丹参-红花药对配伍前后对大鼠肝药酶亚型CYP1A2、CYP2E1和CYP3A4活性的影响

目的 研究丹参、红花药对配伍前后对大鼠肝药酶亚型CYP1A2、CYP2E1和CYP3A4活性的影响。方法 分别选用咖啡因、氯唑沙宗和咪达唑仑作为CYP1A2、CYP2E1和CYP3A4的探针药物。将大鼠随机分为4组,即空白对照组、丹参（1.2 g生药/kg）组、红花（0.4 g生药/kg）组、丹参（1.2 g生药/kg）+红花（0.4 g生药/kg）组,按上述剂量ig给药7 d。于末次给药后30 min,尾iv探针药物咖啡因、氯唑沙宗和咪达唑仑溶液,在不同的时间点取血进行检测;以甲硝唑为内标,采用HPLC法检测探针药物咖啡因、氯唑沙宗和咪达唑仑的量,评价各药物组对大鼠CYP3A4、CYP2E1和CYP1A2活性的影响。结果 与空白对照组比较,丹参组咖啡因、氯唑沙宗和咪达唑仑的清除率（CL）有所增强,曲线下面积（AUC）减少,其半衰期（t_1/2）有减少趋势,但差异均不显著;红花组咖啡因和氯唑沙宗的CL有所降低,但差异不显著,咪达唑仑的CL显著降低（P<0.01）,氯唑沙宗的AUC增加,但差异不显著,咖啡因和咪达唑仑的AUC明显增加（P<0.05、0.01）;丹参+红花组咖啡因和氯唑沙宗的CL明显降低（P<0.05）,曲线下面积（AUC）明显增加（P<0.05）,其t_1/2有延长趋势,但差异不显著。结论 丹参、红花配伍后对CYP450亚型CYP1A2和CYP2E1有抑制作用,这可能是丹参、红花配伍协同增效的作用机制之一。     

复方银杏叶胶囊对肝损伤大鼠CYP2E1、CYP3A4的影响

目的研究复方银杏叶胶囊(CGB)对酒精性肝损伤大鼠CYP2E1、CYP3A4活性的影响。方法正常组和酒精性肝损伤模型组均以CGB[(250 mg/(kg.d)]灌胃,分别在灌胃CGB前及灌胃1周后,灌胃探针药氯唑沙宗(50 mg/kg)及氨苯砜(20 mg/kg),于探针药灌后24 h内不同时间点采血,测定各探针药血药浓度。结果灌胃CGB前,模型组氯唑沙宗和氨苯砜的AUC0-24、Cmax均显著低于正常组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。灌胃CGB后,模型组氯唑沙宗和氨苯砜的AUC0-24、Cmax均较灌胃前显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);且氯唑沙宗的t1/2灌胃CGB后明显高于灌胃前(P<0.05)。结论 CGB能够明显抑制酒精性肝损伤大鼠CYP2E1、CYP3A4酶活性。     

酒精性肝损伤大鼠细胞色素P450 CYP2E1和细胞色素P450 CYP3A的代谢活性

目的观察酒精性肝损伤对大鼠细胞色素P450CYP3A(CYP3A)和细胞色素P450CYP2E1(CYP2E1)代谢活性的影响。方法采用ig给予白酒制备大鼠酒精性肝损伤模型,检测血清中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性,采用HE染色法光镜下观测酒精对肝脏损伤程度。大鼠ip给予CYP3A探针药物咪达唑仑10mg·kg-1或ig给予CYP2E1探针药物氯唑沙宗50mg·kg-1后,采用高效液相色谱法测定不同时间点大鼠血浆中咪达唑仑和氯唑沙宗的血药浓度,并应用3P87软件计算其药代动力学参数,以考察CYP2E1和CYP3A的代谢活性的变化。大鼠ig给予氯唑沙宗80mg·kg-1后,热板方法测定大鼠添足次数和添足反射潜伏期。结果酒精性肝损伤可致大鼠肝小叶结构不清,肝索排列紊乱,肝细胞体积增大,呈弥漫性中度水变性,肝窦受压,大部分肝细胞胞浆内见大小不等的脂肪空泡;与正常对照组相比,酒精性肝损伤组大鼠GPT和GOT活性分别增加了16.0%和20.0%(P<0.05,P<0.01)。酒精性肝损伤致大鼠CYP2E1对探针药物氯唑沙宗的代谢活性增强,AUC,t1/2和cmax分别降低了38.0%,30.5%和35.0%(P<0.05);酒精肝损伤组大鼠氯唑沙宗镇痛效果明显降低;酒精性肝损伤致大鼠CYP3A对探针药物咪达唑仑的代谢活性增强,AUC,t1/2和cmax分别降低了122.6%,54.9%和56.9%(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论酒精性肝损伤可使大鼠CYP2E1和CYP3A代谢活性增强。     

Cocktail法研究脉络宁注射液对大鼠CYP1A2、CYP2E1和CYP3A4活性的影响

目的：研究脉络宁注射液对大鼠CYP1A2、CYP2E1和CYP3A4活性的影响。方法：14只大鼠随机均分成临床等效剂量组和高剂量组,连续2周静脉给予脉络宁注射液（临床等效剂量纽,2mL／kg;高剂量组,4mL／kg）前后,均同时灌胃给予3个探针底物（茶碱,30mg／kg;氯唑沙宗,50rag／kg;氨苯砜,20mg/kg）,进行采血试验。用HPLC法同时测定大鼠体内各探针的血药浓度,DAS1．0软件计算药动学参数,并以配对t检验对各组大鼠前后两轮主要药动学参数进行差异性比较。结果：在1个给药疗程（14d）内,临床等效剂量组大鼠用药前后,3个探针的药动学参数均无显著性变化（P〉0．05）;高剂量组大鼠用药后,与用药前相比,茶碱的药动学参数没有显著变化（P〉0．05）;氨苯砜和氯唑沙宗的AUC0-24h均有升高趋势（P〈0．05）,给药后分别是给药前的1．44倍和1．28倍,同时氯唑沙宗的CL显著降低（P〈0．05）。结论：临床等效剂量脉络宁对大鼠CYP1A2、CYP2E1和CYP3A4活性均无显著影响,而高剂量脉络宁对大鼠CYP2E1和CYP3A4均有弱抑制作用。     

速效救心丸对大鼠体内CYP450酶活性影响的研究

目的采用Cocktail探针药物法研究速效救心丸对大鼠体内药物代谢酶CYP2E1和CYP3A4的影响,为临床用药提供参考。方法 Wistar大鼠,随机分为,①实验组:灌胃给予速效救心丸(给药体积0.5mL/100g,给药剂量64.8mg·kg-1);②对照组:灌胃给予等体积的纤维素钠混悬液。采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定探针底物氯唑沙宗和咪达唑仑的血药浓度,计算其药代动力学参数,考察大鼠体内CYP2E1及CYP3A4酶的活性。结果实验组氯唑沙宗的代谢无显著性差异,咪达唑仑的代谢明显减慢。结论速效救心丸对大鼠的CYP2E1酶活性无明显影响,对CYP3A4酶活性有抑制作用。     

雷公藤多苷片对大鼠药物代谢酶CYP2E1和CYP3A4活性的影响

目的:研究雷公藤多苷片对大鼠CYP450亚型酶CYP2E1和CYP3A4活性的影响方法:16只Wistar大鼠随机分成2组,每组8只,实验组给予雷公藤多苷片(1 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,ig,qd),对照组给予同体积的纤维素钠空白溶剂,连续给药10d后同时静脉给予探针药物氯唑沙宗(5 mg·kg^-1)和咪达唑仑(2 mg·kg^-1)。HPLC法测定两个探针药物的血药浓度,计算其药物动力学参数,评价CYP450亚型酶CYP2E1和CYP3A4的活性。结果:与对照组比较,实验组的氯唑沙宗主要药物动力学参数无明显变化（P>0.05）,而咪达唑仑的CL和AUC较对照组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:雷公藤多苷片对大鼠的CYP2E1酶活性无明显影响,对CYP3A4酶活性有一定的抑制作用。     

紫花高乌头总碱对吗啡依赖大鼠CYP2E1代谢活力的影响

目的:观察紫花高乌头总碱对吗啡依赖大鼠CYP2E1代谢活力的影响。方法:采用剂量递增法建立吗啡依赖大鼠模型,注射纳洛酮催促产生戒断症状,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定经CYP2E1代谢的探针药物氯唑沙宗血药浓度经时变化。结果:吗啡依赖可致大鼠CYP2E1对探针药物氯唑沙宗的代谢活性增强,催促戒断可致体重减轻,CYP2E1对探针药物氯唑沙宗的代谢活性进一步增强。紫花高乌头总碱可降低大鼠的戒断反应症状分值,控制大鼠的体重下降,下调吗啡依赖所致的CYP2E1的代谢活性增强。结论:紫花高乌头总碱可抑制吗啡依赖大鼠的戒断症状,使吗啡依赖及其催促戒断后增高的CYP2E1代谢活力下调。     

黄葵胶囊对大鼠CYP450酶的影响

目的：研究黄葵胶囊对大鼠CYP1A2、CYP2E1、CYP3A4活性的影响。方法：14只大鼠随机均分成临床等效剂量组和高剂量组,连续2周灌胃给予黄葵胶囊（临床等效剂量组,0.75 g/kg;高剂量组,2 g/kg）前后,均同时灌胃给予3个探针底物（茶碱,30 mg/kg;氨苯砜,20 mg/kg;氯唑沙宗,50 mg/kg）,采血测定。用HPLC法同时测定大鼠体内各探针的血药浓度,DAS1.0软件计算药动学参数,并以配对t检验对两组大鼠前后两轮主要药动学参数进行差异性比较。结果：临床等效剂量组大鼠给药后,与给药前相比,茶碱、氨苯砜和氯唑沙宗的药动学参数无统计学变化（P〉0.05）;高剂量组大鼠给药后,氨苯砜的AUC0-24h与给药前相比,有降低趋势（P〈0.05）,是给药前的0.63倍;氯唑沙宗的AUC0-24h与给药前相比,有升高趋势（P〈0.05）,是给药前的1.75倍。结论：临床等效剂量黄葵胶囊对大鼠CYP1A2、CYP3A4、CYP2E1活性均无显著影响;而高剂量黄葵胶囊对大鼠CYP3A4有弱诱导作用,对CYP2E1有弱抑制作用。     

Cocktail探针药物法评价生、醋莪术对CYP450酶亚型的影响

目的用Cocktail探针药物法,研究生、醋莪术对大鼠CYP1A2、CYP3A4和CYP2E1活性的影响并进行比较,探讨其通过炮制增强或改变作用的趋向性。方法将SD大鼠随机分组,生、醋莪术组分别给予生、醋莪术提取液(9 g.kg-1),以生理盐水为空白对照,在一定时间点采集血样,用HPLC检测探针药物在大鼠体内的代谢情况,以评价生、醋莪术对CYP450酶的影响。结果生莪术的茶碱、氨苯酚和氯唑沙宗的代谢情况与空白组相比差异无显著性;但醋莪术与空白组相比,茶碱和氯唑沙宗的T12、Tmax和AUC明显增加,CL/F明显降低;氨苯酚的T12变化不明显,AUC明显降低,CL/F明显增加;氯唑沙宗的T12、Tmax、AUC明显增加,CL/F明显降低。结论单次给予大鼠生、醋莪术后,生莪术对CYP450酶的作用不明显,醋莪术对CYP1A2和CYP2E1具有抑制作用,对CYP3A4具有诱导作用。     

免疫性肝损伤和酒精性肝损伤中CYP2E1代谢活力的差异性变化

目的:观察免疫性肝损伤和酒精性肝损伤对大鼠CYP2E1代谢活力的影响。方法:采用尾静脉注射卡介苗诱发大鼠产生免疫性肝损伤,采用白酒灌胃法制备大鼠酒精性肝损伤模型,HPLC法测定经CYP2E1代谢的探针药物氯唑沙宗血药浓度经时变化。结果:卡介苗刺激可致大鼠肝脏明显肿大,大量单核、淋巴细胞浸润,肉芽肿形成;致大鼠CYP2E1对探针药物氯唑沙宗的代谢活性减弱,AUC增大,Cmax增大。酒精性肝损伤可致肝小叶结构不清,肝索排列紊乱,肝细胞体积增大,呈弥漫性中度水变性,肝窦受压,大部分肝细胞胞浆内见大小不等的脂肪空泡。致大鼠CYP2E1对探针药物氯唑沙宗的代谢活性增强,AUC减少,Cmax减少。结论:免疫性肝损伤可致CYP2E1代谢活性降低,酒精性肝损伤可致CYP2E1代谢活性增强。     

Effect of chronic disulfiram administration on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and N-acetyltransferase in healthy human subjects

AIMS: Short-term disulfiram administration has been shown to selectively inhibit CYP2E1 activity but the effects of chronic disulfiram administration on the activities of drug metabolizing enzymes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of disulfiram given for 11 days on selected drug metabolizing enzyme activities. METHODS: Seven healthy volunteers were given disulfiram 250 mg daily for 11 days. Activities of the drug metabolizing enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and N-acetyltransferase were determined using the probe drugs caffeine, mephenytoin, debrisoquine, chlorzoxazone, and dapsone, respectively. Chlorzoxazone was administered before disulfiram administration and after the second and eleventh doses of disulfiram, while the other probe drugs were given before disulfiram administration and after the eleventh disulfiram dose. RESULTS: Disulfiram administration markedly inhibited chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation by more than 95%, but did not affect metabolism of debrisoquine or mephenytoin. Caffeine N3-demethylation was decreased by 34% (P < 0.05). Monoacetyldapsone concentrations were markedly elevated by disulfiram administration resulting in a nearly 16-fold increase in the dapsone acetylation index, calculated as the plasma concentration ratio of monoacetyldapsone to dapsone. CYP-mediated dapsone N-hydroxylation was not significantly altered. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that disulfiram-mediated inhibition is predominantly selective for CYP2E1. The magnitude of CYP2E1 inhibition was similar after both acute and chronic disulfiram administration. The effects on caffeine N3-demethylation (CYP1A2) and dapsone metabolism suggest that chronic disulfiram administration may affect multiple drug metabolizing enzymes, which could potentially complicate the use of chronically administered disulfiram as a diagnostic inhibitor of CYP2E1.     

Phenobarbital induces monkey brain CYP2E1 protein but not hepatic CYP2E1, in vitro or in vivo chlorzoxazone metabolism

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is expressed in the brain and liver, and can metabolize clinical drugs and activate toxins. The effect of phenobarbital on hepatic and brain CYP2E1 is unclear. We investigated the effect of chronic phenobarbital treatment on in vivo chlorzoxazone disposition (a CYP2E1 probe drug), in vitro chlorzoxazone metabolism, and hepatic and brain CYP2E1 protein levels in African Green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Monkeys were given oral saccharine or saccharine supplemented with 20 mg/kg phenobarbital (N = 6/group) for 22 days. Phenobarbital did not induce in vivo chlorzoxazone disposition, in vitro chlorzoxazone metabolism or hepatic CYP2E1 protein levels (all P > 0.05). However, phenobarbital induced brain CYP2E1 protein levels, using immunoblotting, by 1.26-fold in the cerebellum (P = 0.01) and 1.46-fold in the putamen (P = 0.04). Phenobarbital also increased cell-specific CYP2E1 expression, for example in the frontal cortical pyramidal neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells. This data indicates that phenobarbital does not alter hepatic metabolism, but may alter metabolism of CYP2E1 substrates within the brain.     

A convenient five-drug cocktail for the assessment of major drug metabolizing enzymes: a pilot study

AIMS: To assess the feasibility of administering at the same time low doses of five probe drugs, metoprolol (25 mg), chlorzoxazone (250 mg), tolbutamide (250 mg), dapsone (100 mg) and caffeine (100 mg) to determine simultaneously the activities of CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP1A2, N-acetyltransferase-2 and xanthine oxidase. METHODS: Ten healthy young non-smoking males received the following drugs or combinations of drugs over a 5-week period: week 1) metoprolol; 2) tolbutamide; 3) caffeine, chlorzoxazone and dapsone; 4) caffeine, chlorzoxazone, dapsone and metoprolol; 5) caffeine, chlorzoxazone, dapsone, metoprolol and tolbutamide. The drugs were self-administered at bedtime and urine was collected for the following 8 h. RESULTS: Mean molar phenotypic ratios obtained after administering metoprolol (mean change of -11%) or tolbutamide (mean change of -0.3%) alone, were not significantly different from those obtained when other drugs were co-administered (P > 0.05). The mean within-subject coefficients of variation were 33%, 18%, 22%, 13%, 16%, 13% and 5% for CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, CYP1A2, N-acetyltransferase 2 and xanthine oxidase metabolic ratios, respectively. No significant interactions (P > 0.5) were observed during the simultaneous administration of various combinations of the five probe drugs. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that this cocktail, composed of five widely available drugs, constitutes a promising means of simultaneously determining the activities of the major CYP enzymes in large populations.     

丹参注射液对家兔体内CYP1A2、CYP2D6和CYP3A4活性的影响

目的：用Cocktail探针药物法研究丹参注射液对家兔细胞色素P450亚型酶活性的影响。方法：将家兔随机分成四组,耳缘静脉注射给予丹参注射液,分低、中、高剂量三个实验组,空白对照组给予生理盐水。用HPLC法测定各组Cock-tail探针药物（咖啡因、美托洛尔和氨苯砜）的血药浓度,比较药时曲线及药代动力学参数的变化,评价各组细胞色素P450亚型酶的活性。结果：丹参注射液低、中、高剂量组CYP2D6的活性与对照组相比降低,具有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;CYP1A2和CYP3A4的活性与对照组相比差异均无统计学意义。结论：丹参注射液对家兔CYP2D6有抑制作用,对CYP1A2和CYP3A4的影响不显著。提示临床应用丹参注射液时,应关注其对CYP2D6的抑制作用,避免联合用药引发CYP2D6介导的药物相互作用,促进临床安全合理用药。     

稳心颗粒对大鼠细胞色素P450酶的影响

目的 用cocktail探针药物法评价稳心颗粒对大鼠体内CYP1A2,CYP2C9,CYP2C19,CYP2D6,CYP2E1和CYP3A4亚型酶活性的影响. 方法 雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为稳心颗粒高、低剂量组和空白对照组. 稳心颗粒高、低剂量组灌胃给予稳心颗粒,空白对照组灌胃给予0.9%氯化钠溶液,连续7 d. 第8天腹腔注射探针药物咖啡因、甲苯磺丁脲、奥美拉唑、美托洛尔、氯唑沙宗和氨苯砜. 尾静脉取血,用高效液相色谱法检测血样,比较药动学参数变化. 结果高、低剂量稳心颗粒分别使咖啡因的AUC_(0-∞)增加1.635倍和 1.435倍,分别使氨苯砜的AUC_(0-∞)增加1.816倍和1.324倍. 高剂量稳心颗粒使奥美拉唑和氯唑沙宗的AUC_(0-∞)增加2.748倍和1.696倍. 结论 高剂量稳心颗粒对CYP2C19和CYP2E1活性有弱抑制作用,稳心颗粒对CYP1A2和CYP3A4的活性有弱抑制作用.     

天然冰片对大鼠细胞色素P450四种亚型活性的影响

目的：用Cocktail探针药物法研究天然冰片对大鼠细胞色素P450四种亚型CYP1A2、CYP2C6/11、CYP2E1和CYP3A活性的影响。方法：将大鼠随机分为2组,给药组灌胃给予天然冰片-0.8%CMC-Na混悬液,剂量90mg/kg,对照组灌胃给予不含药物的0.8%CMC-Na溶液,每天1次,连续7d。于第8天,两组大鼠均尾静脉注射混合探针药物溶液（茶碱10mg/kg、甲苯磺丁脲2.5mg/kg、氯唑沙宗10mg/kg、氨苯砜5mg/kg）,眼内眦静脉采血,超高效液相色谱法检测各探针药物的血药浓度,采用WinNonlin 5.0.1计算药代动力学参数。结果：与对照组相比,天然冰片组中甲苯磺丁脲的t1/2、AUC0-t、AUC0-∞和MRT0-∞明显减小,两组之间的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而两组之间茶碱、氯唑沙宗和氨苯砜的药代动力学参数则没有明显差异。结论：天然冰片对大鼠CYP2C6/11的活性具有诱导作用,对CYP1A2、CYP2E1和CYP3A活性无显著影响。     

混合探针法评价白香丹胶囊对大鼠体内CYP450酶活性的影响

目的：建立同时测定大鼠血浆中6种CYP450探针药物的方法,并采用Cocktail法研究白香丹胶囊对大鼠CYP450酶活性的影响。方法：选用茶碱（CYP1A2）、氯唑沙宗（CYP2E1）、甲苯磺丁脲（CYP2C6）、右美沙芬（CYP2D2）、奥美拉唑（CYP2D1）、咪达唑仑（CYP3A2）作为探针药物。大鼠随机分为对照组和给药组,给药组每天灌胃白香丹胶囊0.675 g·kg-1,对照组灌胃等量生理盐水,连续给药14 d。第15天均灌胃给予6个探针药物,于不同时间点眼眶取血,采用LC-MS/MS法测定各探针药物浓度,计算药动学参数并进行组间t检验。结果：与对照组相比,给药组茶碱（P<0.01）、氯唑沙宗（P<0.01）、甲苯磺丁脲（P<0.05）代谢显著加快;右美沙芬、奥美拉唑、咪达唑仑代谢无显著性差异。结论：白香丹胶囊对大鼠 CYP1A2有中强诱导作用,对CYP2E1、CYP2C6有弱诱导作用。