靠。     

原子荧光光谱法同时测定水产品中砷和硒

目的建立氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定水产品中砷和硒的方法。方法样品采用硝酸-硫酸-过氧化氢消解体系进行湿法消化,优化实验条件,利用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定水产品中砷和硒。结果砷的线性范围为0.48~10μg/L,r=0.999 9,回收率为97.35%~100.74%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.25%~3.28%;硒的线性范围为0.21/L~10μg/L,r=0.999 7,回收率为99.35%~101.32%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.33%~5.40%。结论测定方法简单快捷,结果准确,适合于水产品中砷和硒的同时测定。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定尿中砷和汞

目的建立氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定尿中砷和汞[1]的方法。方法尿样经微波消解消化处理后,用氢化物发生双通道原子荧光光谱法同时测定尿中砷和汞的浓度。结果本方法中砷和汞的浓度分别在(0.00-100.0)μg/L和(0.00-80.0)μg/L的范围内有良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为r As=0.999 5和r Hg=0.999 2,方法检出限分别为As:0.28μg/L、Hg:0.045μg/L,相对标准偏差分别为0.44%~1.82%、1.11%~2.36%,回收率分别在95.50%~99.52%和94.70%~102.0%之间。结论用该法同时测定尿中砷和汞是准确可靠、操作简便、快捷、可行的,适合职业体检等大批量样本的检测分析。     

AFS-230E原子荧光法测定饲料添加剂中的砷

目的：氢化物原子荧光光度法测定饲料添加剂中的砷。方法：AFS-230E原子荧光光度法。结果：砷的检测线性范围为0-40μg/L,相关系数r=0.9996,检出限为0.087μg/L,线性方程Y=135.37X-20.23,相对标准偏差为1.99%-3.91%,回收率为97.5%-101.5%。结论：该方法进样体积小,灵敏度高,有效降低样品基体干扰。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.