脑干肿瘤的手术治疗

手术治疗6例脑干肿瘤病人，次全切除2例，大部切除1例，部分切除3例。术后临床表现明显改善1例，改善3例，无变化2例，无一例术后死亡。作认为脑干肿瘤手术治疗成功的关键在于手术适应证的选择。弥漫性脑干肿瘤不适合手术治疗，局限性脑干肿瘤，囊性脑干肿瘤，颈髓延髓交界处脑干肿瘤及背侧外生性脑干肿瘤适合手术治疗。其中囊性脑干肿瘤，颈髓延髓交界处脑干肿瘤，背侧外生性脑干肿瘤常能做到肿瘤的全切除或次全切除。     

小脑延髓裂入路在第四脑室和脑干背侧肿瘤手术中的临床应用

目的探讨枕下后正中-经小脑延髓裂入路显微手术切除第四脑室和脑干背侧肿瘤的手术方法、手术技巧,及其疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月~2015年12月采用小脑延髓裂入路手术治疗的106例第四脑室和脑干背侧肿瘤患者的临床资料。其中83例患者采用双侧小脑延髓裂入路,23例明显偏侧的第四脑室区、脑干肿瘤或小型肿瘤患者经单侧小脑延髓裂入路。结果肿瘤全切除者97例,次全切除者9例;全切除率达91.5%,次全切除率8.5%。术后并发脑积水1例,经脑室-腹腔分流术后治愈;无症状性颅内积气13例,皮下积液2例,吞咽障碍、一过性复视、短暂性消化道出血和呼吸障碍各1例,均经保守治疗后痊愈。术后无出现共济失调、平衡障碍和小脑性缄默综合征、脑脊液漏、颅内出血和感染等并发症,无死亡病例。结论经小脑延髓裂入路显微手术切除第四脑室和脑干背侧的肿瘤是一种微创、安全、有效,且显露充分、方便实用的手术方法。熟练的显微外科技术有助于提高手术的疗效。     

神经导航引导下脑干背侧肿瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨脑干背侧肿瘤在神经导航引导下手术的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2011年10月至2015年12月采用神经导航引导下手术切除的16例脑干背侧肿瘤的临床资料。所有病人均在神经导航引导下进行显微手术切除肿瘤。结果 肿瘤全切12例,次全切4例。16例术后原有症状均有明显改善。3例桥脑背侧肿瘤出现小脑性共济失调,经治疗后逐渐恢复。术后随访6个月至3年;1例儿童髓母细胞瘤在术后6个月幕上、椎管内多处复发,家属放弃再次手术,药物治疗2个月后死亡;2例WHO Ⅱ级星形细胞瘤术后口服替莫唑胺化疗,定期随访,没有复发迹象;2例次全切除室管膜瘤因为级别低,术后随访无复发,未进行放、化疗。结论 对于脑干背侧肿瘤,在神经导航引导下手术能够精确了解肿瘤范围及与周围结构关系,可以更大程度地切除肿瘤,并能更好地保护脑干功能。     

脑干海绵状血管瘤的手术入路选择

目的 探讨脑干海绵状血管瘤的手术适应证和手术入路选择. 方法 回顾性分析51例显微手术治疗脑干海绵状血管瘤的临床资料.中脑海绵状血管瘤9例,间脑-中脑交界处1例,中脑-桥脑交界处2例,桥脑海绵状血管瘤33例,延髓海绵状血管瘤4例,桥脑-延髓交界处2例.49例亚急性手术,2例慢性期手术. 结果 术中均采用神经电生理监测引导手术,11例采用神经导航定位.根据肿瘤的部位选择手术入路.肿瘤全切49例,2例次全切,肿瘤全切除率为96.1％.术中19例伴有明显的静脉畸形,予以保护.神经功能障碍改善23例,无明显变化25例,术后症状改善和稳定率为94.1％(48/51).无手术死亡. 结论 正确选择手术适应证和个体化选择手术入路,术中神经电生理监测和神经导航辅助手术,有助于提高肿瘤全切除率.     

显微CO2激光在神经外科手术中应用的研究

用显微CO2激光切除垂体、听神经、高颈髓、延髓处肿瘤20例,其中全切除16例,次全切除4例。术后神经功能改善18例.进步1例,死亡1例。另有3例非肿瘤病变(大脑导水管闭锁激光疏通术1例,延髓颈髓空洞症手术2例),术后均有改善。     

脑干海绵状血管瘤的显微外科治疗:46例报告

目的探讨脑干海绵状血管瘤显微手术治疗的指征和技巧,以及手术入路的选择和术中注意事项。方法回顾性分析作者近十年期间经显微手术治疗的46例脑干海绵状血管瘤的临床资料。中脑海绵状血管瘤8例,间脑-中脑交界处1例,中脑-桥脑交界处2例,桥脑海绵状血管瘤29例,延髓海绵状血管瘤4例,桥脑-延髓交界处2例。采用神经电生理监测引导手术,5例术中采用神经导航定位。结果肿瘤全切45例,1例次全切。术中见19例伴有明显的静脉畸形,予以保护。神经功能障碍改善22例,无明显变化21例,术后症状改善和稳定率为93.5%(43/46)。术后症状加重3例,出现复视、面瘫和肢体活动障碍加重各1例。2例经随访神经功能已恢复至术前状态,仍有1例患者未恢复至术前状态。随访3～58个月,肿瘤全切的43例,42未见肿瘤增大,均未见脑干海绵状血管瘤再出血,1例复发行伽玛刀治疗。无手术死亡。结论正确选择手术指征和个体化选择手术入路、术中神经电生理监测以及采用显微外科技术可安全和有效地切除肿瘤。     

术中肌电监测对累及第四脑室底面肿瘤切除中后组脑神经核团的保护研究

目的 探讨术中肌电监测在累及第四脑室底面肿瘤切除术中,后组脑神经核团的保护作用.方法 2007年2月至2008年4月治疗23例累及第四脑室底面的肿瘤,其中巨大髓母细胞瘤8例,室管膜瘤7例,脑干起源外生性胶质瘤3例,脑干背侧血管网状细胞瘤2例,脑干海绵状血管瘤3例.全部患者通过显微手术切除肿瘤,术中全程监测后组脑神经肌电活动.对患者术后脑神经功能状态、手术过程和监测情况分析.结果 肿瘤全切除17例,次全切除6例,无后组脑神经功能障碍6例,轻度后组腩神经损伤13例,中度后组腩神经损伤4例,无严重损伤者.术中全部患者在正常麻醉和肌松药状态下,可以稳定引出各种刺激诱发的后组脑神经核团兴奋性肌电活动.结论 术中肌电监测可以有效避免后组脑神经核性损伤,为第四脑室底面肿瘤切除提供客观依据.     

脑干神经节胶质瘤的诊断及治疗

目的总结脑干神经节胶质瘤的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析10例脑干神经节胶质瘤的临床资料。肿瘤均位于延髓,其中单纯位于延髓3例,累及上颈髓3例,累及脑桥3例,累及小脑1例。均经枕下后正中入路,行显微手术治疗。结果肿瘤近全切除6例,大部分切除2例,部分切除2例。术后辅助放疗2例。病理诊断为神经节胶质瘤。随访3个月～12年,失访2例;存活7例,未见肿瘤复发;术后4个月因急性呼吸道梗阻死亡1例。结论显微神经外科手术是脑干神经节胶质瘤的首选治疗方法,手术主要切除突出到脑干外及脑干内相对表浅的肿瘤。脑干神经节胶质瘤预后较好,后组脑神经麻痹是其主要术后并发症。     

延颈髓肿瘤的诊断与显微手术治疗

报道显微手术治疗１０例延颈髓肿瘤，获肿瘤全切除６例，次全切除４例，无手术死亡。术后好转率达７０％。认为延颈髓肿瘤可分为颈延型和延颈型，诊断时需与多发性硬化、运动神经元疾病、脑干脑炎和颈椎病以及后颅窝中线肿瘤和胃肠道疾病等鉴别。阐述了ＭＲＩ诊断的优点及其对于指导手术切除范围的意义。描述了显微手术方法。指出了术后监护和治疗呼吸障碍等的重要性与方法。     

经小脑延髓裂入路微创手术治疗脑桥背侧肿瘤(附12例分析)

目的探讨经小脑延髓裂入路微创手术切除肿瘤的疗效。方法回顾性分析12例经小脑延髓裂入路手术的脑桥背侧肿瘤病人的临床资料。结果肿瘤全切除7例,次全切除5例。术后无小脑缄默综合征出现。结论经小脑延髓裂入路微创手术可避免切开小脑蚓部,能安全、有效地切除脑桥背侧病变。     

42例脑干占位性病变的诊断及显微手术治疗

目的探讨脑干占位性病变的临床表现、影像学检查、病理类型、显微手术治疗及术后并发症的防治。方法对我院2002年1月至2010年1月显微手术治疗的42例脑干占位性病变的临床表现、影像学特点及手术治疗进行回顾性分析。42例脑干占位性病变均行显微手术,采取颞下入路8例,枕下幕上入路8例,乙状窦后入路11例,后正中入路15例。全切除28例,次全切除10例,部分切除4例。结果术后症状明显改善者27例,变化不明显者9例,加重5例,1例桥-延髓血管网状细胞瘤患者术后呼吸衰竭,自动出院后死亡。结论应用显微神经外科技术治疗脑干占位性病变,手术适应症选择正确,采取不同的手术入路,术后积极预防和治疗并发症,可以取得良好的治疗效果。     

脑干肿瘤外科干预的临床意义

目的探讨脑干肿瘤外科干预的临床意义及手术适应证、手术入路的选择及手术技巧。方法对11例经头部MRI诊断为脑干肿瘤患者采用不同的手术入路施行肿瘤切除。后正中入路5例,乙状窦后入路3例,乙状窦前入路2例,颞下入路1例。术后行适形放疗3例,替莫唑胺(TMZ)口服化疗3例,宁得朗(ACNU)+顺铂(DDP)化疗2例。结果其中全切4例(2例胶质瘤,2例海绵状血管瘤),近全切4例(2例胶质瘤,1例生殖细胞瘤,1例胆脂瘤),大部分切除2例(均是胶质瘤),活检1例(胶质瘤)。无手术死亡,除1例6个月死于肿瘤进展外其他患者均存活。结论脑干肿瘤的组织学类型及部位与手术切除程度密切相关,手术对脑干良性肿瘤及局限性分化良好胶质瘤效果满意,对一些恶性肿瘤可减少瘤体积,减轻症状,为下一步综合治疗创造机会。但对弥漫型生长的胶质瘤效果不佳,对术前已行放射治疗的脑干胶质瘤手术应慎重。对手术有残留的术后辅助放射治疗及化疗是有必要的。     

Auditory evoked potentials in the monitoring of 15 laser microsurgeries of the brain stem

Based upon the results observed in 15 patients submitted to tumor resection by the CO2 microlaser technique and submitted to brain stem auditive evoked potential (BAEP) intraoperative determination, the authors emphasize the importance of the technique. BAEP during the intraoperative period and the ultrasonic control of removal of tumors proved useful in the 15 cases of brain stem tumors or tumor adherent to it. Morbidity and mortality are described, and the important changes in BAEP that precede bradycardia are detailed. The importance of advances obtained through BAEP in peroperative control in such surgeries is stressed.     

Epilepsy surgery after treatment of pediatric malignant brain tumors

Epilepsy surgery is common in the face of benign brain tumors, but rarely for patients with a history of malignant brain tumors. Seizures are a common sequelae in survivors of malignant pediatric brain tumors. Medical management alone may not adequately treat epilepsy, including in this group. We report four cases of patients who previously underwent gross total resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy for successful treatment of malignant brain neoplasia, yet suffered from medically intractable seizures. All underwent surgery for treatment of epilepsy with extension of the original resection. Despite the aggressive primary treatment of the neoplasm, and the potential for diffuse cerebral insults, all benefited from focal surgical resection. Aggressive surgical management of intractable epilepsy can be considered in survivors of malignant brain tumors.     

Temozolomide for adult brain stem glioblastoma: case report of a long-term survivor

Brain stem gliomas are rare intracranial tumors, especially in adults. Malignant or high-grade brain stem gliomas are usually associated with a very poor prognosis. This case report documents an adolescent harboring brain stem glioblastoma who had complete radiological response to temozolomide after partial tumor resection and survived for more than 3 years. Radiological and pathological findings are described. To the best of our knowledge, no similar cases have been reported in the literature.     

Therapeutic results of eight patients with intracranial ependymomas]

Between 1985 and 2001, eight patients with intracranial ependymomas underwent surgery at our hospital. The cases included six infratentorial ependymomas, one supratentorial ependymoma and one supratentorial anaplastic ependymoma. Infratentorial ependymomas were classified according to origin and extension. The lateral type tumors originated from the lateral part of the fourth ventricle in four cases. The midfloor type tumors originated from the inferior half of the fourth ventricular floor in two cases. The three totally resected tumors were the lateral type tumors. The remaining one case with the lateral type tumor underwent nearly total resection of the tumor, since the tumor involved lower cranial nerves. All patients with the midfloor type tumors underwent incomplete resections of the tumors, because the tumors infiltrated into brain stem. Lower cranial nerve involvement and brain stem invasion implied incomplete resection and had the poor prognosis. In intracranial ependymomas, all four patients with total resections have been alive, whereas three of four patients with incomplete resections have died. The mean survival time of all patients with intracranial ependymomas was 127 months from the time of the initial surgery. There were no deaths in the patients with tumors showing MIB-1 index < 10% (n = 4). The mean survival time of the patients with tumors showing MIB-1 index > or = 10% (n = 4), was 30 months. The extent of the resection, the age of the patients and MIB-1 index are important factors in the outcome in patients with intracranial ependymomas. Two representative children aged less than 3 years with the midfloor type tumors were presented. In a patient treated with conventional radiation and chemotherapy, residual tumor repeatedly enlarged within 12 months despite several resections of the tumor. The patient died 32 months after the initial resection. In contrast, the other patient received multidisciplinary treatment including Linac stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) with a marginal dose of 27 Gy in 9 fractions, have been still alive for 45 months after the initial resection. The residual tumor slightly decreased in size and remained stable without evident growth 12 months after SRT. SRT may provide good local control for patients with intracranial ependymomas and have a favorable impact on survival.     

神经电生理监测桥小脑角手术的研究(附106例报告)

目的探讨桥小脑角(CPA)手术中行神经电生理监测的意义。方法对106例CPA肿瘤病人进行了术中神经电生理监测,主要包括面神经、三叉神经、后组颅神经以及健侧脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)监测,观察术后面神经功能及并发症。结果面神经解剖保留96例(91%),面神经功能Ⅰ、Ⅱ级57例(54%),Ⅲ、Ⅳ级42例(40%),Ⅴ、Ⅵ级7例(6%)。术中健侧BAEP变化最明显的是Ⅲ～Ⅴ、Ⅰ～Ⅴ峰间潜伏期。结论在CPA手术中,采用诱发电位、肌电图实时监测,可及时为术者提供脑干功能的情况;术中健侧BAEP的Ⅰ～Ⅴ、Ⅲ～Ⅴ峰间潜伏期是重要监测指标;术中肌电图监测可以提示颅神经的位置和走行,为手术时避免损伤神经提供依据。     

The presence of stem cell marker‐expressing cells is not prognostically significant in glioblastomas

Glioblastoma is one of the most frequent primary brain tumors and is characterized by aggressive clinical behavior and biologic heterogeneity. To evaluate the prognostic implication of cancer stem cell markers in glioblastoma, the expression of these markers was investigated in a large series of glioblastoma patients in relation to the survival rate. This series includes 88 cases of glioblastoma that were diagnosed at the Chonnam University Hwasun Hospital from 2004 to 2009. The expression of newly established stem cell markers (nestin, CD133 and CD15) was detected using immunohistochemical analysis. The presence of immunopositive tumor cells was evaluated and interpreted in comparison with the patients' survival data. The expression of nestin was high in 60 cases (68.2%). CD133 and CD15 were positive in 52 cases (59.1%) and 40 cases (45.5%), respectively. No statistically significant difference in patient survival according to stem cell marker expression was observed (P > 0.05). However, gross total resection or combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy significantly prolonged survival (P = 0.04 and P = 0.04). Cox's proportional hazards model showed that the gross total resection and combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors. Although the correlation of stem cell marker expression with clinical outcome in glioma is of considerable interest, the data do not support their prognostic value in glioblastoma. Identification of the key cells in the glioblastoma population in the context of clinical outcomes will provide insight into the mechanism of brain tumorigenesis and will be of paramount importance in determining therapeutically appropriate targets.