罗哌卡因胸段硬膜外阻滞对急性心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨罗哌卡因胸段硬膜外阻滞对急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 健康杂种犬１８条,随机分为罗哌卡因组（Ⅰ组）、布比卡因组（Ⅱａ组）和生理盐水组（Ⅱｂ组）,表解雇洽麻后控制呼吸,Ｔ６－７间隙穿刺置入硬膜外导管,按分组分别硬膜外注射０．５％罗哌卡因、０．５％布比卡因或生理盐水１２ｍｌ、１５ｍｉｎ后,阻断左冠状动脉４５ｍｉｎ。分别在给药前和开放后６ｈ抽取右心房血。轻Ｃａｒｄｉａｃ试剂条测定血浆心肌肌钙蛋白Ｔ（ｃＴｎＴ）浓度,并取左心室梗塞区心肌组织作透射电镜观察。结果 阻断前血浆ｃＴｎＴ浓度三组均〈０．０５ｎｇ／Ｌ。开放６ｈ三组各有４例升高、２例无变化,其中Ⅰ组４例均〈０．１ｎｇ／Ｌ,Ⅱａ组２例〈０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ、２例介于０．１～３ｎｇ／Ｌ,Ⅱｂ组４例均介于０．１～３ｎｇ／Ｌ。Ⅰ组与Ⅱｂ组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ     

上胸段硬膜外阻滞对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用

目的探讨上胸段硬膜外阻滞(HTEA)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用及可能机制。方法健康雄性Wistar大鼠24只,随机分成3组(n=8)：假手术组(SH组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和HTEA组。采用四血管阻断法制作全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,缺血20 min。HTEA组在缺血前2 h行HTEA,于T_(4,5)每8 h注入0．125%布比卡因100μl·kg~(-1),直至再灌注72 h处死大鼠,SH组、I/R组给予等量生理盐水。取脑组织,HE染色、免疫组织化学技术和原位末端标记法检测双侧海马CAI区存活细胞数、凋亡细胞及聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(PARP)表达。结果脑缺血再灌注可导致海马CAI区存活细胞数下降,凋亡细胞数、PARP表达升高,HTEA可减弱缺血再灌注导致的上述改变。结论HTEA可减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉期间胃粘膜pH的变化及意义

目的 研究全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉期间胃粘膜ｐＨ（ｐＨｉ）的变化及ｐＨ与术后应激性溃疡的关系。方法 ３０例择期下腹部手术患者,随机分为两组,全麻组,芬太尼＋依托咪酯＋琥珀胆碱诱导,维库溴铵＋安氟醚维持,硬膜外组２％利多卡因。麻醉前１小时将Ｔｒｉｐ导管置入内,麻醉诱导前（Ｔ１）诱导后６０分钟（Ｔ２）,１２０分钟（Ｔ３）分别测定ｐＨｉ,Ｐｈａ,ＰａＣＯ２,ＭＡＰ和ＨＲ,术后随访３天观察胃经流管的出血情况。     

Atropine premedication attenuates heart rate variability during high thoracic epidural anesthesia

Background : Atropine premedication is used as it possesses an anticholinergic effect on the cardiac autonomic nervous system (CANS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of atropine premedication on the CANS during thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) by assessing power spectral analysis of heart rate (HR) variability. Method : Female patients (n=28) undergoing elective mammary biopsy were randomly allocated into two groups; one received intramuscular premedication of 0.01 mg/kg of atropine 30 min before the procedure (group A: n=14), and the other did not (group N: n=14). Each electrocardiogram was digitally recorded before and during TEA, and played back off-line to detect R-R intervals. As a power spectrum required R-R intervals of 256 s, this was analysed before TEA and repeated thereafter for 25 min. The spectra were quantified by determining the peak areas of the spectral density by integrating low frequency (Lo: 0.04-0.15 Hz) and high frequency (Hi: 0.15-0.40 Hz) bands as they showed sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity in the CANS. The neural balance was assessed by calculating Hi:Lo ratio. Results : Decreases in Lo and increases in Hi:Lo ratio were observed, suggesting sympathectomy and vagotonia with TEA in both groups. For 10 min after commencement, TEA maintained Hi:Lo ratios lower in group A than in group N, suggesting a vagolytic effect of premedication with atropine. With TEA, cardiac slowing was observed, which was dependent on the level of dermal analgesia. Conclusion : Power spectral analysis revealed that TEA had the effect of making CANS relatively vagotonic, and that atropine premedication would attenuate the effect of TEA.     

Repeated episodes of myocardial ischaemia during combined thoracic epidural – isoflurane anaesthesia

A patient with a history of coronary artery disease developed new ST segment depressions in the ECG registration during a low dose (0.7%) isoflurane anaesthesia that was combined with a continuous thoracic epidural analgesia. Simultaneously a small decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was noted. During the next 5 min these changes were followed by a severe drop in MAP (from 88 to 60 mmHg) and in cardiac output from 5.5 to 3.2 L/min. When isoflurane was discontinued both the ECG and the cardiovascular changes returned to the previous condition. Later, when 0.5% isoflurane was restarted, the ECG changes reappeared within ten min, but disappeared once again when isoflurane administration was discontinued. Thus, this patient had repeated episodes of myocardial ischaemia which were associated with the use of low dose isoflurane. Although isoflurane–induced "coronary steal" may appear as a likely cause of these ischaemic episodes, it is possible that the thoracic epidural had synergistic action and rendered the patient exceptionally sensitive to minor changes in perfusion pressure.     

胸部硬膜外神经阻滞对高脂血症家兔冠状动脉粥样硬化形成的影响

目的 探讨胸部硬膜外神经阻滞（ＴＥＡ）对实验性高脂血症家兔冠状动脉粥样硬化形成的影响。方法 健康纯种新西兰雄兔２１只，随机分为三组，每组７只，对照组：普通饲料喂养；高脂组：普通饲料＋１．５ｇ胆固醇／ｄ；ＴＥＡ组：普通饲料＋１．５ｇ胆固醇／ｄ＋ＴＥＡ（０．１２５％布比卡因０．３ｍｌ，２次／日），实验前和实验第２、４、６、８周分别从耳中央动脉抽血２ｍｌ，测定血清中总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、甘油三脂（ＴＧ）、高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）、低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）的水平，实验第８周末，气栓法处死全部动物，立那开胸取出心脏，固定后在心室乳头肌水平横断心室，切片染色后，用ＢＨＥＣ显微微机图像处理系统测定横断面每根肌间小动脉截面的硬化程度。结果 实验前三组血清血脂水平无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）；与对照组比较，高脂组及ＴＥＡ组血清Ｔ     

胸段硬膜外麻醉复合全麻对开胸单肺通气患者氧代谢的影响

目的 通过比较吸入全身麻醉和吸入全麻复合胸段硬膜外麻醉对开胸手术的血液动力学和血气分析的变化,探讨硬膜外麻醉对全身氧代谢的影响。方法 20例因食管癌需开胸单肺通气手术患者,根据麻醉方法的不同随机分为异氟醚吸入全麻组(GI组)和异氟醚吸入复合硬膜外组(GIE组)。每组各10例。GI组采用异氟醚/芬太尼/维库溴铵麻醉。GIE组采用异氟醚/维库溴铵/胸部硬膜外0.5％罗哌卡因麻醉。连续监测平均动脉压(MAP)、心排指数(CI)、心率(HR)、中心静脉压(CVP)、外周血管阻力(SVRI)。分别于清醒时,侧卧双肺通气30 min,单肺通气15、30、60和120 min,侧卧再次双肺通气30 min抽取动脉,混合静脉血血样,测定血气,并计算氧供(DO2)、氧耗(VO2),以及氧供氧耗比(DO2/VO2)。结果 GIE组MAP低于GI组(P<0.05),SVRI不但低于GI组,也低于基础值(p<0.05)。单肺通气后30、60、120 min两组CI均高于基础值(P<0.05),GIE组各时间点CI与GI组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。两组各时间点DO2差异无显著性(P>0.05)。单肺通气15、30和60min时GIE组SvO2明显低于GI组(P<0.05),而VO2明显高于GI组(P<0.05),同时DO2/VO2明显低于GI组(P<0.05)。结论 以单纯全麻相比,胸段硬膜外联合全麻可能会使单肺通气早期全身氧耗增加,DO2/VO2降低。     

全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞对兔实验性心肌梗死的影响

目的 研究全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞（ＴＥＡ）与否对兔实验性心肌梗死的保护作用。方法 实验组兔于气管切开插管全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞下开胸结扎左冠状动脉前降支,在不同的时段取血,测血浆肌酸磷酸激酶（ＣＫ）、乳酶脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、谷草转氨酶（ＡＳＴ）活性和一氧化氮（ＮＯ）及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性的变化,对照组不作ＴＥＡ,其余处理与实验组相同。结果 实验组兔有不同时间段ＣＫ、ＬＤＨ活性变化与时间关系的     

Prediction by computerised tomography of distance from skin to epidural space during thoracic epidural insertion

In this single group observational study on 29 patients, we describe a technique that predicts the depth of the epidural space, calculated from the routine pre-operative chest computerised tomography (CT) scan using Pythagorean triangle trigonometry. We also compared the CT-derived depth of the epidural space with the actual depth of needle insertion. The CT-derived and the actual depths of the epidural space were highly correlated (r = 0.88, R2 = 0.78, p < 0.0001). The mean (95% CI) difference between CT-derived and actual depths was 0.26 (0.03-0.49) cm. Thus, the CT-derived depth tends to be greater than the actual depth by between 0.03 and 0.49 cm. There were no associations between either the CT-derived or the actual depth of the epidural space and age, weight, height or body mass index.     

硬膜外阻滞复合异丙酚对急性心肌梗死兔心肌损伤及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨胸段硬膜外阻滞(TEA)复合异丙酚对急性心肌梗死(AMI)兔的心肌保护作用及其可能作用机制。方法 将急性心肌梗死模型的免随机分为四组(n均=12):对照组(Ⅰ);TEA组(Ⅱ),硬膜外注入1％利多卡因2～3mg·kg~(-1);异丙酚组(Ⅲ),持续静脉泵注异丙酚20mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)30min;TEA复合异丙酚组(Ⅳ)。观察心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnI)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的变化。TUNEL法检测兔梗死区的心肌细胞调亡,LSAB法检测p53和Bcl-2蛋白在心肌细胞中的表达水平。结果 左冠状动脉前降支(LAD)结扎后,对照组cTnI、MDA升高,SOD下降。TEA复合异丙酚组较单纯TEA组和异丙酚组更能抑制结扎造成的。cTnI、MDA的升高和SOD的下降。与对照组相比,TEA复合异丙酚组和异丙酚组的凋亡细胞数和p53阳性细胞数明显下降,Bcl-2阳性细胞数明显增加。结论 胸段硬膜外阻滞复合异丙酚通过抑制细胞凋亡和氧化应激性损伤,对急性心肌梗死兔缺血心肌产生明显的保护作用。     

Effects of thoracic epidural analgesia on lower urinary tract function in women

Aims: The need for an indwelling transurethral catheter in patients with postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) is a matter of controversy. Subjective observations are ambivalent and the literature addressing this issue is scarce. As segmental blockade can be achieved with epidural analgesia, we hypothesized that analgesia within segments T4–T11 has no or minimal influence on lower urinary tract function. Thus, we evaluated the effect of TEA on lower urinary tract function by urodynamic studies. Methods: In 13 women with no preoperative lower urinary tract symptoms undergoing open kidney surgery by lumbotomy under TEA, we prospectively assessed changes in urodynamic parameters the day before and 2–3 days after surgery with the patients under TEA. Results: Before versus during TEA, there was a significant increase in postvoid residual (median, 5 ml vs. 220 ml, P < 0.001) and a significant decrease in maximum detrusor pressure (median, 23 cmH₂O vs. 5 cmH₂O, P = 0.001), detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate (median, 18 cmH₂O vs. 5 cmH₂O, P = 0.001), maximum flow rate (median, 12 ml/sec vs. 3 ml/sec, P < 0.001), and voided volume (median, 250 ml vs. 40 ml, P < 0.001). In addition, maximum urethral closure pressure at rest decreased significantly under TEA from median 75 cmH₂O to 56 cmH₂O (P = 0.002). Bladder sensation, maximum cystometric capacity, compliance, and functional profile length at rest were not influenced by TEA. Conclusions: TEA has a significant effect on bladder emptying with clinically relevant postvoid residual (PVR) necessitating (indwelling or intermittent) catheterization or monitoring of PVR. Neurourol. Urodyn. 30:121–125, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Effects of amiodarone and thoracic epidural analgesia on atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess the effects of a perioperative dosing regimen of amiodarone administration, high thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA), or a combination of the 2 regimens on atrial fibrillation (AF) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). DESIGN AND SETTING: The study was prospective, controlled, and randomized and was performed in a tertiary health care center associated with a university. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixty-three patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. INTERVENTIONS: In this 2 x 2 factorial-designed study the patients were randomized to 1 of 4 regimens in which group E had perioperative TEA, group E+A had TEA and amiodarone, group A had amiodarone, and group C served as control. The epidural catheter was inserted at T1-3 the day before surgery. TEA groups received TEA for 96 hours. The amiodarone regimen consisted of a single loading dose of 1,800 mg of amiodarone orally. Intravenous infusion of amiodarone was started after induction of anesthesia and was administered at 900 mg over 24 hours for the subsequent 3 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: AF was documented using Holter monitoring. In group E 22 of 44 (50%), in group E+A 10 of 35 (28.6%), in group A 10 of 36 (27.8%), and in the control group 20 of 48 (41.7%) patients developed AF (odds ratio amiodarone/nonamiodarone 0.47 [0.24-0.90]; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The perioperative amiodarone regimen used in this study was effective in reducing the incidence of AF after CABG while TEA was not.     

全麻复合硬膜外麻醉及镇痛对开胸手术患者细胞免疫功能及红细胞糖代谢的影响

目的探讨硬膜外麻醉和镇痛对开胸手术患者术中及术后细胞免疫功能及红细胞糖代谢的影响。方法 40例行择期食管癌开胸手术患者,随机均分为静脉全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞及术后硬膜外镇痛组(A组)和全静脉麻醉及术后静脉镇痛组(B组)。分别与于麻醉前(T0)、切皮后2h(T1)、术后4h(T2)、24h(T3)、48h(T4)抽取两组患者的外周静脉血,测定血浆Th1细胞和Th2细胞的比值。同时测定红细胞内磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、葡萄糖-6磷酸脱氢酶(G-6PD)、醛糖还原酶(AR)活性。结果 T3、T4时两组Th1、Th1/Th2明显低于T0时(P0.05),且A组明显高于B组(P0.05)。与T0时比较,T3、T4时两组PFK活性明显降低(P0.05),T3时B组G-6PD和AR活性明显升高,且明显高于A组(P0.05)。结论硬膜外麻醉及镇痛能抑制Th0细胞向Th2细胞的过度分化,保护机体细胞免疫功能并改善机体红细胞糖代谢。     

Haemodynamic effects of thoracic epidural anaesthesia during proximal aortic cross-clamping in pigs

Cross-clamping (XC) of the thoracic aorta induces a hyperdynamic circulation proximal to the aortic clamp. In this investigation, the effects of thoracic epidural anaesthesia (TEA) on the haemodynamic response to XC were studied in pigs. Seventeen pigs were anaesthetized with ketamine, and the thoracic aorta was cross-clamped for 30 minutes. In eight of the animals (TEA-group) a thoracic epidural block (3 ml 0.5% bupivacaine) was added to the general anaesthesia. Prior to XC there was a lower heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO) and mixed venous oxygen saturation (Sv?O₂) in the TEA-group compared to the nine animals with general anasthesia only (control-group). During XC there was an increase in HR, CO, Sv?o₂ and proximal aortic blood pressure (PPROX) in both groups, without differences between groups. Following aortic declamping central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) increased in both groups. Fifteen minutes after declamping, one animal in each group died. It was concluded that in this experimental model, TEA combined with general anaesthesia did not modify the haemodynamic response to XC of the thoracic aorta.     

Coronary artery spasm with ventricular tachycardia after administration of methoxamine during cervical epidural anesthesia - a case report

Coronary artery spasm occurred during thoracotomy under cervical epidural anesthesia in a 60-year-old male patient who had no prior history of myocardial ischemia. It is most likely that the administration of methoxamine induced the spasm. Hypotension and venodilatation induced by the epidural anesthesia and increased vagal tone might also contribute to the spasm.     

胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻与全凭静脉麻醉在开胸手术中的比较

目的 比较胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻与全凭静脉麻醉对开胸手术患者血流动力学、麻醉药维持剂量、术后苏醒、躁动及疼痛的影响.方法 64例择期行剖胸手术患者,ASA Ⅱ级～Ⅲ级,采用完全随机设计的方法分为2组.A组:胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻组,患者预先用10 ml 0.25%布比卡因和0.1 mg芬太尼硬膜外给药.术中硬膜外0.25%布比卡因和芬太尼10μg/ml,5 ml/h复合丙泊酚维持.B组:全凭静脉麻醉组,丙泊酚-端芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉.观察并记录不同时间点2组心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、所需麻醉维持药量、术毕清醒及出现疼痛时间.结果 2组患者各观察点血流动力学变化比较,差异无统计学意义;胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻组麻醉维持不需要静脉镇痛药瑞芬太尼和肌松药阿曲库铵,只需复合充分的丙泊酚镇静,就能满足手术需求;术后苏醒早;拔管时间(11±4)min,相对于全凭静脉麻醉组(23±16)min明显缩短(P<0.05):躁动例数显著减少;术后出现疼痛时间(7.4±2.6)min相对于全凭静脉麻醉组(0.5士0.3)min明显延长(P<0.01).结论 胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻用于开胸手术快通道麻醉是一种安全、经济、有效并有利于患者术后恢复的麻醉方法.     

胸段硬膜外阻滞防治心肌梗死后心室重构探讨

心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)后左心室重构(left ventricular remodeling,LVRM)是导致心肌梗死后心力衰竭的主要因素,严重影响患者的生活质量和生存率。因此,减缓或逆转左心室重构是防治心肌梗死后心力衰竭的关键[1]。心室重构的防治目前主要采用药物、溶栓和血运重建术等,但心室重构是多因素、多系统、多环节参与的过程,其发生机制尚不完全清楚,因此目前对心室重构仍缺乏有效防治措施。近年来随着麻醉治疗学的发展,国内外学者将胸段硬膜外阻滞(thoracic epidural block,TEB)用于防治心绞痛、心肌梗死取得了良好的效果,而胸段硬…     

Effects of isoflurane on myocardial metabolism during postischaemic reperfusion in the rat

In experiments on isolated rat heart lung preparation, the effects of isoflurane on myocardial metabolism during postischaemic reperfusion were evaluated with intramyocardial high energy phosphates, lactate and glycogen. Hearts were perfused for 10 min initially and made globally ischaemic for 8 min in ischaemic groups. Afterwards, they were reperfused for 12 min. Isoflurane was administered from 5 min after the start of perfusion to the end of reperfusion. There was no significant difference in myocardial lactate levels between ischaemic isoflurane and control groups. However, the ATP level in the hearts in the ischaemic isoflurane group was significantly higher than that in the ischaemic control group (17.96 +/- 1.31 vs 15.50 +/- 0.87; P less than 0.005). The administration of isoflurane to the isolated rat heart during pre- and post-ischaemia enhanced metabolic recovery in the postischaemic state.