紫菜多糖对小鼠免疫功能影响的研究

[目的]观察紫菜多糖对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。[方法]分别经口给予实验小鼠500、1000、2000mg/kg.bw3个剂量的紫菜多糖。30d后,测定小鼠脏器/体重比值、细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、单核-巨噬细胞功能、NK细胞活性和白介素-2的值。[结果]各剂量组对小鼠胸腺/体重比值、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的能力、小鼠NK细胞活力和小鼠血清溶血素水平均无影响;500和2000mg/kg.bw剂量组能升高小鼠脾/体重比值;2000mg/kg.bw剂量组的紫菜多糖能明显增强DNFB诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应、增强ConA诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、能促进抗体生成细胞的生成,并能促进体液细胞白介素2数值的增加;1000、2000mg/kg.bw剂量组使碳廓清能力增强。[结论]紫菜多糖具有增强小鼠免疫功能作用。     

油菜蜂花粉对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 观察油菜蜂花粉对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法 分别经口给予Balb／c小鼠165、330、660mg／kg BW三个剂量组的油菜蜂花粉和蒸馏水对照组30d。分别测定小鼠非特异性免疫功能、细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能。结果 经测试发现油菜蜂花粉各剂量组对小鼠脏器／体重比值均无影响；660mg／kg BW剂量组能增强ConA诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖能力；330、660mg／kg BW剂量组均能明显提高迟发型变态反应水平、促进抗体生成细胞的生成、升高小鼠血清溶血素抗体水平、增强小鼠碳廓清能力，并能明显增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的能力以及增强小鼠NK细胞活力。结论油菜蜂花粉具有增强小鼠免疫功能作用。     

灵芝多糖对小鼠免疫功能影响的实验研究

[目的]探讨灵芝多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响。[方法]实验动物采用清洁级ICR近交系雌性小鼠。以0.14、0.28、0.84、1.68g/kg.bw设4个剂量组,另设一个蒸馏水对照组。小鼠按体重经口灌胃30d,分别测定小鼠胸腺指数、脾指数,进行脾淋巴细胞转化实验,迟发型变态反应实验,抗体生成细胞检测,血清溶血素的测定,小鼠碳廓清测定,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验及NK细胞活性的测定。[结果]与蒸馏水对照组相比,在细胞免疫功能方面,受试物0.84g/kg.bw剂量组对ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力明显增强;0.84、1.68g/kg.bw剂量组DNFB诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应明显增强(P<0.05)。在体液免疫功能方面,0.84g/kg.bw剂量组明显促进小鼠抗体生成细胞的生成,而各剂量组小鼠血清溶血素水平无明显差异;在单核-巨噬细胞吞噬功能方面,受试物0.84、1.68g/kg.bw剂量小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞吞噬率明显提高,0.28g/kg.bw剂量组吞噬指数明显提高;0.84g/kg.bw剂量组对小鼠碳廓清能力明显提高(P<0.05);在NK细胞活性方面,0.84、1.68g/kg.bw剂量组NK细胞活性亦有明显升高(P<0.05)。[结论]灵芝多糖具有增强免疫力作用。     

灵芝牛初乳复合胶囊增强小鼠免疫功能的研究

目的：探讨灵芝牛初乳复合胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：200只雌性ICR小鼠随机分为4组,即低、中、高剂量组和溶剂对照组,分别给予75mg／kg、150mg／kg、450mg／kg的灵芝牛初乳复合胶囊,溶剂对照组给予蒸馏水,连续灌胃30d后,分别检测以下指标,脏器／体重比值、24h足跖肿胀度、脾淋巴细胞增殖能力,溶血空斑数、半数溶血值,碳廓清能力、鸡红细胞吞噬率与吞噬指数及NK细胞活性。结果：灵芝牛初乳复合胶囊可增强DNFB引起的小鼠迟发性变态反应和小鼠淋巴细胞增殖能力,提高小鼠B细胞抗体生成和血清溶血素能力,还可增强小鼠NK细胞活性;各剂量组灵芝牛初乳复合胶囊对小鼠体重、免疫器官／体重比值、小鼠碳廓清能力和小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞能力均无明显影响（P〉0．05）。结论：灵芝牛初乳复合胶囊对正常小鼠免疫功能具有明显增强作用。     

环磷酰胺对小鼠免疫抑制的动物模型建立

[目的]建立肿瘤化疗免疫抑制动物模型，为建立保健食品减轻化疗毒副作用功能的评价方法提供科学依：活。[方法]给予C57BL／6J正常小鼠和荷瘤小鼠腹腔内注射不同剂量的环磷酰胺(CP)，隔日连续腹腔注射4—5次，观察：对小鼠免疫学指标及肝肾功能的影响。[结果]正常小鼠和荷瘤小鼠腹腔注射20、50、100me／kg体重的CP后，各剂量组均出现不同程度的免疫抑制和肝肾功能损伤。①正常小鼠20mg／kg体重以上剂量组，白细胞计数、抗体生成细胞以及巨噬细胞功能显著下降，谷草转氨酶(AST)升高；50mg／kg体重剂量组的脾脏指数下降；50mg／kg体重以上剂量组天然杀伤细胞(NK)细胞活性均出现显著下降，以及谷丙转氨酶、尿素的升高。②荷瘤小鼠20mg／kg体重以上剂量组白细胞计数、巨噬细胞功能显著下降，50mg／kg体重以上剂量组脾脏指数、NK细胞活性、抗体生成细胞功能均出现显著下降，以及谷草转氨酶、各丙转氨酶、尿素的升高。③正常小鼠注射60mg／kg体重的CP后，血清白细胞介素-2及肿瘤坏死因子均出现显著下降；荷瘤小鼠注射60mg／kg体重的CP后，血清白细胞介素．2出现显著下降。[结论]给予C47BL／6J正常小鼠和荷瘤小鼠腹腔注射20-50mg／kg体重的CP，隔日连续45次，即可建立免疫抑制动物模型。建议采用正常小鼠免疫抑制模型。     

蜂胶对小鼠免疫功能影响的实验研究

目的 探讨蜂胶软胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法 用清洁级ICR近交系雌性小鼠,以0.08、0.17、0.50 g/kg·BW设3个剂量组,大豆油溶剂为对照组.按体重经口灌胃30 d,分别测定小鼠胸腺指数、脾指数,进行脾淋巴细胞转化和迟发型变态反应实验,检测抗体生成细胞和血清溶血素,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞实验和碳廓清及NK细胞活性测定.结果 与对照组相比,0.50 g/kg·BW剂量组能明显增强ConA诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖能力,提高迟发型变态反应能力,血清溶血素水平和碳廓清能力也明显提高;0.17、0.50 g/kg·BW剂量组能明显促进抗体生成细胞的生成,增强NK细胞活性.结论 蜂胶具有增强免疫力作用.     

人参天麻蜂王浆口服液免疫作用的实验研究

[目的]了解人参天麻蜂王浆口服液对小鼠免疫功能的影响。[方法]经连续经口给药30d，对小鼠进行碳廓清能力、迟发型变态反应、血清溶血素、抗体生成细胞、脾淋巴细胞增殖转化能力、NK细胞活性和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞等指标的测定。[结果]低剂量组小鼠胸腺指数高于对照组；高剂量组能提高二硝基苯氟苯（DNFB）诱导的小鼠迟发型变态反应能力，增强小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖转化能力，提高血清溶血素的水平，促进抗体生成细胞的生成，提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬指数及增强NK细胞的活性；而对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬率、碳廓清吞噬指数均无影响。[结论]人参天麻蜂王浆口服液的功效成分10-羟基-2-癸烯酸和人参皂甙是较强的免疫调节功效因子，具有增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

微胶囊化番茄红素片对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究微胶囊化的番茄红素片剂对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法按照卫生部《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》中增强免疫力功能的检验方法,以某品牌微胶囊化番茄红素片为样品,将实验小鼠按体重随机分为5批,每批4组,每组10只,分别进行小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化试验和自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性测定、二硝基氟苯诱导小鼠迟发性变态反应(DTH)试验、抗体生成细胞检测和血清溶血素测定、小鼠碳廓清试验、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞试验。每批小鼠均分为溶剂(纯净水)对照组、低剂量组(83mg/kg b.w)、中剂量组(167mg/kg b.w)、高剂量组(500mg/kg b.w),各剂量组小鼠连续灌胃30d后测定各项指标,实验前后称体重,研究微胶囊化番茄红素片对小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果低、中、高剂量组小鼠的NK细胞活性均高于对照组(P0.05)。低、中剂量能促进ConA诱导的小鼠淋巴细胞转化能力(P0.01,P0.05),提高抗体生成细胞数(P0.05)。在受试剂量下番茄红素片对小鼠迟发型变态反应、半数溶血值、小鼠碳廓清能力、巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的能力无影响(P0.05)。结论微胶囊化的番茄红素片在适宜剂量下具有增强小鼠免疫力的功能。     

蜂灵胶囊调节小鼠免疫功能作用的实验研究

目的 探讨蜂灵胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用.方法 以小鼠为实验对象,分别以100、200、400mg/kgBW 3个剂量组的蜂灵胶囊给予小鼠灌胃30～35天,进行脾淋巴细胞转化、迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞、血清溶血素、碳廓清、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞、NK细胞活性等7项免疫指标的测定.结果各剂量组的各项检测结果与阴性对照组比较,均能刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞增值、转化作用,促进小鼠迟发型变态反应,提高小鼠抗体生成细胞数和血清溶血素水平,增强小鼠的单核-腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬和碳廓清能力,但对小鼠NK细胞活性功能无明显作用.结论 提示蜂灵胶囊具有增强小鼠免疫功能作用.     

黄芪胶囊增强免疫力的实验研究

目的 探讨黄芪胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用.方法 以小鼠为实验对象,分别以200、400、800 mg/kgBW 3个剂量组的黄芪胶囊给予小鼠灌胃30～35天后,进行脾淋巴细胞转化、迟发型变态反应、抗体生成细胞、血清溶血素、碳廓清、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞、NK细胞活性等7项免疫指标的测定.结果 各剂量组的各项检测结果与阴性对照组比,均能刺激小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖、转化作用;促进小鼠迟发型变态反应作用;提高小鼠抗体生成细胞数和血清溶血素水平,增强小鼠的单核-腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬和碳廓清能力,但对小鼠NK细胞活性功能无明显作用.结论 提示黄芪胶囊具有增强小鼠免疫功能作用.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.